id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570d8943fed7b91900d461fa | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, ... | After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place? | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"guided missiles"
]
} |
570d8943fed7b91900d461fb | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, ... | Which range did not use guided missiles? | {
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"the very shortest ranges"
]
} |
570d8943fed7b91900d461fc | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, ... | Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"permanently"
]
} |
570d8943fed7b91900d461fd | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, ... | What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns? | {
"answer_start": [
600
],
"text": [
"at least 150 mm"
]
} |
570d8b5bb3d812140066da15 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design,' while 'a c... | When did the British see the need to add anti-aircraft capability? | {
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"8 July 1914"
]
} |
570d8b5bb3d812140066da16 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design,' while 'a c... | Where did the New York times report say towers with guns should go? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"the coasts of the British Isles"
]
} |
570d8b5bb3d812140066da17 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design,' while 'a c... | What was built around naval installations? | {
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"complete circle of towers"
]
} |
570d8b5bb3d812140066da18 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design,' while 'a c... | Who manned AA guns and searchlights? | {
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)"
]
} |
570d8b5bb3d812140066da19 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design,' while 'a c... | Who used motorised two-gun sections? | {
"answer_start": [
586
],
"text": [
"Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)"
]
} |
570d8c74b3d812140066da1f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to p... | Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"Royal Navy"
]
} |
570d8c74b3d812140066da20 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to p... | Who protected airfields in WWII? | {
"answer_start": [
292
],
"text": [
"RAF Regiment"
]
} |
570d8c74b3d812140066da21 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to p... | The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what 'war'? | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"Cold War"
]
} |
570d8c74b3d812140066da22 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to p... | What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF? | {
"answer_start": [
584
],
"text": [
"2004"
]
} |
570d8c74b3d812140066da23 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to p... | What was disbanded in 1955? | {
"answer_start": [
594
],
"text": [
"British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command"
]
} |
570d8d82b3d812140066da29 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured the distance to the target and... | What helped with better fuse setting? | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"range measurement"
]
} |
570d8d82b3d812140066da2a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured the distance to the target and... | What was the first model of HRF (Height Range Finder) used by the British? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"Barr & Stroud UB2"
]
} |
570d8d82b3d812140066da2b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured the distance to the target and... | The HRF measured target distance and what else? | {
"answer_start": [
325
],
"text": [
"elevation angle"
]
} |
570d8d82b3d812140066da2c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured the distance to the target and... | What was the HRF used with to set fuses? | {
"answer_start": [
494
],
"text": [
"Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI)"
]
} |
570d8d82b3d812140066da2d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured the distance to the target and... | The fuse length could be set using height reported by whom? | {
"answer_start": [
645
],
"text": [
"HRF operator"
]
} |
570d8eabfed7b91900d4620b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | By the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing options were also examined, both ... | What kind of guns started attracting attention? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"balloon, or airship, guns"
]
} |
570d8eabfed7b91900d4620c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | By the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing options were also examined, both ... | In addition to ammo proposals, what other need was articulated? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail"
]
} |
570d8eabfed7b91900d4620d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | By the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing options were also examined, both ... | The impact and time types of what were analyzed? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"Fuzing options"
]
} |
570d8eabfed7b91900d4620e | Anti-aircraft_warfare | By the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing options were also examined, both ... | As of 1910, who had published info available for gun designs? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider"
]
} |
570d8eabfed7b91900d4620f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | By the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing options were also examined, both ... | What gun made the scene in 1910? | {
"answer_start": [
762
],
"text": [
"French balloon gun"
]
} |
570d8ff5b3d812140066da33 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | All armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitable for AA use, the 13-pdr QF 6... | What two guns were propped up against a hillside to get the muzzles pointed up? | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm"
]
} |
570d8ff5b3d812140066da34 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | All armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitable for AA use, the 13-pdr QF 6... | What anti-aircraft gun did the British Army begin to use? | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III"
]
} |
570d8ff5b3d812140066da35 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | All armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitable for AA use, the 13-pdr QF 6... | What gun size was relined to take 13-pounder shells? | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"18-pdr guns"
]
} |
570d8ff5b3d812140066da36 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | All armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitable for AA use, the 13-pdr QF 6... | What was difficult to get set right on the new guns? | {
"answer_start": [
797
],
"text": [
"get their fuse setting correct"
]
} |
570d8ff5b3d812140066da37 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | All armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitable for AA use, the 13-pdr QF 6... | Where did most rounds shot at aircraft usually explode? | {
"answer_start": [
850
],
"text": [
"well below their targets"
]
} |
570d9187b3d812140066da47 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed with various improvements but b... | What treaty was supposed to stop Germany from having antiaircraft weapons? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Treaty of Versailles"
]
} |
570d9187b3d812140066da48 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed with various improvements but b... | When did covert antiaircraft training start in Germany? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"in the late 1920s"
]
} |
570d9187b3d812140066da49 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed with various improvements but b... | When did the 10.5 centimeter FlaK 38 appear in Germany? | {
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"In the late 1930s"
]
} |
570d9187b3d812140066da4a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed with various improvements but b... | When did the design begin for the 12.8 centimeter FlaK? | {
"answer_start": [
542
],
"text": [
"1938"
]
} |
570d9187b3d812140066da4b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed with various improvements but b... | What did the FlaK 39 have? | {
"answer_start": [
516
],
"text": [
"220v 24 kW generators"
]
} |
570d9275fed7b91900d46231 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | However, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range ... | What did the tachymetric devices do? | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles"
]
} |
570d9275fed7b91900d46232 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | However, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range ... | Which system had electrical tracking? | {
"answer_start": [
246
],
"text": [
"French Brocq"
]
} |
570d9275fed7b91900d46233 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | However, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range ... | What gun was the French Brocq system used with? | {
"answer_start": [
369
],
"text": [
"75 mm"
]
} |
570d9275fed7b91900d46234 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | However, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range ... | Which system used a pair of trackers? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"British Wilson-Dalby gun director"
]
} |
570d9275fed7b91900d46235 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | However, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range ... | Deflection settings were also called what? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"aim-off"
]
} |
570d94dfb3d812140066da69 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch ... | Poland and other European countries could not defend against what? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"German attack"
]
} |
570d94dfb3d812140066da6a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch ... | What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare? | {
"answer_start": [
156
],
"text": [
"Battle of Britain"
]
} |
570d94dfb3d812140066da6b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch ... | What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation? | {
"answer_start": [
347
],
"text": [
"Army's Anti-aircraft command"
]
} |
570d94dfb3d812140066da6c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch ... | The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps? | {
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"3"
]
} |
570d94dfb3d812140066da6d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch ... | What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields? | {
"answer_start": [
544
],
"text": [
"RAF regiment"
]
} |
570d95f0b3d812140066da83 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static po... | When was the successful test of the 3.6-inch HAA gun? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"1918"
]
} |
570d95f0b3d812140066da84 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static po... | When did the 3.7-inch HAA gun become preferred? | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"1928"
]
} |
570d95f0b3d812140066da85 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static po... | What gun did the Royal Navy start using? | {
"answer_start": [
375
],
"text": [
"4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret"
]
} |
570d95f0b3d812140066da86 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static po... | How long of a running time did the Number 199 fuse have? | {
"answer_start": [
656
],
"text": [
"30-second running time"
]
} |
570d95f0b3d812140066da87 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static po... | What was introduced in 1939? | {
"answer_start": [
767
],
"text": [
"Machine Fuse Setter"
]
} |
570d972b16d0071400510b91 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the airc... | What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets"
]
} |
570d972b16d0071400510b93 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the airc... | How was target lead watched at short range? | {
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"by watching the tracers"
]
} |
570d972b16d0071400510b92 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the airc... | Target area is relatively large at what range? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"short range"
]
} |
570d972b16d0071400510b94 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the airc... | At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations? | {
"answer_start": [
421
],
"text": [
"slide rules"
]
} |
570d972b16d0071400510b95 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the airc... | What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding? | {
"answer_start": [
451
],
"text": [
"small errors in distance"
]
} |
570d9860df2f5219002ecffa | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38. Nev... | In the 1920s, which company developed the automatic 20 mm? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Rheinmetall"
]
} |
570d9860df2f5219002ecffb | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38. Nev... | Which Switzerland company obtained the patent for an automatic 20 mm gun during the first World War? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"Oerlikon"
]
} |
570d9860df2f5219002ecffc | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38. Nev... | Which company redesigned the rapid fire 2 cm FlaK 30? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"Mauser-Werke"
]
} |
570d9860df2f5219002ecffd | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38. Nev... | What did Germany add to the 20 mm to make it more effective? | {
"answer_start": [
486
],
"text": [
"a 3.7 cm"
]
} |
570d9860df2f5219002ecffe | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38. Nev... | When was the first 3.7 cm FlaK 18 introduced? | {
"answer_start": [
632
],
"text": [
"1935"
]
} |
570d98dddf2f5219002ed004 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the... | What were the large blockhouses called that the Germans developed? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"Hochbunker \"High Bunkers\""
]
} |
570d98dddf2f5219002ed005 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the... | Another name for the High Bunkers was what? | {
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"\"Flaktürme\" flak towers"
]
} |
570d98dddf2f5219002ed006 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the... | What was placed on the blockhouses by the Germans? | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"anti-aircraft artillery"
]
} |
570d98dddf2f5219002ed007 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the... | What city had some of the last buildings to fall in 1945? | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"Berlin"
]
} |
570d98dddf2f5219002ed008 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the... | What structure did the British build in the North Sea? | {
"answer_start": [
437
],
"text": [
"Maunsell Forts"
]
} |
570d999c16d0071400510bbf | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully auto... | Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities? | {
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"the U.S. Army"
]
} |
570d999c16d0071400510bc0 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully auto... | What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers? | {
"answer_start": [
271
],
"text": [
"the 75 mm Skysweeper system"
]
} |
570d999c16d0071400510bc1 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully auto... | The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using, including which one? | {
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"the 40 mm Bofors"
]
} |
570d999c16d0071400510bc2 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully auto... | What does NADGE stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
598
],
"text": [
"NATO Air Defence Ground Environment"
]
} |
570d999c16d0071400510bc3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully auto... | What did NADGE become? | {
"answer_start": [
661
],
"text": [
"the NATO Integrated Air Defence System"
]
} |
570d9a31df2f5219002ed00e | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. ... | What was the name of the mechanical computer that used automation? | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"the Kerrison Predictor"
]
} |
570d9a31df2f5219002ed00f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. ... | What did the Predictor calculate after it was pointed at a target? | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"the proper aim point automatically"
]
} |
570d9a31df2f5219002ed010 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. ... | How did the Predictor display the information needed? | {
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"as a pointer mounted on the gun"
]
} |
570d9a31df2f5219002ed011 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. ... | What two things did the operators of the gun have to do? | {
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"followed the pointer and loaded the shells"
]
} |
570d9a31df2f5219002ed012 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. ... | What other country designed similar systems to the Predictor? | {
"answer_start": [
509
],
"text": [
"Germany"
]
} |
570d9b3e16d0071400510bd3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Although the firearms used by the infantry, particularly machine guns, can be used to engage low altitude air targets, on occasion with notable success, their effectiveness is generally limited and the muzzle flashes reveal infantry positions. Speed and altitude of modern jet aircraft limit target opportunities, and cr... | What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"infantry positions"
]
} |
570d9b3e16d0071400510bd4 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Although the firearms used by the infantry, particularly machine guns, can be used to engage low altitude air targets, on occasion with notable success, their effectiveness is generally limited and the muzzle flashes reveal infantry positions. Speed and altitude of modern jet aircraft limit target opportunities, and cr... | Along with speed of the modern jet, what else limits target opportunities? | {
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"altitude"
]
} |
570d9b3e16d0071400510bd5 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Although the firearms used by the infantry, particularly machine guns, can be used to engage low altitude air targets, on occasion with notable success, their effectiveness is generally limited and the muzzle flashes reveal infantry positions. Speed and altitude of modern jet aircraft limit target opportunities, and cr... | Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what? | {
"answer_start": [
535
],
"text": [
"most anti-aircraft gunnery"
]
} |
570d9bebdf2f5219002ed022 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of... | Rocket research began prior to which war in some countries? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"World War II"
]
} |
570d9bebdf2f5219002ed023 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of... | What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch"
]
} |
570d9bebdf2f5219002ed024 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of... | When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur? | {
"answer_start": [
412
],
"text": [
"1943"
]
} |
570d9bebdf2f5219002ed025 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of... | What was the US military's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes? | {
"answer_start": [
544
],
"text": [
"American Lark"
]
} |
570d9bebdf2f5219002ed026 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of... | Which country's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles? | {
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"Germans missile research"
]
} |
570d9ca3df2f5219002ed036 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viab... | Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy? | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"guided missile"
]
} |
570d9ca3df2f5219002ed037 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viab... | Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful? | {
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"Germany"
]
} |
570d9ca3df2f5219002ed038 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viab... | What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with? | {
"answer_start": [
390
],
"text": [
"the Nike Ajax missile"
]
} |
570d9ca3df2f5219002ed039 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viab... | The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear? | {
"answer_start": [
422
],
"text": [
"the larger anti-aircraft guns"
]
} |
570d9ca3df2f5219002ed03a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viab... | The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR? | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"SA-2 Guideline systems"
]
} |
570d9d71df2f5219002ed046 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun. Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk (missile), but at a fraction of the cost. In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour using 10 mega... | Where can the future of projectile based weapons possibly be found? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"the railgun"
]
} |
570d9d71df2f5219002ed047 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun. Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk (missile), but at a fraction of the cost. In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour using 10 mega... | Testing is being done on weapons to create as much damage as what missile at a much lower cost? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"a Tomahawk"
]
} |
570d9d71df2f5219002ed048 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun. Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk (missile), but at a fraction of the cost. In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour using 10 mega... | When did the United States Navy test a railgun? | {
"answer_start": [
211
],
"text": [
"February 2008"
]
} |
570d9d71df2f5219002ed049 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun. Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk (missile), but at a fraction of the cost. In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour using 10 mega... | How fast was the shell that the Navy fired from the railgun? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour"
]
} |
570d9d71df2f5219002ed04a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun. Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk (missile), but at a fraction of the cost. In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour using 10 mega... | When is the railgun expected to be ready? | {
"answer_start": [
569
],
"text": [
"2020 to 2025"
]
} |
570d9efadf2f5219002ed06a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit... | What are two types of fuses used for shells? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"barometric, time-delay, or proximity"
]
} |
570d9efadf2f5219002ed06b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit... | At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets? | {
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"a higher rate of fire"
]
} |
570d9efadf2f5219002ed06c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit... | What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets? | {
"answer_start": [
368
],
"text": [
"between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber"
]
} |
570d9efadf2f5219002ed06d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit... | Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what? | {
"answer_start": [
529
],
"text": [
"smallest mounts"
]
} |
570da01f16d0071400510c0d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Air defence in naval tactics, especially within a carrier group, is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre. The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier's aircraft, specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP. If an attacker is able to penetrate thi... | Air defence in such places as a carrier group are built around what? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"a system of concentric layers"
]
} |
570da01f16d0071400510c0e | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Air defence in naval tactics, especially within a carrier group, is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre. The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier's aircraft, specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP. If an attacker is able to penetrate thi... | What protects the outer layer? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP"
]
} |
570da01f16d0071400510c0f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Air defence in naval tactics, especially within a carrier group, is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre. The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier's aircraft, specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP. If an attacker is able to penetrate thi... | The next layer's surface-to-air missiles are carried by what? | {
"answer_start": [
405
],
"text": [
"the carrier's escorts"
]
} |
570da01f16d0071400510c10 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Air defence in naval tactics, especially within a carrier group, is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre. The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier's aircraft, specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP. If an attacker is able to penetrate thi... | What is the range in nautical miles of the RIM-67 Standard? | {
"answer_start": [
506
],
"text": [
"100"
]
} |
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