Split (3)

train · 87.6k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 270	answers dict
570c52fffed7b91900d458ba	John,_King_of_England	Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard w...	When did the war end?	{ "answer_start": [ 836 ], "text": [ "1184" ] }
570c5350fed7b91900d458bf	John,_King_of_England	Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy fo...	When were the papal terms for submission accepted?	{ "answer_start": [ 193 ], "text": [ "May 1213" ] }
570c5350fed7b91900d458c0	John,_King_of_England	Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy fo...	How many marks did John surrender?	{ "answer_start": [ 342 ], "text": [ "1,000" ] }
570c5350fed7b91900d458c1	John,_King_of_England	Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy fo...	Where was the agreement formalised?	{ "answer_start": [ 567 ], "text": [ "Bulla Aurea" ] }
570c539bb3d812140066d10d	John,_King_of_England	The political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mothe...	Who did John explore an alliance with?	{ "answer_start": [ 76 ], "text": [ "French king Philip II" ] }
570c539bb3d812140066d10e	John,_King_of_England	The political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mothe...	What did John do when Richard did not return from his crusade?	{ "answer_start": [ 700 ], "text": [ "assert that his brother was dead" ] }
570c539bb3d812140066d10f	John,_King_of_England	The political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mothe...	Who captured Richard?	{ "answer_start": [ 825 ], "text": [ "Duke of Austria" ] }
570c539bb3d812140066d110	John,_King_of_England	The political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mothe...	When did the king return to England?	{ "answer_start": [ 1284 ], "text": [ "1194" ] }
570c5401fed7b91900d458c5	John,_King_of_England	The political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justiciar, chancellor and other roy...	Who refused to work with Puiset?	{ "answer_start": [ 65 ], "text": [ "Longchamp" ] }
570c5401fed7b91900d458c6	John,_King_of_England	The political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justiciar, chancellor and other roy...	When was Longchamp isolated in the Tower of London?	{ "answer_start": [ 474 ], "text": [ "October 1191" ] }
570c5401fed7b91900d458c7	John,_King_of_England	The political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justiciar, chancellor and other roy...	Where did Walter of Coutances return to?	{ "answer_start": [ 755 ], "text": [ "England" ] }
570c5439b3d812140066d115	John,_King_of_England	Letters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed "Army of God" marched on London, taking the capital as well as Lincol...	Where did the rebel barons congregate?	{ "answer_start": [ 114 ], "text": [ "Northampton" ] }
570c5439b3d812140066d116	John,_King_of_England	Letters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed "Army of God" marched on London, taking the capital as well as Lincol...	Who was the rebel baron leader?	{ "answer_start": [ 185 ], "text": [ "Robert fitz Walter" ] }
570c5439b3d812140066d117	John,_King_of_England	Letters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed "Army of God" marched on London, taking the capital as well as Lincol...	What did John instruct Langton to do?	{ "answer_start": [ 544 ], "text": [ "organise peace talks with the rebel barons" ] }
570c54a7b3d812140066d11b	John,_King_of_England	The new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papa...	How long did the new peace last?	{ "answer_start": [ 34 ], "text": [ "two years" ] }
570c54a7b3d812140066d11c	John,_King_of_England	The new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papa...	When was John's decision to marry Isabella?	{ "answer_start": [ 100 ], "text": [ "August 1200" ] }
570c54a7b3d812140066d11d	John,_King_of_England	The new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papa...	John acquired key land between Poitou and where?	{ "answer_start": [ 851 ], "text": [ "Gascony" ] }
570c54efb3d812140066d121	John,_King_of_England	After his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flander...	John moved south into where?	{ "answer_start": [ 44 ], "text": [ "France" ] }
570c54efb3d812140066d122	John,_King_of_England	After his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flander...	Who renewed the anti-French alliances?	{ "answer_start": [ 299 ], "text": [ "Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne" ] }
570c54efb3d812140066d123	John,_King_of_England	After his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flander...	When was the Treaty of Le Goulet negotiated?	{ "answer_start": [ 971 ], "text": [ "May 1200" ] }
570c54efb3d812140066d124	John,_King_of_England	After his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flander...	What nickname did John's policy earn him?	{ "answer_start": [ 1437 ], "text": [ "John Softsword" ] }
570c5530fed7b91900d458cb	John,_King_of_England	The rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for...	The rebel barons invited who to lead them?	{ "answer_start": [ 43 ], "text": [ "French prince Louis" ] }
570c5530fed7b91900d458cc	John,_King_of_England	The rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for...	Who was Henry II's granddaughter?	{ "answer_start": [ 146 ], "text": [ "Blanche of Castile" ] }
570c5530fed7b91900d458cd	John,_King_of_England	The rebel barons responded by inviting the French prince Louis to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for...	What did John do once he contained Alexander in Scotland?	{ "answer_start": [ 574 ], "text": [ "he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion" ] }
570c5572fed7b91900d458d1	John,_King_of_England	Further desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appears to have decided to have Art...	Who did John attempt to convince?	{ "answer_start": [ 152 ], "text": [ "Pope Innocent III" ] }
570c5572fed7b91900d458d2	John,_King_of_England	Further desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appears to have decided to have Art...	Where was Arthur imprisoned?	{ "answer_start": [ 468 ], "text": [ "Falaise" ] }
570c5572fed7b91900d458d3	John,_King_of_England	Further desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appears to have decided to have Art...	Who was kept imprisoned by John for many years?	{ "answer_start": [ 970 ], "text": [ "Eleanor" ] }
570c55dab3d812140066d13b	John,_King_of_England	John's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at Mirebeau, but John's treatment of his new prisoners and of his ally, William de Roches, quickly undermined these gains. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence, whilst the king kept the reb...	What victory strengthened John's position?	{ "answer_start": [ 74 ], "text": [ "Mirebeau" ] }
570c55dab3d812140066d13c	John,_King_of_England	John's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at Mirebeau, but John's treatment of his new prisoners and of his ally, William de Roches, quickly undermined these gains. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence, whilst the king kept the reb...	Who deserted John in favor of Philip?	{ "answer_start": [ 537 ], "text": [ "William de Roches" ] }
570c55dab3d812140066d13d	John,_King_of_England	John's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at Mirebeau, but John's treatment of his new prisoners and of his ally, William de Roches, quickly undermined these gains. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence, whilst the king kept the reb...	How was John's financial situation?	{ "answer_start": [ 713 ], "text": [ "tenuous" ] }
570c561eb3d812140066d141	John,_King_of_England	In the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The failed Magna Carta agreement was r...	Who was declared the protector of Henry III after John's death?	{ "answer_start": [ 33 ], "text": [ "William Marshal" ] }
570c561eb3d812140066d142	John,_King_of_England	In the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The failed Magna Carta agreement was r...	Who gave up their claim to the English throne?	{ "answer_start": [ 202 ], "text": [ "Louis" ] }
570c561eb3d812140066d143	John,_King_of_England	In the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The failed Magna Carta agreement was r...	What agreement failed?	{ "answer_start": [ 293 ], "text": [ "Magna Carta" ] }
570c561eb3d812140066d144	John,_King_of_England	In the aftermath of John's death William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of Lincoln and Dover in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the Treaty of Lambeth. The failed Magna Carta agreement was r...	Until when did Henry III continue his attempts to reclaim Normandy?	{ "answer_start": [ 502 ], "text": [ "1259" ] }
570c56adfed7b91900d458d7	John,_King_of_England	One of John's principal challenges was acquiring the large sums of money needed for his proposed campaigns to reclaim Normandy. The Angevin kings had three main sources of income available to them, namely revenue from their personal lands, or demesne; money raised through their rights as a feudal lord; and revenue from...	What was one of John's principal challenges?	{ "answer_start": [ 39 ], "text": [ "acquiring the large sums of money needed" ] }
570c56adfed7b91900d458d8	John,_King_of_England	One of John's principal challenges was acquiring the large sums of money needed for his proposed campaigns to reclaim Normandy. The Angevin kings had three main sources of income available to them, namely revenue from their personal lands, or demesne; money raised through their rights as a feudal lord; and revenue from...	When did Richard sell many royal properties?	{ "answer_start": [ 506 ], "text": [ "1189" ] }
570c56adfed7b91900d458d9	John,_King_of_England	One of John's principal challenges was acquiring the large sums of money needed for his proposed campaigns to reclaim Normandy. The Angevin kings had three main sources of income available to them, namely revenue from their personal lands, or demesne; money raised through their rights as a feudal lord; and revenue from...	Where did John derive income from?	{ "answer_start": [ 805 ], "text": [ "fines, court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges" ] }
570c572cb3d812140066d15d	John,_King_of_England	The administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d'ancestor. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by ...	What was of particular importance to John?	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "administration of justice" ] }
570c572cb3d812140066d15e	John,_King_of_England	The administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d'ancestor. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by ...	When was the system of coroners first introduced?	{ "answer_start": [ 486 ], "text": [ "1194" ] }
570c572cb3d812140066d15f	John,_King_of_England	The administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d'ancestor. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by ...	Why was John motivated?	{ "answer_start": [ 1041 ], "text": [ "potential of the royal legal process to raise fees" ] }
570c578fb3d812140066d163	John,_King_of_England	In the 1940s, new interpretations of John's reign began to emerge, based on research into the record evidence of his reign, such as pipe rolls, charters, court documents and similar primary records. Notably, an essay by Vivian Galbraith in 1945 proposed a "new approach" to understanding the ruler. The use of recorded e...	When did new interpretations of John's reign begin to emerge?	{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "1940s" ] }
570c578fb3d812140066d164	John,_King_of_England	In the 1940s, new interpretations of John's reign began to emerge, based on research into the record evidence of his reign, such as pipe rolls, charters, court documents and similar primary records. Notably, an essay by Vivian Galbraith in 1945 proposed a "new approach" to understanding the ruler. The use of recorded e...	Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a "new approach?"	{ "answer_start": [ 220 ], "text": [ "Vivian Galbraith" ] }
570c578fb3d812140066d165	John,_King_of_England	In the 1940s, new interpretations of John's reign began to emerge, based on research into the record evidence of his reign, such as pipe rolls, charters, court documents and similar primary records. Notably, an essay by Vivian Galbraith in 1945 proposed a "new approach" to understanding the ruler. The use of recorded e...	Who suggested that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than previously supposed?	{ "answer_start": [ 1104 ], "text": [ "Lewis Warren" ] }
570c57f5fed7b91900d458dd	John,_King_of_England	John was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king. Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. The most infamous case, which we...	John was deeply suspicious of who?	{ "answer_start": [ 30 ], "text": [ "the barons" ] }
570c57f5fed7b91900d458de	John,_King_of_England	John was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king. Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. The most infamous case, which we...	What famous knight was subjected to John's malevolentia?	{ "answer_start": [ 199 ], "text": [ "William Marshal" ] }
570c57f5fed7b91900d458df	John,_King_of_England	John was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king. Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. The most infamous case, which we...	How many marks did De Braose refuse to pay?	{ "answer_start": [ 557 ], "text": [ "40,000" ] }
570c57f5fed7b91900d458e0	John,_King_of_England	John was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king. Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. The most infamous case, which we...	When did De Braose die?	{ "answer_start": [ 727 ], "text": [ "1211" ] }
570c5881b3d812140066d169	John,_King_of_England	This trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia – "anger and ill-will" – and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to express his anger and displeasur...	Who did Henry II express his fury and ill-will towards?	{ "answer_start": [ 595 ], "text": [ "Thomas Becket" ] }
570c5881b3d812140066d16a	John,_King_of_England	This trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia – "anger and ill-will" – and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to express his anger and displeasur...	What was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia?	{ "answer_start": [ 15 ], "text": [ "the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons" ] }
570c5881b3d812140066d16b	John,_King_of_England	This trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia – "anger and ill-will" – and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to express his anger and displeasur...	John had to additional ability to do what?	{ "answer_start": [ 694 ], "text": [ "cripple his vassals" ] }
570c58bafed7b91900d458ef	John,_King_of_England	John spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion. As an emergency measure, John recreated a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms of 1181, with each shire creating a structure to mobilise local levies. When the threat of invasion faded, John formed a large military force in England intended f...	John spent much of 1205 doing what?	{ "answer_start": [ 24 ], "text": [ "securing England" ] }
570c58bafed7b91900d458f0	John,_King_of_England	John spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion. As an emergency measure, John recreated a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms of 1181, with each shire creating a structure to mobilise local levies. When the threat of invasion faded, John formed a large military force in England intended f...	When did John recreate a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms?	{ "answer_start": [ 160 ], "text": [ "1181" ] }
570c58bafed7b91900d458f1	John,_King_of_England	John spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion. As an emergency measure, John recreated a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms of 1181, with each shire creating a structure to mobilise local levies. When the threat of invasion faded, John formed a large military force in England intended f...	How many knights out of ten would be mobilised?	{ "answer_start": [ 538 ], "text": [ "one" ] }
570c59bbfed7b91900d458f5	John,_King_of_England	During the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possible French invasion, the sea-ro...	John focused on trying to retake what?	{ "answer_start": [ 68 ], "text": [ "Normandy" ] }
570c59bbfed7b91900d458f6	John,_King_of_England	During the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possible French invasion, the sea-ro...	John did not regard the loss of Duchy as a permanent shift in what?	{ "answer_start": [ 181 ], "text": [ "Capetian power" ] }
570c59bbfed7b91900d458f7	John,_King_of_England	During the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possible French invasion, the sea-ro...	What was John's preferred plan?	{ "answer_start": [ 561 ], "text": [ "use Poitou as a base of operations" ] }
570c59f8b3d812140066d179	John,_King_of_England	John remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign. He drew on the country for resources to fight his war with Philip on the continent. Conflict continued in Ireland between the Anglo-Norman settlers and the indigenous Irish chieftains, with John manipulating both groups to expand his wealth and power in the country. D...	John remained what throughout his reign?	{ "answer_start": [ 14 ], "text": [ "Lord of Ireland" ] }
570c59f8b3d812140066d17a	John,_King_of_England	John remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign. He drew on the country for resources to fight his war with Philip on the continent. Conflict continued in Ireland between the Anglo-Norman settlers and the indigenous Irish chieftains, with John manipulating both groups to expand his wealth and power in the country. D...	When did the king cross into Ireland with a large army?	{ "answer_start": [ 449 ], "text": [ "1210" ] }
570c59f8b3d812140066d17b	John,_King_of_England	John remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign. He drew on the country for resources to fight his war with Philip on the continent. Conflict continued in Ireland between the Anglo-Norman settlers and the indigenous Irish chieftains, with John manipulating both groups to expand his wealth and power in the country. D...	During Richard's rule, what did John successfully do?	{ "answer_start": [ 364 ], "text": [ "increased the size of his lands in Ireland" ] }
570c5a9bfed7b91900d4590f	John,_King_of_England	In the late 12th and early 13th centuries the border and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. John's father, Henry II, had forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of Falaise in 1174. This had bee...	When was the political relationship between England and Scotland disputed?	{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "late 12th and early 13th centuries" ] }
570c5a9bfed7b91900d45910	John,_King_of_England	In the late 12th and early 13th centuries the border and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. John's father, Henry II, had forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of Falaise in 1174. This had bee...	Who forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him?	{ "answer_start": [ 213 ], "text": [ "Henry II" ] }
570c5a9bfed7b91900d45911	John,_King_of_England	In the late 12th and early 13th centuries the border and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. John's father, Henry II, had forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of Falaise in 1174. This had bee...	What did John force William to sign?	{ "answer_start": [ 891 ], "text": [ "Treaty of Norham" ] }
570c5b53b3d812140066d17f	John,_King_of_England	John treated the interdict as "the equivalent of a papal declaration of war". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized the lands of those clergy unwillin...	John treated the interdict as what?	{ "answer_start": [ 31 ], "text": [ "the equivalent of a papal declaration of war" ] }
570c5b53b3d812140066d180	John,_King_of_England	John treated the interdict as "the equivalent of a papal declaration of war". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized the lands of those clergy unwillin...	John seized the lands of who?	{ "answer_start": [ 299 ], "text": [ "those clergy unwilling to conduct services" ] }
570c5b53b3d812140066d181	John,_King_of_England	John treated the interdict as "the equivalent of a papal declaration of war". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized the lands of those clergy unwillin...	When did Innocent excommunicate the king?	{ "answer_start": [ 1018 ], "text": [ "November 1209" ] }
570c5b53b3d812140066d182	John,_King_of_England	John treated the interdict as "the equivalent of a papal declaration of war". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized the lands of those clergy unwillin...	How many marks did the church lose?	{ "answer_start": [ 1534 ], "text": [ "100,000" ] }
570c5be2fed7b91900d4591d	John,_King_of_England	John was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. He barred Langton from entering...	John felt Langton was overly influenced by what?	{ "answer_start": [ 226 ], "text": [ "the Capetian court in Paris" ] }
570c5be2fed7b91900d4591e	John,_King_of_England	John was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. He barred Langton from entering...	Who was barred Langton from entering England?	{ "answer_start": [ 321 ], "text": [ "England" ] }
570c5be2fed7b91900d4591f	John,_King_of_England	John was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. He barred Langton from entering...	when did Innocent place an interdict on England?	{ "answer_start": [ 544 ], "text": [ "March 1208" ] }
570c5c6ffed7b91900d45923	John,_King_of_England	The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to ...	John besieged what castle?	{ "answer_start": [ 193 ], "text": [ "Roche-au-Moine" ] }
570c5c6ffed7b91900d45924	John,_King_of_England	The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to ...	Who refused to advance with the king?	{ "answer_start": [ 284 ], "text": [ "The local Angevin nobles" ] }
570c5c6ffed7b91900d45925	John,_King_of_England	The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to ...	Who won the battle of Bouvines?	{ "answer_start": [ 436 ], "text": [ "Philip" ] }
570c5c6ffed7b91900d45926	John,_King_of_England	The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to ...	How long was the truce intended to last for?	{ "answer_start": [ 729 ], "text": [ "six years" ] }
570c5c99fed7b91900d4592b	John,_King_of_England	In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of h...	When did John begin his final campaign to reclaim Normandy?	{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "1214" ] }
570c5c99fed7b91900d4592c	John,_King_of_England	In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of h...	Who did John build alliances with?	{ "answer_start": [ 143 ], "text": [ "Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders" ] }
570c5c99fed7b91900d4592d	John,_King_of_England	In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of h...	When did John leave for Poitou?	{ "answer_start": [ 383 ], "text": [ "February 1214" ] }
570c5cdefed7b91900d45931	John,_King_of_England	The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such ...	Who made the first move in the war?	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "rebels" ] }
570c5cdefed7b91900d45932	John,_King_of_England	The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such ...	What did the rebels seize?	{ "answer_start": [ 65 ], "text": [ "Rochester Castle" ] }
570c5cdefed7b91900d45933	John,_King_of_England	The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such ...	Who lead the rebellion against the 1211 settlement?	{ "answer_start": [ 851 ], "text": [ "Llywelyn the Great" ] }
570c5cdefed7b91900d45934	John,_King_of_England	The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such ...	What was John's strategy?	{ "answer_start": [ 562 ], "text": [ "isolate the rebel barons in London" ] }
570c5d12b3d812140066d18b	John,_King_of_England	Neither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardliners and refused to demobilise t...	Who suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable?	{ "answer_start": [ 89 ], "text": [ "rebel barons" ] }
570c5d12b3d812140066d18c	John,_King_of_England	Neither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardliners and refused to demobilise t...	John appealed to who for help?	{ "answer_start": [ 418 ], "text": [ "Innocent" ] }
570c5d12b3d812140066d18d	John,_King_of_England	Neither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardliners and refused to demobilise t...	The failure of the agreement lead to what?	{ "answer_start": [ 747 ], "text": [ "First Barons' War" ] }
570c5d56b3d812140066d191	John,_King_of_England	The king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which empties into the Wash, being suc...	What did the king lose on his way to the west?	{ "answer_start": [ 50 ], "text": [ "significant part of his baggage" ] }
570c5d56b3d812140066d192	John,_King_of_England	The king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which empties into the Wash, being suc...	When did John face a stalemate?	{ "answer_start": [ 589 ], "text": [ "October 1216" ] }
570c5d56b3d812140066d193	John,_King_of_England	The king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which empties into the Wash, being suc...	When were the Crown Jewels lost?	{ "answer_start": [ 241 ], "text": [ "as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries" ] }
570c5dbbfed7b91900d4593f	John,_King_of_England	In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege ...	When did John begin a fresh, vigorous attack?	{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "September 1216" ] }
570c5dbbfed7b91900d45940	John,_King_of_England	In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege ...	Where did John march from?	{ "answer_start": [ 75 ], "text": [ "Cotswolds" ] }
570c5dbbfed7b91900d45941	John,_King_of_England	In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege ...	Where did John contract dysentery?	{ "answer_start": [ 426 ], "text": [ "King's Lynn" ] }
570c5dbbfed7b91900d45942	John,_King_of_England	In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege ...	Who invaded northern England?	{ "answer_start": [ 513 ], "text": [ "Alexander II" ] }
570c5e0efed7b91900d45948	John,_King_of_England	In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisionist histories written by John...	Which historians were favourably inclined towards the king?	{ "answer_start": [ 101 ], "text": [ "Tudor historians" ] }
570c5e0efed7b91900d45949	John,_King_of_England	In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisionist histories written by John...	What praised John's "great renown" as a king?	{ "answer_start": [ 461 ], "text": [ "John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine" ] }
570c5e0efed7b91900d45947	John,_King_of_England	In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisionist histories written by John...	When did political and religious changes alter the attitude of historians towards John?	{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "16th century" ] }
570c5e65fed7b91900d4594d	John,_King_of_England	Nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir Walter Scott's historical romance, Ivanhoe, which presented "an almost totally unfavourable picture" of the king; the work drew on Victorian histories of the period and on Shakespeare's play. Scott's work influenced the late 19th-century chi...	What heavily influenced nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John?	{ "answer_start": [ 114 ], "text": [ "Ivanhoe" ] }
570c5e65fed7b91900d4594e	John,_King_of_England	Nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir Walter Scott's historical romance, Ivanhoe, which presented "an almost totally unfavourable picture" of the king; the work drew on Victorian histories of the period and on Shakespeare's play. Scott's work influenced the late 19th-century chi...	Who played John in 1938?	{ "answer_start": [ 727 ], "text": [ "Claude Rains" ] }
570c5e65fed7b91900d4594f	John,_King_of_England	Nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir Walter Scott's historical romance, Ivanhoe, which presented "an almost totally unfavourable picture" of the king; the work drew on Victorian histories of the period and on Shakespeare's play. Scott's work influenced the late 19th-century chi...	Who was John depicted alongside?	{ "answer_start": [ 582 ], "text": [ "Robin Hood" ] }
570c5eb8b3d812140066d197	John,_King_of_England	Historical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, including Richard of Devizes, Willi...	Which historians wrote early in John's life?	{ "answer_start": [ 295 ], "text": [ "Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto" ] }
570c5eb8b3d812140066d198	John,_King_of_England	Historical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, including Richard of Devizes, Willi...	How did historians feel about John's behavior under Richard's rule?	{ "answer_start": [ 406 ], "text": [ "unsympathetic" ] }
570c5eb8b3d812140066d199	John,_King_of_England	Historical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, including Richard of Devizes, Willi...	John attempted conversion of what in exchange for military aid?	{ "answer_start": [ 962 ], "text": [ "Islam" ] }
570c5f39b3d812140066d19d	John,_King_of_England	Popular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period, mirroring the revisionist histories of the time. The anonymous play The Troublesome Reign of King John portrayed the king as a "proto-Protestant martyr", similar to that shown in John Bale's morality play Kynge Johan, in which John attempts ...	When did popular representations of John begin to emerge?	{ "answer_start": [ 65 ], "text": [ "Tudor period" ] }

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