Split (3)

train · 87.6k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 270	answers dict
56fb34c7f34c681400b0c213	Middle_Ages	The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the ...	When did Aspar die?	{ "answer_start": [ 545 ], "text": [ "Aspar" ] }
56fb34c7f34c681400b0c214	Middle_Ages	The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the ...	What year saw the death of Gundobad?	{ "answer_start": [ 595 ], "text": [ "516" ] }
56fb34c7f34c681400b0c215	Middle_Ages	The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the ...	What notable Roman figure died in 408?	{ "answer_start": [ 526 ], "text": [ "Stilicho" ] }
56fb34c7f34c681400b0c216	Middle_Ages	The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the ...	The loss of what led to the differentiation between the Western Roman Empire and the new kingdoms?	{ "answer_start": [ 1333 ], "text": [ "tax revenue" ] }
56fb34c7f34c681400b0c217	Middle_Ages	The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the ...	Rather than taxes, what did the new kingdoms use to support their armies?	{ "answer_start": [ 1482 ], "text": [ "land or rents" ] }
56fb353df34c681400b0c21d	Middle_Ages	Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths, at least until the last...	In what century did the Ostrogoths arrive in Italy?	{ "answer_start": [ 171 ], "text": [ "5th" ] }
56fb353df34c681400b0c21e	Middle_Ages	Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths, at least until the last...	What Ostrogothic leader led his people into Italy?	{ "answer_start": [ 189 ], "text": [ "Theoderic" ] }
56fb353df34c681400b0c21f	Middle_Ages	Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths, at least until the last...	Who destroyed the Burgundian kingdom in 436?	{ "answer_start": [ 426 ], "text": [ "the Huns" ] }
56fb353df34c681400b0c220	Middle_Ages	Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths, at least until the last...	In what part of Europe did the Burgundians settle?	{ "answer_start": [ 376 ], "text": [ "Gaul" ] }
56fb353df34c681400b0c221	Middle_Ages	Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theoderic (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths, at least until the last...	Who was the first notable king of the Franks?	{ "answer_start": [ 754 ], "text": [ "Childeric" ] }
56fb61e68ddada1400cd63af	Middle_Ages	The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett...	People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula?	{ "answer_start": [ 233 ], "text": [ "Slavic" ] }
56fb61e78ddada1400cd63b0	Middle_Ages	The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett...	In what geographic region did most of the invaders settle in Gaul?	{ "answer_start": [ 198 ], "text": [ "north-east" ] }
56fb61e78ddada1400cd63b1	Middle_Ages	The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett...	What is the collective name for languages derived from Latin?	{ "answer_start": [ 511 ], "text": [ "Romance languages" ] }
56fb61e78ddada1400cd63b2	Middle_Ages	The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett...	What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 597 ], "text": [ "Greek" ] }
56fb61e78ddada1400cd63b3	Middle_Ages	The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett...	What languages were spoken by the Slavs?	{ "answer_start": [ 688 ], "text": [ "Slavonic" ] }
56fb623d8ddada1400cd63b9	Middle_Ages	As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with Persia, the traditional enemy of Rome,...	In what century did the economic revival in the Eastern Roman Empire end?	{ "answer_start": [ 163 ], "text": [ "7th" ] }
56fb623d8ddada1400cd63ba	Middle_Ages	As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with Persia, the traditional enemy of Rome,...	In what century was there peace with one of Rome's traditional enemies?	{ "answer_start": [ 351 ], "text": [ "5th" ] }
56fb623d8ddada1400cd63bb	Middle_Ages	As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with Persia, the traditional enemy of Rome,...	Where did most of the invasion in the Eastern Roman Empire take place?	{ "answer_start": [ 258 ], "text": [ "the Balkans" ] }
56fb623d8ddada1400cd63bc	Middle_Ages	As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with Persia, the traditional enemy of Rome,...	What year saw the completion of the Theodosian Code?	{ "answer_start": [ 685 ], "text": [ "438" ] }
56fb623d8ddada1400cd63bd	Middle_Ages	As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with Persia, the traditional enemy of Rome,...	Who was Emperor when the Corpus Juris Civilis was compiled?	{ "answer_start": [ 704 ], "text": [ "Justinian" ] }
56fb62a98ddada1400cd63c3	Middle_Ages	In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their ba...	Who defeated the Eastern Roman Empire near Adrianople in 551?	{ "answer_start": [ 168 ], "text": [ "Slavic tribes" ] }
56fb62a98ddada1400cd63c4	Middle_Ages	In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their ba...	What tribe received tribute from the Eastern Roman emperors in the 6th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 281 ], "text": [ "the Avars" ] }
56fb62a98ddada1400cd63c5	Middle_Ages	In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their ba...	Near what river were the Avars originally based?	{ "answer_start": [ 344 ], "text": [ "the Danube" ] }
56fb62a98ddada1400cd63c6	Middle_Ages	In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their ba...	During the reign of what Emperor did the Persians occupy Egypt?	{ "answer_start": [ 828 ], "text": [ "Heraclius" ] }
56fb62a98ddada1400cd63c7	Middle_Ages	In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their ba...	In what year did the reign of Maurice end?	{ "answer_start": [ 642 ], "text": [ "602" ] }
56fb630db28b3419009f1ce4	Middle_Ages	In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th ...	What author would Jerome rather read than the Bible?	{ "answer_start": [ 405 ], "text": [ "Cicero" ] }
56fb630db28b3419009f1ce5	Middle_Ages	In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th ...	In what year did Jerome die?	{ "answer_start": [ 340 ], "text": [ "420" ] }
56fb630db28b3419009f1ce6	Middle_Ages	In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th ...	In what century did Gregory of Tours live?	{ "answer_start": [ 435 ], "text": [ "6th" ] }
56fb630db28b3419009f1ce7	Middle_Ages	In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th ...	Along with art, how was religious instruction commonly received in the late 6th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 682 ], "text": [ "music" ] }
56fb630db28b3419009f1ce8	Middle_Ages	In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th ...	When was the death of Sidonius Apollinaris?	{ "answer_start": [ 908 ], "text": [ "489" ] }
56fb6383b28b3419009f1cee	Middle_Ages	Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces.[I] Family ties withi...	What was the focus of aristocratic culture during this period?	{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "great feasts" ] }
56fb6383b28b3419009f1cef	Middle_Ages	Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces.[I] Family ties withi...	Along with gold, what luxury was present on the clothes of the elite?	{ "answer_start": [ 186 ], "text": [ "jewels" ] }
56fb6383b28b3419009f1cf0	Middle_Ages	Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces.[I] Family ties withi...	Along with loyalty and honor, what virtue did the elite value?	{ "answer_start": [ 381 ], "text": [ "courage" ] }
56fb6383b28b3419009f1cf1	Middle_Ages	Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces.[I] Family ties withi...	In what society did women have status as abbesses?	{ "answer_start": [ 832 ], "text": [ "Anglo-Saxon" ] }
56fb6383b28b3419009f1cf2	Middle_Ages	Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces.[I] Family ties withi...	In what country did Gregory of Tours live?	{ "answer_start": [ 552 ], "text": [ "Merovingian Gaul" ] }
56fb6409b28b3419009f1cf8	Middle_Ages	Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the...	How many people might live in a large peasant settlement?	{ "answer_start": [ 766 ], "text": [ "700" ] }
56fb6409b28b3419009f1cf9	Middle_Ages	Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the...	What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat?	{ "answer_start": [ 1216 ], "text": [ "military service" ] }
56fb6409b28b3419009f1cfa	Middle_Ages	Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the...	In what century did written records of peasant life begin to appear?	{ "answer_start": [ 218 ], "text": [ "9th" ] }
56fb6409b28b3419009f1cfb	Middle_Ages	Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the...	Along with aristocratic writers, where do contemporary written descriptions of peasants come from?	{ "answer_start": [ 291 ], "text": [ "law codes" ] }
56fb6409b28b3419009f1cfc	Middle_Ages	Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the...	What field produces most of the finding about peasants from this era?	{ "answer_start": [ 128 ], "text": [ "archaeology" ] }
56fb645ab28b3419009f1d02	Middle_Ages	Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churc...	About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s?	{ "answer_start": [ 233 ], "text": [ "30,000" ] }
56fb645ab28b3419009f1d03	Middle_Ages	Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churc...	What new use was found for Roman temples?	{ "answer_start": [ 305 ], "text": [ "Christian churches" ] }
56fb645ab28b3419009f1d04	Middle_Ages	Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churc...	What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity?	{ "answer_start": [ 642 ], "text": [ "Jews" ] }
56fb6507b28b3419009f1d08	Middle_Ages	Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ...	What was the ethnicity of a leader who converted to Judaism in this era?	{ "answer_start": [ 169 ], "text": [ "Arab" ] }
56fb6507b28b3419009f1d09	Middle_Ages	Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ...	What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam?	{ "answer_start": [ 273 ], "text": [ "Zoroastrianism" ] }
56fb6507b28b3419009f1d0a	Middle_Ages	Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ...	In what yer did Muhammad die?	{ "answer_start": [ 468 ], "text": [ "632" ] }
56fb6507b28b3419009f1d0b	Middle_Ages	Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ...	In what period did Islamic armies conquer Syria?	{ "answer_start": [ 578 ], "text": [ "634–635" ] }
56fb6507b28b3419009f1d0c	Middle_Ages	Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ...	In what century did Muslims conquer North Africa?	{ "answer_start": [ 671 ], "text": [ "7th" ] }
56fb6570b28b3419009f1d12	Middle_Ages	The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid d...	In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place?	{ "answer_start": [ 122 ], "text": [ "732" ] }
56fb6570b28b3419009f1d13	Middle_Ages	The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid d...	What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad?	{ "answer_start": [ 311 ], "text": [ "Abbasid" ] }
56fb6570b28b3419009f1d14	Middle_Ages	The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid d...	What was the capital of the Abbasid state?	{ "answer_start": [ 364 ], "text": [ "Baghdad" ] }
56fb6570b28b3419009f1d15	Middle_Ages	The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid d...	What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period?	{ "answer_start": [ 578 ], "text": [ "Tulunids" ] }
56fb6570b28b3419009f1d16	Middle_Ages	The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid d...	What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces?	{ "answer_start": [ 170 ], "text": [ "the Franks" ] }
56fb6623b28b3419009f1d1c	Middle_Ages	The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of...	Along with Naples, what city still traded African goods in the 7th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 254 ], "text": [ "Rome" ] }
56fb6623b28b3419009f1d1d	Middle_Ages	The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of...	What event led to African goods no longer being traded in Western Europe by the end of the 7th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 325 ], "text": [ "Muslim conquests" ] }
56fb6623b28b3419009f1d1e	Middle_Ages	The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of...	What non-local goods have archaeologists typically found in Britain of this era?	{ "answer_start": [ 730 ], "text": [ "luxury goods" ] }
56fb6673b28b3419009f1d22	Middle_Ages	The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From...	During what century did gold coinage cease?	{ "answer_start": [ 156 ], "text": [ "7th" ] }
56fb6673b28b3419009f1d23	Middle_Ages	The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From...	Coinage from what metal replaced gold coinage?	{ "answer_start": [ 193 ], "text": [ "silver" ] }
56fb6673b28b3419009f1d24	Middle_Ages	The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From...	What was the Anglo-Saxon silver coin called?	{ "answer_start": [ 309 ], "text": [ "penny" ] }
56fb6673b28b3419009f1d25	Middle_Ages	The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From...	What was another name for the denarius?	{ "answer_start": [ 258 ], "text": [ "denier" ] }
56fb6673b28b3419009f1d26	Middle_Ages	The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From...	In what part of Europe were gold coins still minted?	{ "answer_start": [ 482 ], "text": [ "Southern Europe" ] }
56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2c	Middle_Ages	Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek...	What language was used by the eastern church?	{ "answer_start": [ 315 ], "text": [ "Greek" ] }
56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2d	Middle_Ages	Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek...	What language did the western church use?	{ "answer_start": [ 344 ], "text": [ "Latin" ] }
56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2e	Middle_Ages	Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek...	When did the eastern and western churches split?	{ "answer_start": [ 647 ], "text": [ "1054" ] }
56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2f	Middle_Ages	Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek...	Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split?	{ "answer_start": [ 719 ], "text": [ "papal supremacy" ] }
56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d30	Middle_Ages	Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek...	What was the eastern church subsequently known as?	{ "answer_start": [ 901 ], "text": [ "the Orthodox Church" ] }
56fb673d8ddada1400cd63cd	Middle_Ages	The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affair...	When did Gregory the Great become pope?	{ "answer_start": [ 442 ], "text": [ "590" ] }
56fb673d8ddada1400cd63ce	Middle_Ages	The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affair...	About how many of Gregory's letters were concerned with Constantinople or Italy?	{ "answer_start": [ 484 ], "text": [ "850" ] }
56fb673d8ddada1400cd63cf	Middle_Ages	The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affair...	In what region of Western Europe did the pope have influence?	{ "answer_start": [ 638 ], "text": [ "Britain" ] }
56fb673d8ddada1400cd63d0	Middle_Ages	The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affair...	When did the Gregorian mission travel to Britain?	{ "answer_start": [ 695 ], "text": [ "597" ] }
56fb673d8ddada1400cd63d1	Middle_Ages	The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affair...	When did Columbanus die?	{ "answer_start": [ 959 ], "text": [ "615" ] }
56fb67c88ddada1400cd63d7	Middle_Ages	The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobiti...	What religious lifestyle arose in the Early Middle Ages?	{ "answer_start": [ 44 ], "text": [ "monasticism" ] }
56fb67c88ddada1400cd63d8	Middle_Ages	The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobiti...	Who was the pioneer of cenobitism?	{ "answer_start": [ 347 ], "text": [ "Pachomius" ] }
56fb67c88ddada1400cd63d9	Middle_Ages	The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobiti...	Who composed the Benedictine Rule?	{ "answer_start": [ 530 ], "text": [ "Benedict of Nursia" ] }
56fb67c88ddada1400cd63da	Middle_Ages	The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobiti...	From what part of England did Bede come?	{ "answer_start": [ 1350 ], "text": [ "northern" ] }
56fb67c88ddada1400cd63db	Middle_Ages	The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobiti...	What was the title of the leader of a monastery?	{ "answer_start": [ 727 ], "text": [ "abbot" ] }
56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e1	Middle_Ages	The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warfare was exploited by...	Along with Austrasia and Neustria, what kingdom was originally part of the Frankish kingdom?	{ "answer_start": [ 90 ], "text": [ "Burgundy" ] }
56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e2	Middle_Ages	The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warfare was exploited by...	What dynasty ruled Neustria?	{ "answer_start": [ 158 ], "text": [ "Merovingian" ] }
56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e3	Middle_Ages	The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warfare was exploited by...	From whom did the rulers of the Merovingian dynasty trace their ancestry?	{ "answer_start": [ 203 ], "text": [ "Clovis" ] }
56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e4	Middle_Ages	The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warfare was exploited by...	What was the title of Pippin?	{ "answer_start": [ 342 ], "text": [ "Mayor of the Palace" ] }
56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e5	Middle_Ages	The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warfare was exploited by...	What leader was victorious at the Battle of Poitiers?	{ "answer_start": [ 533 ], "text": [ "Charles Martel" ] }
56fb691a8ddada1400cd63eb	Middle_Ages	The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pope 752–757). Pippin's...	What dynasty consisted of descendants of Charles Martel?	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Carolingian" ] }
56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ec	Middle_Ages	The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pope 752–757). Pippin's...	In what year did the Carolingians take over Neustria?	{ "answer_start": [ 151 ], "text": [ "753" ] }
56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ed	Middle_Ages	The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pope 752–757). Pippin's...	Who led the coup that gained control over Austrasia?	{ "answer_start": [ 162 ], "text": [ "Pippin III" ] }
56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ee	Middle_Ages	The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pope 752–757). Pippin's...	When did Stephen II become pope?	{ "answer_start": [ 302 ], "text": [ "752" ] }
56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ef	Middle_Ages	The Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pope 752–757). Pippin's...	Along with Charles, who was the son of Pippin?	{ "answer_start": [ 630 ], "text": [ "Carloman" ] }
56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f5	Middle_Ages	The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the B...	On what date did Charlemagne assume the imperial title?	{ "answer_start": [ 44 ], "text": [ "Christmas Day 800" ] }
56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f6	Middle_Ages	The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the B...	Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 703 ], "text": [ "peasants" ] }
56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f7	Middle_Ages	The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the B...	About how many counts existed in the Carolingian Empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 1020 ], "text": [ "300" ] }
56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f8	Middle_Ages	The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the B...	In what settlements did most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire live?	{ "answer_start": [ 723 ], "text": [ "small farms" ] }
56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f9	Middle_Ages	The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the B...	Along with the British Isles, with what land did the Carolingians trade?	{ "answer_start": [ 805 ], "text": [ "Scandinavia" ] }
56fb72668ddada1400cd63ff	Middle_Ages	Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brough...	Where was Charlemagne's court based?	{ "answer_start": [ 23 ], "text": [ "Aachen" ] }
56fb72668ddada1400cd6400	Middle_Ages	Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brough...	What is the name of the cultural revival associated with Charlemagne?	{ "answer_start": [ 99 ], "text": [ "Carolingian Renaissance" ] }
56fb72668ddada1400cd6401	Middle_Ages	Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brough...	Of what ethnicity was Alcuin?	{ "answer_start": [ 259 ], "text": [ "English" ] }
56fb72668ddada1400cd6402	Middle_Ages	Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brough...	In what year did Alcuin die?	{ "answer_start": [ 283 ], "text": [ "804" ] }
56fb72668ddada1400cd6403	Middle_Ages	Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brough...	What was the Latin of Charlemagne's era later known as?	{ "answer_start": [ 1287 ], "text": [ "Medieval Latin" ] }
56fb72beb28b3419009f1d36	Middle_Ages	Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous di...	Who was Charlemagne's only living son in 813?	{ "answer_start": [ 143 ], "text": [ "Louis the Pious" ] }
56fb72beb28b3419009f1d37	Middle_Ages	Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous di...	How long did Louis the Pious reign?	{ "answer_start": [ 286 ], "text": [ "26 years" ] }
56fb72beb28b3419009f1d38	Middle_Ages	Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous di...	When did the reign of Louis the Pious end?	{ "answer_start": [ 167 ], "text": [ "840" ] }
56fb72beb28b3419009f1d39	Middle_Ages	Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous di...	Who ruled Italy after Louis the Pious?	{ "answer_start": [ 522 ], "text": [ "Lothair I" ] }

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