id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5705fae575f01819005e7818 | Bird_migration | Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do. | When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"autumn"
]
} |
5705fb9e52bb89140068975a | Bird_migration | Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as... | How do most migrations begin? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"the birds starting off in a broad front"
]
} |
5705fb9e52bb89140068975b | Bird_migration | Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as... | What to the migrating birds usually follow? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"mountain ranges or coastlines"
]
} |
5705fb9e52bb89140068975c | Bird_migration | Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as... | What obsticals will migrating birds avoid? | {
"answer_start": [
321
],
"text": [
"large stretches of open water"
]
} |
5705fb9e52bb89140068975d | Bird_migration | Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as... | What is a common pattern in North America migration? | {
"answer_start": [
540
],
"text": [
"clockwise"
]
} |
5705fb9e52bb89140068975e | Bird_migration | Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as... | What are the preferred routes for migration called? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"flyways"
]
} |
5705fc5b75f01819005e7830 | Bird_migration | Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than ... | How do most birds migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"in flocks"
]
} |
5705fc5b75f01819005e7831 | Bird_migration | Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than ... | How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"12–20%"
]
} |
5705fc5b75f01819005e7832 | Bird_migration | Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than ... | How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock? | {
"answer_start": [
289
],
"text": [
"3.1 mph"
]
} |
5705fc5b75f01819005e7834 | Bird_migration | Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than ... | What does flying in flocks reduce? | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"energy cost"
]
} |
5705fc5b75f01819005e7833 | Bird_migration | Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than ... | How do birds conserve energy? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"a V-formation"
]
} |
5706017552bb89140068978e | Bird_migration | Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossin... | What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"skeletons"
]
} |
5706017552bb89140068978f | Bird_migration | Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossin... | Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"Bar-headed geese Anser indicus"
]
} |
5706017552bb891400689790 | Bird_migration | Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossin... | What kind of birds fly low over water? | {
"answer_start": [
518
],
"text": [
"Seabirds"
]
} |
5706017552bb891400689791 | Bird_migration | Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossin... | What altitude range is most migration recorded? | {
"answer_start": [
677
],
"text": [
"150 to 600 m"
]
} |
5706017552bb891400689792 | Bird_migration | Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossin... | Where do most in air collisions occur? | {
"answer_start": [
788
],
"text": [
"below 600 m"
]
} |
5706021475f01819005e7864 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake lo... | How do penguins migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"by swimming"
]
} |
5706021475f01819005e7865 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake lo... | How far do penguins travel when they migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"over 1,000 km"
]
} |
5706021475f01819005e7866 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake lo... | How do Dusky grouse migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"mostly by walking"
]
} |
5706021475f01819005e7867 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake lo... | How do Emus migrate long distances during droughts? | {
"answer_start": [
342
],
"text": [
"on foot"
]
} |
5706021475f01819005e7868 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake lo... | Where are Emus from? | {
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
} |
570602f875f01819005e786e | Bird_migration | The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For exa... | Where do the pink-footed goose migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"from Iceland to Britain"
]
} |
570602f875f01819005e786f | Bird_migration | The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For exa... | Where do the dark-eyed junco migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
500
],
"text": [
"arctic climates to the contiguous United States"
]
} |
570602f875f01819005e7870 | Bird_migration | The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For exa... | Where do the European pied flycatcher breed? | {
"answer_start": [
992
],
"text": [
"Asia and Europe"
]
} |
570602f875f01819005e7871 | Bird_migration | The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For exa... | Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter? | {
"answer_start": [
1025
],
"text": [
"Africa"
]
} |
570602f875f01819005e7872 | Bird_migration | The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For exa... | How do young learn migratory routes? | {
"answer_start": [
750
],
"text": [
"during their first migration with their parents"
]
} |
5706046752bb8914006897aa | Bird_migration | Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ra... | What route does a migrating bird usually follow? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"an hooked or arched line"
]
} |
5706046752bb8914006897ab | Bird_migration | Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ra... | What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid? | {
"answer_start": [
282
],
"text": [
"large water bodies or high mountain ranges"
]
} |
5706046752bb8914006897ac | Bird_migration | Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ra... | Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges? | {
"answer_start": [
337
],
"text": [
"the lack of stopover or feeding sites"
]
} |
5706046752bb8914006897ad | Bird_migration | Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ra... | Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers? | {
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"lack of thermal columns"
]
} |
5706057875f01819005e788c | Bird_migration | The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barriers are observed: for ex... | What do water birds avoid while migrating? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"a large area of land without bodies of water"
]
} |
5706057875f01819005e788d | Bird_migration | The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barriers are observed: for ex... | Where do brent geese migrate from? | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"the Taymyr Peninsula"
]
} |
5706057875f01819005e788e | Bird_migration | The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barriers are observed: for ex... | Where do brent geese migrate to? | {
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"the Wadden Sea"
]
} |
5706057875f01819005e788f | Bird_migration | The same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barriers are observed: for ex... | How do brent geese migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
416
],
"text": [
"via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea"
]
} |
5706068852bb8914006897be | Bird_migration | A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla tra... | What are waders called in North America? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"shorebirds"
]
} |
5706068852bb8914006897bf | Bird_migration | A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla tra... | Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"warmer locations in the same hemisphere"
]
} |
5706068852bb8914006897c0 | Bird_migration | A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla tra... | Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to? | {
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere"
]
} |
5706068852bb8914006897c1 | Bird_migration | A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla tra... | Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"Arctic breeding grounds"
]
} |
5706071252bb8914006897cc | Bird_migration | For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay. | What does successful migration depend on for some waders? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"the availability of certain key food resources"
]
} |
5706071252bb8914006897cd | Bird_migration | For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay. | Where do migrants refuel? | {
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"stopover points along the migration route"
]
} |
5706071252bb8914006897ce | Bird_migration | For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay. | Where is an important stopover location? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"the Bay of Fundy"
]
} |
5706071252bb8914006897cf | Bird_migration | For some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy and Delaware Bay. | What is another stopover location? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"Delaware Bay"
]
} |
5706783775f01819005e7ba4 | Bird_migration | Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey. | Which bird has the longest migration? | {
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"bar-tailed godwits"
]
} |
5706783775f01819005e7ba5 | Bird_migration | Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey. | How far do bar-tailed godwits travel to migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"11,000 km"
]
} |
5706783775f01819005e7ba6 | Bird_migration | Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey. | Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"Alaska"
]
} |
5706783775f01819005e7ba7 | Bird_migration | Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey. | Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate to? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"New Zealand"
]
} |
5706783775f01819005e7ba8 | Bird_migration | Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey. | How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration? | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"55 percent"
]
} |
5706791075f01819005e7bae | Bird_migration | Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Ster... | Which seabird has the longest-distance migration? | {
"answer_start": [
300
],
"text": [
"The Arctic tern"
]
} |
5706791075f01819005e7baf | Bird_migration | Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Ster... | Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration? | {
"answer_start": [
300
],
"text": [
"The Arctic tern"
]
} |
5706791075f01819005e7bb0 | Bird_migration | Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Ster... | How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
628
],
"text": [
"three months"
]
} |
5706791075f01819005e7bb1 | Bird_migration | Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Ster... | How far did the Arctic tern chick travel? | {
"answer_start": [
678
],
"text": [
"22,000 km"
]
} |
5706791075f01819005e7bb2 | Bird_migration | Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Ster... | Where do tubenosed birds breed? | {
"answer_start": [
731
],
"text": [
"the southern hemisphere"
]
} |
5706865b75f01819005e7bcc | Bird_migration | The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "roaring forties" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes av... | Which species are great wanderers? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"pelagic"
]
} |
5706865b75f01819005e7bce | Bird_migration | The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "roaring forties" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes av... | How far did a Manx shearwater fly over it's lifespan? | {
"answer_start": [
766
],
"text": [
"8 million km"
]
} |
5706865b75f01819005e7bcd | Bird_migration | The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "roaring forties" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes av... | Which bird broke a record in how far it flew over it's life? | {
"answer_start": [
722
],
"text": [
"Manx shearwater"
]
} |
5706865b75f01819005e7bcf | Bird_migration | The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "roaring forties" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes av... | How long did the Manx shearwater live? | {
"answer_start": [
813
],
"text": [
"50 year"
]
} |
5706865b75f01819005e7bd0 | Bird_migration | The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "roaring forties" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes av... | How far will Puffinus griseus migrate each year? | {
"answer_start": [
455
],
"text": [
"14,000 km"
]
} |
5706872b52bb891400689a44 | Bird_migration | Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since ther... | What do some large broad-winged birds rely on to help them soar? | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"thermal columns of rising hot air"
]
} |
5706872b52bb891400689a45 | Bird_migration | Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since ther... | When do large birds of pray migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
213
],
"text": [
"daytime"
]
} |
5706872b52bb891400689a46 | Bird_migration | Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since ther... | What is one of the heaviest migratory funnels? | {
"answer_start": [
983
],
"text": [
"Batumi bottleneck"
]
} |
5706872b52bb891400689a47 | Bird_migration | Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since ther... | How much of their body weight do honey buzzards lose during migration? | {
"answer_start": [
1312
],
"text": [
"10 to 20%"
]
} |
5706872b52bb891400689a48 | Bird_migration | Some large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodies of water, since ther... | How many birds funnel through Batumi, Georgia each year? | {
"answer_start": [
1138
],
"text": [
"hundreds of thousands"
]
} |
5706883275f01819005e7bd6 | Bird_migration | Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations ... | When do many insectivorous birds migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"usually at night"
]
} |
5706883275f01819005e7bd7 | Bird_migration | Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations ... | Which kinds of birds land for a few days before resuming migration? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"smaller insectivorous birds"
]
} |
5706883275f01819005e7bd8 | Bird_migration | Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations ... | What are smaller insectivorous birds referred to? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"passage migrants"
]
} |
5706883275f01819005e7bd9 | Bird_migration | Many of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occur for short durations ... | How long do passage migrants stop and feed before resuming migration? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"a few days"
]
} |
570688d052bb891400689a4e | Bird_migration | Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss. | What is a benefit of nocturnal migration? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"minimize predation"
]
} |
570688d052bb891400689a4f | Bird_migration | Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss. | What is a cost of nocturnal migration? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"loss of sleep"
]
} |
570688d052bb891400689a50 | Bird_migration | Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss. | How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep"
]
} |
570688d052bb891400689a51 | Bird_migration | Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss. | What is another benefit of nocturnal migration? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"avoid overheating"
]
} |
57068e2575f01819005e7bfc | Bird_migration | Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and whi... | What are many long distance migrants genetically programmed to do? | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"respond to changing day length"
]
} |
57068e2575f01819005e7bfd | Bird_migration | Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and whi... | How do species that move short distances know when to migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
199
],
"text": [
"response to local weather conditions"
]
} |
57068e2575f01819005e7bfe | Bird_migration | Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and whi... | Why do mountain and moorland breeders move only altitudinally? | {
"answer_start": [
384
],
"text": [
"to escape the cold higher ground"
]
} |
57068e2575f01819005e7bff | Bird_migration | Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and whi... | Where do the merlin Falco columbarius migrate to? | {
"answer_start": [
519
],
"text": [
"the coast or towards the south"
]
} |
57068e2575f01819005e7c00 | Bird_migration | Many long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria and whi... | How far do British chaffinch more in their lives? | {
"answer_start": [
675
],
"text": [
"5 km"
]
} |
5706909b52bb891400689a60 | Bird_migration | Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere. | How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
5706909b52bb891400689a61 | Bird_migration | Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere. | Which species have long-distance migrants in the same family? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita"
]
} |
5706909b52bb891400689a62 | Bird_migration | Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere. | Why have some specied progressively shortened their return migration? | {
"answer_start": [
278
],
"text": [
"to stay in the northern hemisphere"
]
} |
5706910552bb891400689a66 | Bird_migration | Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities. | What species has no long-distance migratory relatives? | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"the waxwings Bombycilla"
]
} |
5706910552bb891400689a67 | Bird_migration | Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities. | What are the waxwings Bombycilla moving in response to? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food"
]
} |
5706910552bb891400689a68 | Bird_migration | Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities. | Why are the waxwing Bombycilla not migrating for? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"enhanced breeding opportunities"
]
} |
5706917375f01819005e7c10 | Bird_migration | In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits. | Where is there little variation in the length of day throughout the year? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"In the tropics"
]
} |
5706917375f01819005e7c11 | Bird_migration | In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits. | Why does altitudinal migration occur in some tropical birds? | {
"answer_start": [
237
],
"text": [
"to obtain more of their preferred foods"
]
} |
5706917375f01819005e7c12 | Bird_migration | In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits. | What are tropical birds preferred foods? | {
"answer_start": [
285
],
"text": [
"fruits"
]
} |
5706917375f01819005e7c13 | Bird_migration | In the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits. | Where is it always warm enough for food supply? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"In the tropics"
]
} |
5706a3b152bb891400689afe | Bird_migration | Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in... | For what reason would birds mor far beyond the normal range? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"a good breeding season followed by a food source failure"
]
} |
5706a3b152bb891400689aff | Bird_migration | Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in... | How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain in the nineteeth century? | {
"answer_start": [
298
],
"text": [
"five"
]
} |
5706a3b152bb891400689b00 | Bird_migration | Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in... | How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain between 1937 and 200? | {
"answer_start": [
364
],
"text": [
"18"
]
} |
5706a3b152bb891400689b01 | Bird_migration | Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in... | What years did Red crossbills invade England? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791"
]
} |
5706a4a052bb891400689b06 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Norther... | In which hemisphere does bird migration primarily happen? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Northern"
]
} |
5706a4a052bb891400689b07 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Norther... | Where do birds from high northern latitutes migrate to? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"south"
]
} |
5706a4a052bb891400689b08 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Norther... | Why do birds migrate south in winter? | {
"answer_start": [
142
],
"text": [
"food becomes scarce"
]
} |
5706a4a052bb891400689b09 | Bird_migration | Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Norther... | Which species of seabirds are more likely to migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
373
],
"text": [
"species of the Southern Hemisphere"
]
} |
5706a4a052bb891400689b0a | Bird_migration | Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Norther... | Why are seabirds from the southern hemisphere more likely to migrate? | {
"answer_start": [
452
],
"text": [
"there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere"
]
} |
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc0 | Bird_migration | The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as le... | What controls a birds migration? | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"a primitive trait"
]
} |
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc1 | Bird_migration | The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as le... | How do birds navigate and orient themselves during migration? | {
"answer_start": [
287
],
"text": [
"endogenous programs as well as learning"
]
} |
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc2 | Bird_migration | The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as le... | What is a primitive trait present even in non migrating birds? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"migration"
]
} |
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc3 | Bird_migration | The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as le... | What is a complex phenomenon in regards to migration? | {
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"The ability to navigate"
]
} |
5706abd252bb891400689b4a | Bird_migration | The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795, as well a... | What is the primary cue for migration? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"changes in the day length"
]
} |
5706abd252bb891400689b4b | Bird_migration | The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795, as well a... | How do birds act in the period before migration? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"higher activity"
]
} |
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