id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd3 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion? | {
"answer_start": [
410
],
"text": [
"gastrointestinal tract"
]
} |
570be5f1ec8fbc190045bbd4 | Digestion | Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an orga... | Why is internal digection better than external? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled"
]
} |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afb | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What elements can transfer to plant cells? | {
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids"
]
} |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afc | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | Where do transferred genes enter? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"the plant cell nucleus"
]
} |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afd | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"opines"
]
} |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45afe | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What happens to infected plant cells? | {
"answer_start": [
506
],
"text": [
"end"
]
} |
570cee7ffed7b91900d45aff | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What are endosymbionts of the bacteria? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"The Ti and Ri plasmids"
]
} |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b05 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | Where are teeth found? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"in the jaws (or mouths)"
]
} |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b06 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | What are teeth used for? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"to tear, scrape, milk and chew food"
]
} |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b07 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | What are teeth made out of? | {
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"enamel, dentine and cementum"
]
} |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b08 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | What in human teeth enables proprioception? | {
"answer_start": [
291
],
"text": [
"a blood and nerve supply"
]
} |
570cef0dfed7b91900d45b09 | Digestion | Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply whic... | What happens when you bite something you cant chew? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying."
]
} |
570cef82b3d812140066d33f | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The abomasum"
]
} |
570cef82b3d812140066d340 | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What is the abomasums close equivalent? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"a monogastric stomach"
]
} |
570cef82b3d812140066d341 | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What does this site serve primarily as? | {
"answer_start": [
229
],
"text": [
"a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine."
]
} |
570cef82b3d812140066d342 | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine? | {
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs"
]
} |
570cef82b3d812140066d343 | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What is also digested in the small intestine? | {
"answer_start": [
490
],
"text": [
"Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine"
]
} |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b0f | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine."
]
} |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b10 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What does an earthworm eat? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"dead grass, leaves, and weeds"
]
} |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b11 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"The mouth is surrounded by strong lips"
]
} |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b12 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What is the food coated with for easier passage? | {
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"mucus"
]
} |
570cf000fed7b91900d45b13 | Digestion | An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food... | What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food? | {
"answer_start": [
546
],
"text": [
"The powerful muscles of the gizzard"
]
} |
570cf05db3d812140066d349 | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | Where does the digestions of some fats start? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"in the mouth"
]
} |
570cf05db3d812140066d34a | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | Where are fats mainly digested? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"the small intestine"
]
} |
570cf05db3d812140066d34b | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine? | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver"
]
} |
570cf05db3d812140066d34c | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | What does bile from the liver help do? | {
"answer_start": [
336
],
"text": [
"helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids"
]
} |
570cf05db3d812140066d34d | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | What is one molecule of fat? | {
"answer_start": [
446
],
"text": [
"a triglyceride"
]
} |
570cf0b5b3d812140066d353 | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often d... | What is digestion? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma"
]
} |
570cf0b5b3d812140066d354 | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often d... | In some organisms, how are these molecules absorbed? | {
"answer_start": [
182
],
"text": [
"these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream"
]
} |
570cf0b5b3d812140066d355 | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often d... | What are the two ways that food is broken down? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"mechanical and chemical digestion"
]
} |
570cf0b5b3d812140066d356 | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often d... | What is mechanical digestion? | {
"answer_start": [
455
],
"text": [
"the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes"
]
} |
570cf0b5b3d812140066d357 | Digestion | Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often d... | What is chemical digestion? | {
"answer_start": [
602
],
"text": [
"enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use"
]
} |
570cf137b3d812140066d35d | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | What are three digestions phases? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase"
]
} |
570cf137b3d812140066d35e | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | Where does the cephalic phase occur? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex"
]
} |
570cf137b3d812140066d35f | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to? | {
"answer_start": [
250
],
"text": [
"the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata"
]
} |
570cf137b3d812140066d360 | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | How long does the gastric phase take? | {
"answer_start": [
642
],
"text": [
"3 to 4 hours"
]
} |
570cf137b3d812140066d361 | Digestion | Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed throug... | How is the gastric phase stimulated to start? | {
"answer_start": [
673
],
"text": [
"by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH"
]
} |
570cf193b3d812140066d367 | Digestion | In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system tra... | What happens in a chennel transupport system? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria"
]
} |
570cf193b3d812140066d368 | Digestion | In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system tra... | What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system? | {
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]"
]
} |
570cf193b3d812140066d369 | Digestion | In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system tra... | What does this secretion system transport? | {
"answer_start": [
328
],
"text": [
"various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes"
]
} |
570cf238fed7b91900d45b37 | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"the formation of outer membrane vesicles"
]
} |
570cf238fed7b91900d45b38 | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
", forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials"
]
} |
570cf238fed7b91900d45b39 | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate? | {
"answer_start": [
554
],
"text": [
"response to stress conditions"
]
} |
570cf238fed7b91900d45b3a | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What virulence factors do some bacterial species have? | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells"
]
} |
570cf297b3d812140066d36d | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | What muscle movements are used for digestion? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"swallowing and peristalsis"
]
} |
570cf297b3d812140066d36e | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | What does every stpe of digestion require? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"energy"
]
} |
570cf297b3d812140066d36f | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | What does needing energy to digest impose? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"an \"overhead charge\""
]
} |
570cf297b3d812140066d370 | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | Over head charges influence what? | {
"answer_start": [
295
],
"text": [
"lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures"
]
} |
570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b49 | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | Where does digestion begin? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes"
]
} |
570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4a | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | What is food formed into before it is swallowed? | {
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"a bolus"
]
} |
570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4b | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | Where does food go after the esophagus? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"the stomach"
]
} |
570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4c | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | What is the action of food being moved into the stomach? | {
"answer_start": [
232
],
"text": [
"peristalsis"
]
} |
570cf2e7fed7b91900d45b4d | Digestion | Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the ... | What does gastric juice consist of? | {
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"hydrochloric acid and pepsin"
]
} |
570cf364fed7b91900d45b53 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What is lactase? | {
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts"
]
} |
570cf364fed7b91900d45b54 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What are lactoses component parts? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"glucose and galactose"
]
} |
570cf364fed7b91900d45b55 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | Where are glucose and galactose absorbed? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"small intestine"
]
} |
570cf364fed7b91900d45b56 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"Approximately 65 percent"
]
} |
570cf364fed7b91900d45b57 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What is knon as when you are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods? | {
"answer_start": [
337
],
"text": [
"lactose intolerance"
]
} |
570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5d | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | What is the resulting thick liquid called? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"chyme"
]
} |
570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5e | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | What does chyme mix with in the duodenum? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver"
]
} |
570cf3cefed7b91900d45b5f | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | Where does hyme go after the duodenum? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"the small intestine"
]
} |
570cf3cefed7b91900d45b60 | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | Where is chyme absorbed into? | {
"answer_start": [
439
],
"text": [
"blood"
]
} |
570cf3cefed7b91900d45b61 | Digestion | After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passe... | Where does 95% of absobtion of nutrients occur? | {
"answer_start": [
487
],
"text": [
"the small intestine"
]
} |
570cf442fed7b91900d45b71 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion in mammals? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"the cephalic phase"
]
} |
570cf442fed7b91900d45b72 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | What is the cephalic phase? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach"
]
} |
570cf442fed7b91900d45b73 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | What digestions begin in the mouth? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"Mechanical and chemical digestion"
]
} |
570cf442fed7b91900d45b74 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches? | {
"answer_start": [
301
],
"text": [
"The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes"
]
} |
570cf442fed7b91900d45b75 | Digestion | In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continu... | Where does absorption occur? | {
"answer_start": [
445
],
"text": [
"in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract"
]
} |
570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7b | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | Where does protein digestion occur? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"in the stomach and duodenum"
]
} |
570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7c | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | What are the three main enzymes that break down food? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin"
]
} |
570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7d | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as? | {
"answer_start": [
352
],
"text": [
"inactive precursors, the zymogens"
]
} |
570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7e | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | What are dipeptidases broken down into? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"amino acids"
]
} |
570cf4cefed7b91900d45b7f | Digestion | Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes howev... | What organ secretes chymotrypsin? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"the pancreas"
]
} |
570c22336b8089140040fb3a | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as lo... | What tool did Hoover use to find bootleggers? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"wiretapping"
]
} |
570c22336b8089140040fb3b | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as lo... | In what supreme court case was it ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"Olmstead v. United States"
]
} |
570c22336b8089140040fb3c | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as lo... | What Act did Congress pass to outlaw non-consensual phone tapping? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"Communications Act of 1934"
]
} |
570c22336b8089140040fb3d | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as lo... | In what case was it ruled that evidence obtained by the FBI via wiretapping was inadmissible in court? | {
"answer_start": [
553
],
"text": [
"Nardone v. United States"
]
} |
570c22336b8089140040fb3e | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as lo... | What is now necessary to tap someone's telephone? | {
"answer_start": [
922
],
"text": [
"a warrant"
]
} |
570c22d96b8089140040fb4a | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as lo... | Which president was the first to use wiretaps to find bootleggers? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Hoover"
]
} |
570c22d96b8089140040fb4b | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as lo... | What case centered around a bootlegger caught through phone tapping? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"Olmstead v. United States"
]
} |
570c22d96b8089140040fb4c | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as lo... | What did Congress pass to outlaw phone tapping? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"Communications Act of 1934"
]
} |
570c22d96b8089140040fb4d | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as lo... | What is now required to wire tap a citizen? | {
"answer_start": [
922
],
"text": [
"a warrant"
]
} |
570c22d96b8089140040fb4e | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as lo... | Is a warrant required before or after a wiretap? | {
"answer_start": [
932
],
"text": [
"beforehand"
]
} |
570c2375ec8fbc190045bc76 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burglarized by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson. The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO pro... | Which group broke into an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania? | {
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI"
]
} |
570c2375ec8fbc190045bc77 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burglarized by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson. The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO pro... | Did the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI take files? | {
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"Numerous files were taken"
]
} |
570c2375ec8fbc190045bc78 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burglarized by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson. The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO pro... | What files was the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI's raid mainly focused on? | {
"answer_start": [
306
],
"text": [
"COINTELPRO program"
]
} |
570c2375ec8fbc190045bc79 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burglarized by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson. The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO pro... | What did the files about COINTELPRO reveal? | {
"answer_start": [
341
],
"text": [
"investigations into lives of ordinary citizens"
]
} |
570c2375ec8fbc190045bc7a | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burglarized by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson. The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO pro... | How did the US react to these discoveries? | {
"answer_start": [
513
],
"text": [
"The country was \"jolted\""
]
} |
570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc80 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the ... | Did the FBI reassign agents from counter-intelligence to violent crime? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime"
]
} |
570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc81 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the ... | What priority were violent crimes in the 1990s, according to the FBI? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"sixth national priority"
]
} |
570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc82 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the ... | Did the new priorities of the FBI mean cutting other departments? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"With reduced cuts to other well-established departments"
]
} |
570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc83 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the ... | Was terrorism considered a threat after the cold war? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"terrorism was no longer considered a threat"
]
} |
570c23e1ec8fbc190045bc84 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the ... | What agency pioneered DNA testing? | {
"answer_start": [
467
],
"text": [
"The FBI"
]
} |
570c244fec8fbc190045bc8a | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001 attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been w... | What agencies were to blame for 9/11? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"FBI and Central Intelligence Agency"
]
} |
570c244fec8fbc190045bc8b | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001 attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been w... | Did 9/11 lead to more FBI oversight? | {
"answer_start": [
431
],
"text": [
"acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight"
]
} |
570c244fec8fbc190045bc8c | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001 attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been w... | Did many believe the FBI was resisting important changes? | {
"answer_start": [
641
],
"text": [
"resisting any meaningful changes"
]
} |
570c244fec8fbc190045bc8d | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001 attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been w... | Did the people believe they were served well by the FBI? | {
"answer_start": [
310
],
"text": [
"not been well served"
]
} |
570c24bcec8fbc190045bc92 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the... | Where is the CJIS located? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"Clarksburg, West Virginia"
]
} |
570c24bcec8fbc190045bc93 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the... | When was the CJIS created? | {
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"1991"
]
} |
570c24bcec8fbc190045bc94 | Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation | The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the... | What purpose does the CJIS serve? | {
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"main repository for information"
]
} |
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