id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570c5f39b3d812140066d19e | John,_King_of_England | Popular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period, mirroring the revisionist histories of the time. The anonymous play The Troublesome Reign of King John portrayed the king as a "proto-Protestant martyr", similar to that shown in John Bale's morality play Kynge Johan, in which John attempts ... | What was Anthony Munday's play? | {
"answer_start": [
689
],
"text": [
"The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington"
]
} |
570c5f39b3d812140066d19f | John,_King_of_England | Popular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period, mirroring the revisionist histories of the time. The anonymous play The Troublesome Reign of King John portrayed the king as a "proto-Protestant martyr", similar to that shown in John Bale's morality play Kynge Johan, in which John attempts ... | In The Troublesome Reign of King John, John portrayed the king as what? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"proto-Protestant martyr"
]
} |
570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a3 | John,_King_of_England | Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing... | Who was critical of John's performance as king? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Contemporary chroniclers"
]
} |
570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a4 | John,_King_of_England | Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing... | What historian summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"Jim Bradbury"
]
} |
570c5f7bb3d812140066d1a5 | John,_King_of_England | Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing... | John remains a recurring character within what culture? | {
"answer_start": [
783
],
"text": [
"Western"
]
} |
570c5feab3d812140066d1a9 | John,_King_of_England | Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in th... | Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of what? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"Aquitaine"
]
} |
570c5feab3d812140066d1aa | John,_King_of_England | Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in th... | Who was Alais? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy"
]
} |
570c5feab3d812140066d1ab | John,_King_of_England | Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in th... | What castles did Henry II transfer into John's name? | {
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau"
]
} |
570c602dfed7b91900d45954 | John,_King_of_England | For the remaining years of Richard's reign, John supported his brother on the continent, apparently loyally. Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. He allied himself with the leaders of Flanders, Boulogne and t... | Richard withdrew what towards John? | {
"answer_start": [
723
],
"text": [
"malevolentia"
]
} |
570c602dfed7b91900d45955 | John,_King_of_England | For the remaining years of Richard's reign, John supported his brother on the continent, apparently loyally. Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. He allied himself with the leaders of Flanders, Boulogne and t... | Who was the Count of Mortain? | {
"answer_start": [
755
],
"text": [
"John"
]
} |
570c602dfed7b91900d45953 | John,_King_of_England | For the remaining years of Richard's reign, John supported his brother on the continent, apparently loyally. Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. He allied himself with the leaders of Flanders, Boulogne and t... | When did John successfully conduct a sudden attack and siege of Evreux castle? | {
"answer_start": [
386
],
"text": [
"1195"
]
} |
570c6099fed7b91900d45959 | John,_King_of_England | Unfortunately, Isabella was already engaged to Hugh of Lusignan, an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of Count Raoul of Eu, who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border. Just as John stood to benefit strategically from marrying Isabella, so the marriage threatened the interest... | Who was Isabella engaged to? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"Hugh of Lusignan"
]
} |
570c6099fed7b91900d4595a | John,_King_of_England | Unfortunately, Isabella was already engaged to Hugh of Lusignan, an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of Count Raoul of Eu, who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border. Just as John stood to benefit strategically from marrying Isabella, so the marriage threatened the interest... | Hugh of Lusignan was an important member of what? | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"a key Poitou noble family"
]
} |
570c6099fed7b91900d4595b | John,_King_of_England | Unfortunately, Isabella was already engaged to Hugh of Lusignan, an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of Count Raoul of Eu, who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border. Just as John stood to benefit strategically from marrying Isabella, so the marriage threatened the interest... | John treated Hugh with what? | {
"answer_start": [
509
],
"text": [
"contempt"
]
} |
570c60d7fed7b91900d4595f | John,_King_of_England | In late 1203, John attempted to relieve Château Gaillard, which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conception, but overly complex for ... | What did John attempt to relieve in late 1203? | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"Château Gaillard"
]
} |
570c60d7fed7b91900d45960 | John,_King_of_England | In late 1203, John attempted to relieve Château Gaillard, which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conception, but overly complex for ... | Who blocked John's relief operation? | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"Philip's forces"
]
} |
570c60d7fed7b91900d45961 | John,_King_of_England | In late 1203, John attempted to relieve Château Gaillard, which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conception, but overly complex for ... | When did Gaillard fall? | {
"answer_start": [
1458
],
"text": [
"March 1204"
]
} |
570c60d7fed7b91900d45962 | John,_King_of_England | In late 1203, John attempted to relieve Château Gaillard, which although besieged by Philip was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conception, but overly complex for ... | What was John's only remaining possession on the Continent? | {
"answer_start": [
1947
],
"text": [
"Duchy of Aquitaine"
]
} |
570c612fb3d812140066d1af | John,_King_of_England | The result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.[nb 10] John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence of any actual military campaign... | How many times did John levi scutage payments? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"eleven"
]
} |
570c612fb3d812140066d1b0 | John,_King_of_England | The result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.[nb 10] John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence of any actual military campaign... | When did John initiate a new round of appointments? | {
"answer_start": [
639
],
"text": [
"1194"
]
} |
570c612fb3d812140066d1b1 | John,_King_of_England | The result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.[nb 10] John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence of any actual military campaign... | Who were subject to huge taxes? | {
"answer_start": [
1155
],
"text": [
"The Jews"
]
} |
570c612fb3d812140066d1b2 | John,_King_of_England | The result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures.[nb 10] John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence of any actual military campaign... | When did John create a new tax on income and movable goods? | {
"answer_start": [
1473
],
"text": [
"1207"
]
} |
570c6186b3d812140066d1b7 | John,_King_of_England | John's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in piety. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was considered unacceptable. John had... | Many of John's mistresses were what? | {
"answer_start": [
257
],
"text": [
"married noblewomen"
]
} |
570c6186b3d812140066d1b8 | John,_King_of_England | John's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in piety. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was considered unacceptable. John had... | How many children did John have with mistresses during his first marriage? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"five"
]
} |
570c6186b3d812140066d1b9 | John,_King_of_England | John's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in piety. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was considered unacceptable. John had... | How many of John's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried? | {
"answer_start": [
568
],
"text": [
"None"
]
} |
570c61e4b3d812140066d1bd | John,_King_of_England | John had already begun to improve his Channel forces before the loss of Normandy and he rapidly built up further maritime capabilities after its collapse. Most of these ships were placed along the Cinque Ports, but Portsmouth was also enlarged. By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large galleys available; another 54 ves... | How many galleys were available by the end of 1204? | {
"answer_start": [
278
],
"text": [
"50"
]
} |
570c61e4b3d812140066d1be | John,_King_of_England | John had already begun to improve his Channel forces before the loss of Normandy and he rapidly built up further maritime capabilities after its collapse. Most of these ships were placed along the Cinque Ports, but Portsmouth was also enlarged. By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large galleys available; another 54 ves... | 54 vessels were built between what years? | {
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"1209 and 1212"
]
} |
570c61e4b3d812140066d1bf | John,_King_of_England | John had already begun to improve his Channel forces before the loss of Normandy and he rapidly built up further maritime capabilities after its collapse. Most of these ships were placed along the Cinque Ports, but Portsmouth was also enlarged. By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large galleys available; another 54 ves... | Who was appointed "keeper of the galleys?" | {
"answer_start": [
359
],
"text": [
"William of Wrotham"
]
} |
570c625dfed7b91900d45967 | John,_King_of_England | Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and mar... | Where did John visit every year between 1204 and 1211? | {
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"Wales"
]
} |
570c625dfed7b91900d45968 | John,_King_of_England | Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and mar... | Who did John marry Joan to? | {
"answer_start": [
379
],
"text": [
"Llywelyn the Great"
]
} |
570c625dfed7b91900d45969 | John,_King_of_England | Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and mar... | What did John use to increase his own territory and power? | {
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"marcher lords and the native Welsh"
]
} |
570c625dfed7b91900d4596a | John,_King_of_England | Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and mar... | When did a royal expedition to enforce agreements occur? | {
"answer_start": [
662
],
"text": [
"1211"
]
} |
570c62a1fed7b91900d4596f | John,_King_of_England | Innocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumvented, at least unofficially. ... | Where were Monastic communities allowed to celebrate Mass in private? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"1209"
]
} |
570c62a1fed7b91900d45970 | John,_King_of_England | Innocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumvented, at least unofficially. ... | When was the Holy Viaticum for the dying authorised? | {
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"1212"
]
} |
570c62a1fed7b91900d45971 | John,_King_of_England | Innocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumvented, at least unofficially. ... | What threat was John worried about? | {
"answer_start": [
495
],
"text": [
"French invasion"
]
} |
570c62e8fed7b91900d45975 | John,_King_of_England | Within a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. John appears to have been playin... | Where did John hold a council in January 1215? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"London"
]
} |
570c62e8fed7b91900d45976 | John,_King_of_England | Within a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. John appears to have been playin... | Where did John recruit mercenary forces from? | {
"answer_start": [
632
],
"text": [
"Poitou"
]
} |
570c62e8fed7b91900d45977 | John,_King_of_England | Within a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. John appears to have been playin... | John announced his intent to become what? | {
"answer_start": [
785
],
"text": [
"a crusader"
]
} |
570c634eb3d812140066d1c3 | John,_King_of_England | John's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen "a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as "one of the greatest [siege] operations in England up to th... | When did John retake Rochester Castle? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"November"
]
} |
570c634eb3d812140066d1c4 | John,_King_of_England | John's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen "a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as "one of the greatest [siege] operations in England up to th... | John marched against who in January 1216? | {
"answer_start": [
694
],
"text": [
"Alexander II of Scotland"
]
} |
570c634eb3d812140066d1c5 | John,_King_of_England | John's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen "a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as "one of the greatest [siege] operations in England up to th... | John sent William Longespee to retake what? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"north side of London and East Anglia"
]
} |
570c63d6b3d812140066d1c9 | John,_King_of_England | John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". His body was escorted... | When did John die? | {
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"18 October"
]
} |
570c63d6b3d812140066d1ca | John,_King_of_England | John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". His body was escorted... | When was a new sarcophagus made for him? | {
"answer_start": [
487
],
"text": [
"1232"
]
} |
570c63d6b3d812140066d1cb | John,_King_of_England | John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". His body was escorted... | Where was John buried? | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"Worcester Cathedral"
]
} |
570c6499fed7b91900d4597b | John,_King_of_England | By the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. Kate Norgate, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his "almost superhuman wickedness", whils... | Who blamed John's family background for his cruel personality? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"James Ramsay"
]
} |
570c6499fed7b91900d4597c | John,_King_of_England | By the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. Kate Norgate, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his "almost superhuman wickedness", whils... | What documents trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England? | {
"answer_start": [
485
],
"text": [
"Domesday Book and Magna Carta"
]
} |
570c6499fed7b91900d4597d | John,_King_of_England | By the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. Kate Norgate, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his "almost superhuman wickedness", whils... | What period in the 19th century were historians more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers? | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Victorian"
]
} |
570c6526b3d812140066d1cf | John,_King_of_England | John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subseq... | John lost the duchy of Normandy to who? | {
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"King Philip II of France"
]
} |
570c6526b3d812140066d1d0 | John,_King_of_England | John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subseq... | What led to the sealing of the Magna Carta? | {
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"baronial revolt"
]
} |
570c6526b3d812140066d1d1 | John,_King_of_England | John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subseq... | The collapse of the Angevin Empire contributed to the growth in power of what dynasty? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"Capetian"
]
} |
570c6560fed7b91900d4598b | John,_King_of_England | Shortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the aim of steering her youngest so... | Where did Eleanor leave to? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"Poitiers"
]
} |
570c6560fed7b91900d4598c | John,_King_of_England | Shortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the aim of steering her youngest so... | John was taught by who? | {
"answer_start": [
737
],
"text": [
"Ranulph Glanville"
]
} |
570c6560fed7b91900d4598d | John,_King_of_England | Shortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the aim of steering her youngest so... | John was assigned what whilst he was at Fontevrault? | {
"answer_start": [
571
],
"text": [
"magister"
]
} |
570c65bcfed7b91900d45991 | John,_King_of_England | John had spent the conflict travelling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession. Henry II ... | John spent the conflict traveling alongside who? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"his father"
]
} |
570c65bcfed7b91900d45992 | John,_King_of_England | John had spent the conflict travelling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession. Henry II ... | When did Henry II appropriate the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall? | {
"answer_start": [
393
],
"text": [
"1175"
]
} |
570c65bcfed7b91900d45993 | John,_King_of_England | John had spent the conflict travelling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession. Henry II ... | Who dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland? | {
"answer_start": [
675
],
"text": [
"Henry"
]
} |
570c660afed7b91900d45998 | John,_King_of_England | When John's elder brother Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade. Richard set about raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt w... | Who took over as joint justiciar with Puiset after Mandeville died? | {
"answer_start": [
1329
],
"text": [
"Longchamp"
]
} |
570c660afed7b91900d45999 | John,_King_of_England | When John's elder brother Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade. Richard set about raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt w... | Who convinced Richard to allow John to join into England? | {
"answer_start": [
1443
],
"text": [
"Eleanor"
]
} |
570c660afed7b91900d45997 | John,_King_of_England | When John's elder brother Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade. Richard set about raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt w... | When did Richard become king? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"September 1189"
]
} |
570c66a0fed7b91900d459a7 | John,_King_of_England | Warfare in Normandy at the time was shaped by the defensive potential of castles and the increasing costs of conducting campaigns. The Norman frontiers had limited natural defences but were heavily reinforced with castles, such as Château Gaillard, at strategic points, built and maintained at considerable expense. It w... | Warfare in Normandy was shaped by what? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"defensive potential of castles"
]
} |
570c66a0fed7b91900d459a8 | John,_King_of_England | Warfare in Normandy at the time was shaped by the defensive potential of castles and the increasing costs of conducting campaigns. The Norman frontiers had limited natural defences but were heavily reinforced with castles, such as Château Gaillard, at strategic points, built and maintained at considerable expense. It w... | What were mercenary forces called? | {
"answer_start": [
738
],
"text": [
"Brabançons"
]
} |
570c66a0fed7b91900d459a9 | John,_King_of_England | Warfare in Normandy at the time was shaped by the defensive potential of castles and the increasing costs of conducting campaigns. The Norman frontiers had limited natural defences but were heavily reinforced with castles, such as Château Gaillard, at strategic points, built and maintained at considerable expense. It w... | What castle was built at a strategic point? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"Château Gaillard"
]
} |
570c672cb3d812140066d1d5 | John,_King_of_England | John initially adopted a defensive posture similar to that of 1199: avoiding open battle and carefully defending his key castles. John's operations became more chaotic as the campaign progressed, and Philip began to make steady progress in the east. John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were threatening his mo... | Who accompanied John? | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"William de Roches"
]
} |
570c672cb3d812140066d1d6 | John,_King_of_England | John initially adopted a defensive posture similar to that of 1199: avoiding open battle and carefully defending his key castles. John's operations became more chaotic as the campaign progressed, and Philip began to make steady progress in the east. John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were threatening his mo... | Why was Philip forced to withdraw in the east? | {
"answer_start": [
585
],
"text": [
"southern flank weakening"
]
} |
570c672cb3d812140066d1d7 | John,_King_of_England | John initially adopted a defensive posture similar to that of 1199: avoiding open battle and carefully defending his key castles. John's operations became more chaotic as the campaign progressed, and Philip began to make steady progress in the east. John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were threatening his mo... | Who was caught by surprised? | {
"answer_start": [
489
],
"text": [
"Arthur"
]
} |
570c6790fed7b91900d459ad | John,_King_of_England | John inherited a sophisticated system of administration in England, with a range of royal agents answering to the Royal Household: the Chancery kept written records and communications; the Treasury and the Exchequer dealt with income and expenditure respectively; and various judges were deployed to deliver justice arou... | What did John inherit in England? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"sophisticated system of administration"
]
} |
570c6790fed7b91900d459ae | John,_King_of_England | John inherited a sophisticated system of administration in England, with a range of royal agents answering to the Royal Household: the Chancery kept written records and communications; the Treasury and the Exchequer dealt with income and expenditure respectively; and various judges were deployed to deliver justice arou... | Who dealt with income and expenditure? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"the Treasury and the Exchequer"
]
} |
570c6790fed7b91900d459af | John,_King_of_England | John inherited a sophisticated system of administration in England, with a range of royal agents answering to the Royal Household: the Chancery kept written records and communications; the Treasury and the Exchequer dealt with income and expenditure respectively; and various judges were deployed to deliver justice arou... | John followed in the tradition of who? | {
"answer_start": [
747
],
"text": [
"Henry I and Henry II"
]
} |
570c67dcfed7b91900d459b3 | John,_King_of_England | John's royal household was based around several groups of followers. One group was the familiares regis, John's immediate friends and knights who travelled around the country with him. They also played an important role in organising and leading military campaigns. Another section of royal followers were the curia regi... | John's royal household was based around what? | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"several groups of followers"
]
} |
570c67dcfed7b91900d459b4 | John,_King_of_England | John's royal household was based around several groups of followers. One group was the familiares regis, John's immediate friends and knights who travelled around the country with him. They also played an important role in organising and leading military campaigns. Another section of royal followers were the curia regi... | Who were the curia regis? | {
"answer_start": [
347
],
"text": [
"senior officials and agents of the king"
]
} |
570c67dcfed7b91900d459b5 | John,_King_of_England | John's royal household was based around several groups of followers. One group was the familiares regis, John's immediate friends and knights who travelled around the country with him. They also played an important role in organising and leading military campaigns. Another section of royal followers were the curia regi... | The mercenary leaders became infamous in England for what? | {
"answer_start": [
965
],
"text": [
"their uncivilised behaviour"
]
} |
570c6868b3d812140066d1db | John,_King_of_England | John's lack of religious conviction has been noted by contemporary chroniclers and later historians, with some suspecting that John was at best impious, or even atheistic, a very serious issue at the time. Contemporary chroniclers catalogued his various anti-religious habits at length, including his failure to take com... | Historians suspected that John was at best what? | {
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"impious"
]
} |
570c6868b3d812140066d1dc | John,_King_of_England | John's lack of religious conviction has been noted by contemporary chroniclers and later historians, with some suspecting that John was at best impious, or even atheistic, a very serious issue at the time. Contemporary chroniclers catalogued his various anti-religious habits at length, including his failure to take com... | Who was later declared a saint? | {
"answer_start": [
953
],
"text": [
"Hugh of Lincoln"
]
} |
570c6868b3d812140066d1dd | John,_King_of_England | John's lack of religious conviction has been noted by contemporary chroniclers and later historians, with some suspecting that John was at best impious, or even atheistic, a very serious issue at the time. Contemporary chroniclers catalogued his various anti-religious habits at length, including his failure to take com... | Many records showed what? | {
"answer_start": [
1135
],
"text": [
"John's offerings to the poor"
]
} |
570c68b4b3d812140066d1e1 | John,_King_of_England | During the truce of 1206–1208, John focused on building up his financial and military resources in preparation for another attempt to recapture Normandy. John used some of this money to pay for new alliances on Philip's eastern frontiers, where the growth in Capetian power was beginning to concern France's neighbours. ... | What did John do during the truce of 1206-1208? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"focused on building up his financial and military resources"
]
} |
570c68b4b3d812140066d1e2 | John,_King_of_England | During the truce of 1206–1208, John focused on building up his financial and military resources in preparation for another attempt to recapture Normandy. John used some of this money to pay for new alliances on Philip's eastern frontiers, where the growth in Capetian power was beginning to concern France's neighbours. ... | By 1212, John had successfully concluded alliances with who? | {
"answer_start": [
386
],
"text": [
"Otto IV"
]
} |
570c68b4b3d812140066d1e3 | John,_King_of_England | During the truce of 1206–1208, John focused on building up his financial and military resources in preparation for another attempt to recapture Normandy. John used some of this money to pay for new alliances on Philip's eastern frontiers, where the growth in Capetian power was beginning to concern France's neighbours. ... | John launched his new fleet to attach the French where? | {
"answer_start": [
910
],
"text": [
"the harbour of Damme"
]
} |
570c6902fed7b91900d459b9 | John,_King_of_England | John wanted John de Gray, the Bishop of Norwich and one of his own supporters, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Walter, but the cathedral chapter for Canterbury Cathedral claimed the exclusive right to elect Walter's successor. They favoured Reginald, the chapter's sub-prior. To complicate ma... | Who did John want to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"John de Gray"
]
} |
570c6902fed7b91900d459ba | John,_King_of_England | John wanted John de Gray, the Bishop of Norwich and one of his own supporters, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Walter, but the cathedral chapter for Canterbury Cathedral claimed the exclusive right to elect Walter's successor. They favoured Reginald, the chapter's sub-prior. To complicate ma... | Who did Innocent disavow? | {
"answer_start": [
760
],
"text": [
"Reginald and John de Gray"
]
} |
570c6902fed7b91900d459bb | John,_King_of_England | John wanted John de Gray, the Bishop of Norwich and one of his own supporters, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Walter, but the cathedral chapter for Canterbury Cathedral claimed the exclusive right to elect Walter's successor. They favoured Reginald, the chapter's sub-prior. To complicate ma... | Who did John force to change their support to John de Gray? | {
"answer_start": [
601
],
"text": [
"Canterbury chapter"
]
} |
570c695efed7b91900d459bf | John,_King_of_England | Tensions between John and the barons had been growing for several years, as demonstrated by the 1212 plot against the king. Many of the disaffected barons came from the north of England; that faction was often labelled by contemporaries and historians as "the Northerners". The northern barons rarely had any personal st... | Where did many of the disaffected barons come from? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"north of England"
]
} |
570c695efed7b91900d459c0 | John,_King_of_England | Tensions between John and the barons had been growing for several years, as demonstrated by the 1212 plot against the king. Many of the disaffected barons came from the north of England; that faction was often labelled by contemporaries and historians as "the Northerners". The northern barons rarely had any personal st... | Who was appointed justiciar? | {
"answer_start": [
855
],
"text": [
"Peter des Roches"
]
} |
570c695efed7b91900d459c1 | John,_King_of_England | Tensions between John and the barons had been growing for several years, as demonstrated by the 1212 plot against the king. Many of the disaffected barons came from the north of England; that faction was often labelled by contemporaries and historians as "the Northerners". The northern barons rarely had any personal st... | What was the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king? | {
"answer_start": [
978
],
"text": [
"The failure of John's French military campaign"
]
} |
570c69aeb3d812140066d1e7 | John,_King_of_England | John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or "Great Charter". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposa... | When did John meet the rebel leaders at Runnymede? | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"15 June 1215"
]
} |
570c69aeb3d812140066d1e8 | John,_King_of_England | John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or "Great Charter". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposa... | A council of how many barons was created to monitor John's future adherence to the charter? | {
"answer_start": [
635
],
"text": [
"twenty-five"
]
} |
570c69aeb3d812140066d1e9 | John,_King_of_England | John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or "Great Charter". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposa... | The peace agreement was renamed what? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"Magna Carta"
]
} |
570c69eafed7b91900d459c5 | John,_King_of_England | Prince Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216, and John assembled a naval force to intercept him. Unfortunately for John, his fleet was dispersed by bad storms and Louis landed unopposed in Kent. John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately, either due to the risks of open battle or ov... | When did Prince Louis int to land in the south of England? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"May 1216"
]
} |
570c69eafed7b91900d459c6 | John,_King_of_England | Prince Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216, and John assembled a naval force to intercept him. Unfortunately for John, his fleet was dispersed by bad storms and Louis landed unopposed in Kent. John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately, either due to the risks of open battle or ov... | Why did John hesitate to attack Louis? | {
"answer_start": [
283
],
"text": [
"due to the risks of open battle"
]
} |
570c69eafed7b91900d459c7 | John,_King_of_England | Prince Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216, and John assembled a naval force to intercept him. Unfortunately for John, his fleet was dispersed by bad storms and Louis landed unopposed in Kent. John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately, either due to the risks of open battle or ov... | When did the rebels regain the south-east of England? | {
"answer_start": [
624
],
"text": [
"end of the summer"
]
} |
570c6a8cb3d812140066d1ed | John,_King_of_England | John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for Angoulême soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by Jo... | When was Isabel released from imprisonment? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"1214"
]
} |
570c6a8cb3d812140066d1ee | John,_King_of_England | John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for Angoulême soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by Jo... | Who did Joan marry to become queen consort? | {
"answer_start": [
571
],
"text": [
"Alexander II of Scotland"
]
} |
570c6a8cb3d812140066d1ef | John,_King_of_England | John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for Angoulême soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by Jo... | How many legitimate children did John have? | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"five"
]
} |
570c6a8cb3d812140066d1f0 | John,_King_of_England | John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for Angoulême soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by Jo... | Who was John's eldest son? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"Henry III"
]
} |
570c6b74fed7b91900d459cb | John,_King_of_England | Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers. Jim Bradbury notes the current consensus that John was a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an ... | What biographers argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren"
]
} |
570c6b74fed7b91900d459cc | John,_King_of_England | Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers. Jim Bradbury notes the current consensus that John was a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an ... | Modern historians have been over lenient towards what? | {
"answer_start": [
807
],
"text": [
"John's numerous faults"
]
} |
570c6b74fed7b91900d459cd | John,_King_of_England | Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers. Jim Bradbury notes the current consensus that John was a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an ... | John Gillingham considers John what? | {
"answer_start": [
574
],
"text": [
"a less effective general"
]
} |
570cd0bbb3d812140066d27f | Macintosh | The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept A... | What hindered the competetive ability of Apple when it was introduced? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"expensive"
]
} |
570cd0bbb3d812140066d280 | Macintosh | The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept A... | Where did Macintosh initially find success in the market? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"education and desktop publishing"
]
} |
570cd0bbb3d812140066d281 | Macintosh | The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept A... | Which platform, when improved in the 1990's, took market share from Macintosh? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"Wintel"
]
} |
570cd0bbb3d812140066d282 | Macintosh | The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept A... | What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1990's? | {
"answer_start": [
579
],
"text": [
"performance"
]
} |
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