id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb4f | ASCII | C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained "{, }" and similar variants in... | Why was their use limited? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers"
]
} |
570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb50 | ASCII | C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained "{, }" and similar variants in... | What did many programmers keep their computers on? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"US-ASCII"
]
} |
570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb51 | ASCII | C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained "{, }" and similar variants in... | What what happening to the words that were sent from programmers? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"contained \"{, }\" and similar variants in the middle of words"
]
} |
570bd80cec8fbc190045bb5e | ASCII | The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, ... | What was ASCII based on? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"teleprinter encoding systems"
]
} |
570bd80cec8fbc190045bb5f | ASCII | The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, ... | ASCII specifies correspondence between what? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"digital bit patterns and character symbols"
]
} |
570bd80cec8fbc190045bb60 | ASCII | The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, ... | What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do? | {
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information"
]
} |
570bd80cec8fbc190045bb61 | ASCII | The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, ... | How many graphic symbols were used before ASCII? | {
"answer_start": [
514
],
"text": [
"11 to 25 special graphic symbols"
]
} |
570bd80cec8fbc190045bb62 | ASCII | The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, ... | How many codes were required for ASCII? | {
"answer_start": [
768
],
"text": [
"more than 64 codes"
]
} |
570bd90fec8fbc190045bb72 | ASCII | ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape ... | When was ASCII first commercially used? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"1963"
]
} |
570bd90fec8fbc190045bb73 | ASCII | ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape ... | What was it used for? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network"
]
} |
570bd90fec8fbc190045bb74 | ASCII | ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape ... | What did TWX use before ASCII? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"five-bit ITA2"
]
} |
570bd90fec8fbc190045bb75 | ASCII | ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape ... | Who is the father of ASCII? | {
"answer_start": [
271
],
"text": [
"Bob Bemer"
]
} |
570bd90fec8fbc190045bb76 | ASCII | ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape ... | What was the code first called in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"Bemer-Ross Code"
]
} |
570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8c | ASCII | For example, character 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters... | What does the "line feed" function do? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"causes a printer to advance its paper"
]
} |
570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8d | ASCII | For example, character 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters... | What character represents the "line feed" function? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"character 10"
]
} |
570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8e | ASCII | For example, character 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters... | What does character 8 represent? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"backspace"
]
} |
570bdaffec8fbc190045bb8f | ASCII | For example, character 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters... | What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters? | {
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters"
]
} |
570bdc256b8089140040fa9c | ASCII | Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character", and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. M... | What did some software do to the ASCII characters? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"assigned special meanings"
]
} |
570bdc256b8089140040fa9d | ASCII | Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character", and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. M... | What interpretation became common in Unix systmes? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning \"remove previously-typed input character\""
]
} |
570bdc256b8089140040fa9e | ASCII | Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character", and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. M... | What do most other systmes use the DEL to mean? | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"remove the character at the cursor"
]
} |
570bdc256b8089140040fa9f | ASCII | Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character", and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. M... | What did other systmes us for "remove previously-typed input character"? | {
"answer_start": [
343
],
"text": [
"BS"
]
} |
570bddefec8fbc190045bba4 | ASCII | Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the ch... | What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"CR-LF"
]
} |
570bddefec8fbc190045bba7 | ASCII | Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the ch... | How were the connections supported? | {
"answer_start": [
563
],
"text": [
"by transmitting a standard text format over the network"
]
} |
570bddefec8fbc190045bba8 | ASCII | Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the ch... | Who else adopted this practice from Telnet? | {
"answer_start": [
765
],
"text": [
"The File Transfer Protocol"
]
} |
570bddefec8fbc190045bba6 | ASCII | Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the ch... | Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal? | {
"answer_start": [
452
],
"text": [
"so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported"
]
} |
570bddefec8fbc190045bba5 | ASCII | Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the ch... | What do computers using operating systems use for line endings? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"LF"
]
} |
570be770ec8fbc190045bbda | ASCII | From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national use.... | When was ISO/IEC 646 published? | {
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"1972"
]
} |
570be770ec8fbc190045bbdb | ASCII | From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national use.... | What was ASCII inteded to be? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"one of several national variants of an international character code standard"
]
} |
570be770ec8fbc190045bbdc | ASCII | From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national use.... | When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation? | {
"answer_start": [
466
],
"text": [
"1967"
]
} |
570be770ec8fbc190045bbdd | ASCII | From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national use.... | What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points? | {
"answer_start": [
478
],
"text": [
"ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world"
]
} |
570beefe6b8089140040fac6 | ASCII | Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which... | What did most early home computers develop? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"their own 8-bit character sets"
]
} |
570beefe6b8089140040fac7 | ASCII | Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which... | What did Kaypro CP/M computers use? | {
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"the \"upper\" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet"
]
} |
570beefe6b8089140040fac8 | ASCII | Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which... | What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with? | {
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"graphic symbols such as smiley faces"
]
} |
570beefe6b8089140040fac9 | ASCII | Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which... | What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop? | {
"answer_start": [
624
],
"text": [
"Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS)"
]
} |
570beefe6b8089140040faca | ASCII | Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which... | What did Macintosh use instead of graphics? | {
"answer_start": [
923
],
"text": [
"typographic punctuation marks"
]
} |
570bf0126b8089140040fad4 | ASCII | ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI... | Who surpassed ASCII? | {
"answer_start": [
484
],
"text": [
"UTF-8"
]
} |
570bf0126b8089140040fad3 | ASCII | ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI... | ASCI was the most common character encoding on the world wide web until when? | {
"answer_start": [
444
],
"text": [
"December 2007"
]
} |
570bf0126b8089140040fad1 | ASCII | ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI... | What is the definition of ASCII? | {
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"is a character-encoding scheme"
]
} |
570bf0126b8089140040fad2 | ASCII | ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI... | What does ASCII code represent? | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text"
]
} |
570bf0126b8089140040fad0 | ASCII | ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI... | What does ASCII stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"American Standard Code for Information Interchange"
]
} |
570bf0896b8089140040fadd | ASCII | The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data trans... | What happened after they decided agasint shifting? | {
"answer_start": [
488
],
"text": [
"ASCII required at least a seven-bit code"
]
} |
570bf0896b8089140040fada | ASCII | The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data trans... | Why did the committee debate adding a shift function? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code"
]
} |
570bf0896b8089140040fadb | ASCII | The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data trans... | What is different in a shifted code? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes"
]
} |
570bf0896b8089140040fadc | ASCII | The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data trans... | Why did they decide against shifting code? | {
"answer_start": [
292
],
"text": [
"less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable"
]
} |
570bf1486b8089140040fae2 | ASCII | Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL e... | What was the "escape" character originally intended for? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning"
]
} |
570bf1486b8089140040fae3 | ASCII | Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL e... | What does modern ESC code do? | {
"answer_start": [
789
],
"text": [
"most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation"
]
} |
570bf1486b8089140040fae4 | ASCII | Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL e... | What does ESC generally mean for graphical user interfaces and windowing systems? | {
"answer_start": [
979
],
"text": [
"an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether"
]
} |
570bf2846b8089140040fae9 | ASCII | Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute... | What does EOF stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"end-of-file"
]
} |
570bf2846b8089140040faea | ASCII | Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute... | What is still the conventional use of the ETX code? | {
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard"
]
} |
570bf2846b8089140040fae8 | ASCII | Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute... | What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"Control-Z (SUB)"
]
} |
570bf2846b8089140040faeb | ASCII | Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute... | What else is the end-of-text code known as? | {
"answer_start": [
364
],
"text": [
"Control-C"
]
} |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe2 | ASCII | ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was publishe... | What was ASCII developed from? | {
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"telegraphic codes"
]
} |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe3 | ASCII | ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was publishe... | What was the first commercial use of ASCII? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services"
]
} |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe4 | ASCII | ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was publishe... | When did work on the ASCII standard begin? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"October 6, 1960"
]
} |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe5 | ASCII | ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was publishe... | When was the first edition of the standard published? | {
"answer_start": [
329
],
"text": [
"1963"
]
} |
570bf3abec8fbc190045bbe6 | ASCII | ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was publishe... | When was the first major revision of the code done? | {
"answer_start": [
369
],
"text": [
"1967"
]
} |
570bf49d6b8089140040faf0 | ASCII | The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs a... | Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal"
]
} |
570bf49d6b8089140040faf1 | ASCII | The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs a... | Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead? | {
"answer_start": [
304
],
"text": [
"minimize costs associated with data transmission"
]
} |
570bf49d6b8089140040faf2 | ASCII | The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs a... | What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position"
]
} |
570bf60b6b8089140040faf6 | ASCII | With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rat... | What was ASCII published as and when? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"ASA X3.4-1963"
]
} |
570bf60b6b8089140040faf7 | ASCII | With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rat... | How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"28 code positions"
]
} |
570bf60b6b8089140040faf8 | ASCII | With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rat... | When was the change to ASCII made official? | {
"answer_start": [
727
],
"text": [
"May 1963"
]
} |
570bf60b6b8089140040faf9 | ASCII | With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rat... | The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause? | {
"answer_start": [
885
],
"text": [
"simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers"
]
} |
570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbec | ASCII | Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£). Almost every... | What is a retified versionof ASCII? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"ISO/IEC 646"
]
} |
570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbed | ASCII | Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£). Almost every... | What type of extensions do these other character encodings have? | {
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States"
]
} |
570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbee | ASCII | Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£). Almost every... | Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII? | {
"answer_start": [
371
],
"text": [
"ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries"
]
} |
570bf7f9ec8fbc190045bbef | ASCII | Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£). Almost every... | Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII? | {
"answer_start": [
662
],
"text": [
"true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard"
]
} |
570bfabb6b8089140040fafe | ASCII | Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragi... | What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters? | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"Teletype Model 33 ASR"
]
} |
570bfabb6b8089140040faff | ASCII | Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragi... | What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option"
]
} |
570bfabb6b8089140040fb00 | ASCII | Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragi... | When was paper tape popular? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"until the 1980s"
]
} |
570bfabb6b8089140040fb01 | ASCII | Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragi... | Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"less costly and in some ways less fragile"
]
} |
570bfabb6b8089140040fb02 | ASCII | Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragi... | What code eventually became neglected? | {
"answer_start": [
896
],
"text": [
"code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)"
]
} |
570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf4 | ASCII | The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage R... | Why were problems created when transferring files between systems? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage"
]
} |
570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf5 | ASCII | The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage R... | Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they? | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"\"Carriage Return\" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and \"Line Feed\" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)"
]
} |
570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf6 | ASCII | The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage R... | Where does the name "Carriage Return" come from? | {
"answer_start": [
518
],
"text": [
"on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary"
]
} |
570bfb6dec8fbc190045bbf7 | ASCII | The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage R... | What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line? | {
"answer_start": [
710
],
"text": [
"right"
]
} |
570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfc | ASCII | Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a ... | When was the first typewritter with a shift key created? | {
"answer_start": [
285
],
"text": [
"1878"
]
} |
570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfd | ASCII | Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a ... | What were used instead of 0 and 1? | {
"answer_start": [
420
],
"text": [
"using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead"
]
} |
570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbfe | ASCII | Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a ... | What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use? | {
"answer_start": [
1077
],
"text": [
"which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII"
]
} |
570bfcd5ec8fbc190045bbff | ASCII | Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a ... | Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table? | {
"answer_start": [
1444
],
"text": [
"do not correspond as closely"
]
} |
570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc04 | ASCII | Code 127 is officially named "delete" but the Teletype label was "rubout". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (al... | What is the official name of code 127? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"delete"
]
} |
570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc05 | ASCII | Code 127 is officially named "delete" but the Teletype label was "rubout". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (al... | What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype? | {
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"rubout"
]
} |
570bfe83ec8fbc190045bc06 | ASCII | Code 127 is officially named "delete" but the Teletype label was "rubout". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (al... | Why did Teletype have the code for "rubout"? | {
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"to make it an ignored character"
]
} |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0a | ASCII | Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like syst... | Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome? | {
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone"
]
} |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0b | ASCII | Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like syst... | What id Multics use to simplify plain text data? | {
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator"
]
} |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0d | ASCII | Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like syst... | What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator? | {
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS"
]
} |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0c | ASCII | Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like syst... | Who adopted this practice from Multics? | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems"
]
} |
570c0099ec8fbc190045bc0e | ASCII | Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like syst... | When did Apple replace their CR with line feed (LF)? | {
"answer_start": [
514
],
"text": [
"since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system"
]
} |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbe | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is the first step in the human digestive system? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"the action of mastication (chewing)"
]
} |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbbf | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is saliva? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"a liquid secreted by the salivary glands"
]
} |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc0 | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches? | {
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"salivary amylase"
]
} |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc1 | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is the definition of bolus? | {
"answer_start": [
581
],
"text": [
"a small, round slurry mass"
]
} |
570be2d2ec8fbc190045bbc2 | Digestion | In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of... | What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called? | {
"answer_start": [
701
],
"text": [
"peristalsis"
]
} |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbc8 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food"
]
} |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbc9 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice? | {
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"extract more nutrition"
]
} |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbca | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | What happens with these soft feacal pellets? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"excreted and generally consumed immediately"
]
} |
570be36dec8fbc190045bbcb | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nu... | Are normal droppings also eaten? | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"not eaten"
]
} |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd0 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | What are the two types of digestion? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"internal and external digestion"
]
} |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd1 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | When did external digestion develop? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"earlier in evolutionary history"
]
} |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd2 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | What still uses the external digestion system? | {
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"most fungi"
]
} |
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