id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570d4501b3d812140066d609 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-106 Delta Dart, and the MiG-25 w... | When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built? | {
"answer_start": [
353
],
"text": [
"after the end of World War II"
]
} |
570d4501b3d812140066d60a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-106 Delta Dart, and the MiG-25 w... | When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore? | {
"answer_start": [
397
],
"text": [
"the late 1960s"
]
} |
570d4501b3d812140066d60b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-106 Delta Dart, and the MiG-25 w... | The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what? | {
"answer_start": [
498
],
"text": [
"ICBMs"
]
} |
570d4bd6b3d812140066d64f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered "experimental usefulness". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the ant... | What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"the laser"
]
} |
570d4bd6b3d812140066d650 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered "experimental usefulness". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the ant... | When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"the late 1960s"
]
} |
570d4bd6b3d812140066d651 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered "experimental usefulness". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the ant... | What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s? | {
"answer_start": [
271
],
"text": [
"Tactical High Energy Laser"
]
} |
570d4bd6b3d812140066d652 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered "experimental usefulness". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the ant... | The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what? | {
"answer_start": [
227
],
"text": [
"experimental usefulness"
]
} |
570d4bd6b3d812140066d653 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered "experimental usefulness". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the ant... | When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence? | {
"answer_start": [
494
],
"text": [
"in the next ten years"
]
} |
570d4f6bb3d812140066d689 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Area air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have medium to long range and can b... | What is the air defence of a certain area called? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Area air defence"
]
} |
570d4f6bb3d812140066d68a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Area air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have medium to long range and can b... | Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"Air Forces"
]
} |
570d4f6bb3d812140066d68b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Area air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have medium to long range and can b... | What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence? | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"CIM-10 Bomarc"
]
} |
570d4f6bb3d812140066d68c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Area air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have medium to long range and can b... | What range do area defence systems have? | {
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"medium to long range"
]
} |
570d4f6bb3d812140066d68d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Area air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have medium to long range and can b... | What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War? | {
"answer_start": [
658
],
"text": [
"to cover populated areas"
]
} |
570d5163b3d812140066d6b1 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was som... | Which country probably coined the term air defence? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Britain"
]
} |
570d5163b3d812140066d6b2 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was som... | What does ADGB stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"Air Defence of Great Britain"
]
} |
570d5163b3d812140066d6b3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was som... | What year was the ADGB created? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"1925"
]
} |
570d5163b3d812140066d6b4 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was som... | Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns? | {
"answer_start": [
661
],
"text": [
"Amyas Borton"
]
} |
570d5163b3d812140066d6b5 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was som... | What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname? | {
"answer_start": [
773
],
"text": [
"\"Archibald, certainly not!\""
]
} |
570d5228fed7b91900d45e99 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hi... | What is the first purpose of air defence? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"detect hostile aircraft"
]
} |
570d5228fed7b91900d45e9a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hi... | What is the second purpose of air defence? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"destroy them"
]
} |
570d5228fed7b91900d45e9b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hi... | What is the critical issue in air defence? | {
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space"
]
} |
570d5228fed7b91900d45e9c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hi... | Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where? | {
"answer_start": [
343
],
"text": [
"at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it"
]
} |
570d5228fed7b91900d45e9d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hi... | What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"speed and direction"
]
} |
570d5301fed7b91900d45ea3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Passive air defence is defined by NATO as "Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoi... | What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people, buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Passive air defence"
]
} |
570d5301fed7b91900d45ea4 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Passive air defence is defined by NATO as "Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoi... | Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"ground forces"
]
} |
570d5301fed7b91900d45ea5 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Passive air defence is defined by NATO as "Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoi... | Passive air defence includes camouflage and what? | {
"answer_start": [
301
],
"text": [
"concealment"
]
} |
570d5301fed7b91900d45ea6 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Passive air defence is defined by NATO as "Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoi... | What was camouflaged during World War II? | {
"answer_start": [
404
],
"text": [
"important buildings"
]
} |
570d5301fed7b91900d45ea7 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Passive air defence is defined by NATO as "Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoi... | Some airfield runways were painted green during what war? | {
"answer_start": [
468
],
"text": [
"the Cold War"
]
} |
570d5502b3d812140066d6cf | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with ... | How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"2 to 12"
]
} |
570d5502b3d812140066d6d0 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with ... | In addition to guns or missile launchers, what else comprises the battery? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"fire control elements"
]
} |
570d5502b3d812140066d6d1 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with ... | Where do batteries typically get deployed? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"in a small area"
]
} |
570d5502b3d812140066d6d2 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with ... | Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another? | {
"answer_start": [
262
],
"text": [
"SHORAD"
]
} |
570d5502b3d812140066d6d3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with ... | Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist? | {
"answer_start": [
372
],
"text": [
"MANPADS"
]
} |
570d55affed7b91900d45eb7 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-a... | It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"in the air"
]
} |
570d55affed7b91900d45eb8 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-a... | In addition to high explosive, what else was used? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"shrapnel"
]
} |
570d55affed7b91900d45eb9 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-a... | Airburst fuses could be which two things? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)"
]
} |
570d55affed7b91900d45eba | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-a... | What were hydrogen filled balloons called? | {
"answer_start": [
503
],
"text": [
"Zeppelins"
]
} |
570d55affed7b91900d45ebb | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-a... | What was used as targets in training practices? | {
"answer_start": [
802
],
"text": [
"Smoke shells"
]
} |
570d656efed7b91900d45fbf | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,00... | What was the primary method for HAA fire? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"aimed fire"
]
} |
570d656efed7b91900d45fc0 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,00... | Along with predicting the gun data from tracking the target, what else needed to be known about the target to enable the aimed fire? | {
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"its height"
]
} |
570d656efed7b91900d45fc1 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,00... | Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors? | {
"answer_start": [
260
],
"text": [
"speed and height"
]
} |
570d656efed7b91900d45fc2 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,00... | Targets could be how many feet for the HAA to engage them? | {
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"24,000 feet"
]
} |
570d656efed7b91900d45fc3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,00... | What kind of fuses were needed? | {
"answer_start": [
328
],
"text": [
"Mechanical"
]
} |
570d6620b3d812140066d814 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and stati... | When were improvements developed for these guns? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"throughout the inter-war period"
]
} |
570d6620b3d812140066d817 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and stati... | What year was the M1 version approved? | {
"answer_start": [
407
],
"text": [
"1940"
]
} |
570d6620b3d812140066d816 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and stati... | Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"90 mm AA gun"
]
} |
570d6620b3d812140066d815 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and stati... | When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"1924"
]
} |
570d6620b3d812140066d813 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and stati... | What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"two 3-inch AA guns"
]
} |
570d6767fed7b91900d45ff9 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, f... | Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"Soviet Union"
]
} |
570d6767fed7b91900d45ffa | Anti-aircraft_warfare | In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, f... | What other group has also been under this integrated command and control? | {
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"NATO's Allied Command Europe"
]
} |
570d6767fed7b91900d45ffb | Anti-aircraft_warfare | In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, f... | Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat? | {
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"forces in the field"
]
} |
570d6767fed7b91900d45ffc | Anti-aircraft_warfare | In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, f... | What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent? | {
"answer_start": [
437
],
"text": [
"A surface-based air defence capability"
]
} |
570d67fafed7b91900d46011 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good ... | What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon"
]
} |
570d67fafed7b91900d46012 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good ... | Who designed this cannon? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"John M. Browning"
]
} |
570d67fafed7b91900d46013 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good ... | How many rounds did this cannon fire per second? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"125"
]
} |
570d67fafed7b91900d46014 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good ... | What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues? | {
"answer_start": [
522
],
"text": [
"Bofors 40 mm"
]
} |
570d67fafed7b91900d46015 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good ... | What other US group was interested in the Bofors? | {
"answer_start": [
580
],
"text": [
"US Navy"
]
} |
570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b7 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Germany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36. First used i... | High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"a 75 mm gun from Krupp"
]
} |
570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b8 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Germany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36. First used i... | Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun? | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"Bofors"
]
} |
570d6b2bb3d812140066d8b9 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Germany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36. First used i... | Because higher performance was needed, Krupp's workers designed what? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36"
]
} |
570d6b2bb3d812140066d8ba | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Germany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36. First used i... | Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"Spain"
]
} |
570d6b2bb3d812140066d8bb | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Germany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36. First used i... | What war was the FlaK first used in? | {
"answer_start": [
339
],
"text": [
"Spanish Civil War"
]
} |
570d6cecb3d812140066d8dd | Anti-aircraft_warfare | A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The similar Allied smaller-calibre ai... | What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system"
]
} |
570d6cecb3d812140066d8de | Anti-aircraft_warfare | A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The similar Allied smaller-calibre ai... | What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention? | {
"answer_start": [
295
],
"text": [
"Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems"
]
} |
570d6cecb3d812140066d8df | Anti-aircraft_warfare | A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The similar Allied smaller-calibre ai... | How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system? | {
"answer_start": [
588
],
"text": [
"four"
]
} |
570d6cecb3d812140066d8e0 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The similar Allied smaller-calibre ai... | This system was a direct answer to what? | {
"answer_start": [
743
],
"text": [
"the Flakvierling"
]
} |
570d6cecb3d812140066d8e1 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The similar Allied smaller-calibre ai... | The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other? | {
"answer_start": [
994
],
"text": [
"many kilometers"
]
} |
570d6dfefed7b91900d460c1 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable wer... | What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"barrage balloons"
]
} |
570d6dfefed7b91900d460c2 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable wer... | What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"bomber aircraft over cities"
]
} |
570d6dfefed7b91900d460c3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable wer... | How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground? | {
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"steel cable"
]
} |
570d6dfefed7b91900d460c4 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable wer... | What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons? | {
"answer_start": [
425
],
"text": [
"fly at a higher altitude"
]
} |
570d6dfefed7b91900d460c5 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable wer... | What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft? | {
"answer_start": [
544
],
"text": [
"minimal"
]
} |
570d7217b3d812140066d94f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajectory can be usefully used. One... | What is an important number when it comes to guns engaging an aircraft? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The maximum distance"
]
} |
570d7217b3d812140066d950 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajectory can be usefully used. One... | What can be used to determine the maximum distance for an AA gun? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"only the ascending part of the trajectory"
]
} |
570d7217b3d812140066d951 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajectory can be usefully used. One... | What is the term used to describe the height that a projectile would go to if it was fired vertically? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"maximum ceiling"
]
} |
570d7217b3d812140066d952 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajectory can be usefully used. One... | Few AA guns are able to fire which way? | {
"answer_start": [
484
],
"text": [
"vertically"
]
} |
570d72ecfed7b91900d46131 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars ... | The missile started being used more often instead of what weapon? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"guns"
]
} |
570d72ecfed7b91900d46132 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars ... | Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what? | {
"answer_start": [
307
],
"text": [
"armored cars and tank chassis"
]
} |
570d72ecfed7b91900d46133 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars ... | When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems? | {
"answer_start": [
420
],
"text": [
"in the 1960s"
]
} |
570d72ecfed7b91900d46134 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars ... | What are man-portable missiles better known as? | {
"answer_start": [
529
],
"text": [
"MANPADs"
]
} |
570d72ecfed7b91900d46135 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars ... | When were MANPADs introduced? | {
"answer_start": [
581
],
"text": [
"the 1960s"
]
} |
570d7592fed7b91900d46159 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Unlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery weapons of this sort have for ... | Smaller weapons are able to be used because of their low cost as well as what other factor? | {
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"ability to quickly follow the target"
]
} |
570d7592fed7b91900d4615a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Unlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery weapons of this sort have for ... | Who designed the 40 mm autocannon? | {
"answer_start": [
262
],
"text": [
"Bofors of Sweden"
]
} |
570d7592fed7b91900d4615b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Unlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery weapons of this sort have for ... | When were the surface-to-air missile systems introduced? | {
"answer_start": [
426
],
"text": [
"1950s"
]
} |
570d7592fed7b91900d4615c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Unlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery weapons of this sort have for ... | Where were surface-to-air missiles first developed? | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"in Nazi Germany"
]
} |
570d7592fed7b91900d4615d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Unlike the heavier guns, these smaller weapons are in widespread use due to their low cost and ability to quickly follow the target. Classic examples of autocannons and large caliber guns are the 40 mm autocannon and the 8.8 cm FlaK 18, 36 gun, both designed by Bofors of Sweden. Artillery weapons of this sort have for ... | How can land-based SAMs be deployed? | {
"answer_start": [
834
],
"text": [
"from fixed installations or mobile launchers"
]
} |
570d7708b3d812140066d9af | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Smaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-based air defence system. In ge... | What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"machine-guns or fast cannons"
]
} |
570d7708b3d812140066d9b0 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Smaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-based air defence system. In ge... | These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence"
]
} |
570d7708b3d812140066d9b1 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Smaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-based air defence system. In ge... | What type of ships are particularly well defended? | {
"answer_start": [
422
],
"text": [
"Carrier battle groups"
]
} |
570d7708b3d812140066d9b2 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Smaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-based air defence system. In ge... | Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats? | {
"answer_start": [
593
],
"text": [
"fighter jets"
]
} |
570d77d0fed7b91900d46177 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel p... | What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Rocket-propelled grenades"
]
} |
570d77d0fed7b91900d4617a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel p... | What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"a steel plate"
]
} |
570d77d0fed7b91900d4617b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel p... | What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"US helicopters"
]
} |
570d77d0fed7b91900d46179 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel p... | An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"the backblast"
]
} |
570d77d0fed7b91900d46178 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel p... | When an RPG is fired at a steep angle, who is in danger? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"the user"
]
} |
570d8477fed7b91900d461e1 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British adopted "effective ceiling", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability. By the late 1930s the British definition was "that height at which a directly approaching target ... | What term is used to describe the altitude for a gun to shoot shells against a target that is moving? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"\"effective ceiling\""
]
} |
570d8477fed7b91900d461e2 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British adopted "effective ceiling", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability. By the late 1930s the British definition was "that height at which a directly approaching target ... | Who adopted the use of the term, effective ceiling? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The British"
]
} |
570d8477fed7b91900d461e3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British adopted "effective ceiling", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability. By the late 1930s the British definition was "that height at which a directly approaching target ... | Along with other factors, how long must a target be engaged to have effective ceiling? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"for 20 seconds"
]
} |
570d8477fed7b91900d461e4 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British adopted "effective ceiling", meaning the altitude at which a gun could deliver a series of shells against a moving target; this could be constrained by maximum fuse running time as well as the gun's capability. By the late 1930s the British definition was "that height at which a directly approaching target ... | What affected the effective ceiling for heavy AA guns? | {
"answer_start": [
482
],
"text": [
"non-ballistic factors"
]
} |
570d8943fed7b91900d461f9 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, ... | What was the standard weapon until the 1950s? | {
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"guns firing ballistic munitions"
]
} |
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