id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570d72f3b3d812140066d961 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery off... | What was the Prussian Army composed of, instead of regulars? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"conscripts"
]
} |
570d72f3b3d812140066d962 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery off... | Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"of military age"
]
} |
570d72f3b3d812140066d963 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery off... | Together, Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"1,000,000"
]
} |
570d72f3b3d812140066d965 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery off... | What is an example of a German encirclement battle? | {
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"Cannae"
]
} |
570d72f3b3d812140066d964 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery off... | German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"encirclement battles"
]
} |
570d73eeb3d812140066d975 | Franco-Prussian_War | In addition, the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking. Indeed, this was Moltke's expectation. The French, meanwhile, suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development. ... | What Prussian system was superior to the French example? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"military education"
]
} |
570d73eeb3d812140066d976 | Franco-Prussian_War | In addition, the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking. Indeed, this was Moltke's expectation. The French, meanwhile, suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development. ... | Prussian military officers were trained to exude what type thinking? | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"independent thinking"
]
} |
570d73eeb3d812140066d977 | Franco-Prussian_War | In addition, the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking. Indeed, this was Moltke's expectation. The French, meanwhile, suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development. ... | What commander of the General Staff held the expectaion of independent thinking in his officers? | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"Moltke"
]
} |
570d73eeb3d812140066d978 | Franco-Prussian_War | In addition, the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking. Indeed, this was Moltke's expectation. The French, meanwhile, suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development. ... | What did the French dearth of an education and promotion system stifle? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"intellectual development"
]
} |
570d73eeb3d812140066d979 | Franco-Prussian_War | In addition, the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking. Indeed, this was Moltke's expectation. The French, meanwhile, suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development. ... | Which military historian criticized the French system as being defective? | {
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"Dallas Irvine"
]
} |
570d74e0fed7b91900d4614f | Franco-Prussian_War | The French breech-loading rifle, the Chassepot, had a far longer range than the German needle gun; 1,500 yards (1,400 m) compared to 600 yd (550 m). The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon, the mitrailleuse, which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd (1,100 m). It was developed... | What aspect of the Chassepot was superior to the German needle gun? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"longer range"
]
} |
570d74e0fed7b91900d46150 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French breech-loading rifle, the Chassepot, had a far longer range than the German needle gun; 1,500 yards (1,400 m) compared to 600 yd (550 m). The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon, the mitrailleuse, which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd (1,100 m). It was developed... | What French weapon was considered a rough prototype of the first machine gun? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"the mitrailleuse"
]
} |
570d74e0fed7b91900d46151 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French breech-loading rifle, the Chassepot, had a far longer range than the German needle gun; 1,500 yards (1,400 m) compared to 600 yd (550 m). The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon, the mitrailleuse, which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd (1,100 m). It was developed... | How many barrels did the mitrailleuse feature? | {
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"thirty-seven barrels"
]
} |
570d74e0fed7b91900d46152 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French breech-loading rifle, the Chassepot, had a far longer range than the German needle gun; 1,500 yards (1,400 m) compared to 600 yd (550 m). The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon, the mitrailleuse, which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd (1,100 m). It was developed... | What was the range of the mitrailleuse? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"1,200 yd (1,100 m)"
]
} |
570d74e0fed7b91900d46153 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French breech-loading rifle, the Chassepot, had a far longer range than the German needle gun; 1,500 yards (1,400 m) compared to 600 yd (550 m). The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon, the mitrailleuse, which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd (1,100 m). It was developed... | Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective | {
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"artillery"
]
} |
570d75b4b3d812140066d993 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Batt... | The French Marines and naval infantry were dispatched to reinforce what? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"French Army of Châlons"
]
} |
570d75b4b3d812140066d994 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Batt... | The French navy fell captive where? | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"at Sedan"
]
} |
570d75b4b3d812140066d995 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Batt... | Who also was captured at Sedan? | {
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"Napoleon III"
]
} |
570d75b4b3d812140066d996 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Batt... | The autumn storms of what sea forced the return of yet more French ships? | {
"answer_start": [
465
],
"text": [
"the North Sea"
]
} |
570d75b4b3d812140066d997 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Batt... | On which rough date did the French navy abandon their blockade? | {
"answer_start": [
583
],
"text": [
"September 1870"
]
} |
570d7649b3d812140066d9a5 | Franco-Prussian_War | Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion. This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies, forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid th... | Which marshal was closest to Wissembourg? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Marshal MacMahon"
]
} |
570d7649b3d812140066d9a6 | Franco-Prussian_War | Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion. This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies, forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid th... | How many divisions did MacMahon command? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"four divisions"
]
} |
570d7649b3d812140066d9a7 | Franco-Prussian_War | Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion. This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies, forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid th... | Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover? | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"20 miles"
]
} |
570d7649b3d812140066d9a8 | Franco-Prussian_War | Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion. This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies, forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid th... | Whose conduct made a bad situation worse? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot"
]
} |
570d7649b3d812140066d9a9 | Franco-Prussian_War | Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion. This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies, forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid th... | What group did General Ducrot command? | {
"answer_start": [
427
],
"text": [
"the 1st Division"
]
} |
570d76f1fed7b91900d4616d | Franco-Prussian_War | During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January... | What became highly politicised during the war? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"Paris National Guard"
]
} |
570d76f1fed7b91900d4616e | Franco-Prussian_War | During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January... | In what type of neighborhoods did the occur especially? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"working-class neighbourhoods"
]
} |
570d76f1fed7b91900d4616f | Franco-Prussian_War | During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January... | What did the National Guard refuse to wear? | {
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"uniforms"
]
} |
570d76f1fed7b91900d46170 | Franco-Prussian_War | During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January... | What did the National Guard refuse to obey? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"commands from the national government"
]
} |
570d76f1fed7b91900d46171 | Franco-Prussian_War | During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January... | On which dates did La Semaine Sanglante occur in Paris? | {
"answer_start": [
855
],
"text": [
"21–28 May"
]
} |
570d77cdb3d812140066d9b7 | Franco-Prussian_War | While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a dista... | Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"General MacMahon"
]
} |
570d77cdb3d812140066d9b8 | Franco-Prussian_War | While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a dista... | Which German divisison did MacMahon engage? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"German 3rd Army"
]
} |
570d77cdb3d812140066d9b9 | Franco-Prussian_War | While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a dista... | Who commanded the German 1st Army? | {
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"Steinmetz"
]
} |
570d77cdb3d812140066d9ba | Franco-Prussian_War | While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a dista... | What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated? | {
"answer_start": [
260
],
"text": [
"decoy fires"
]
} |
570d77cdb3d812140066d9bb | Franco-Prussian_War | While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a dista... | Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard? | {
"answer_start": [
419
],
"text": [
"Moltke's"
]
} |
570d785cb3d812140066d9c1 | Franco-Prussian_War | The casualties were horrible, especially for the attacking Prussian forces. A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed, wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle. The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war (half of them were wounded) for a total of 12,275. Wh... | Who were the casualties especially terrible for? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"the attacking Prussian forces"
]
} |
570d785cb3d812140066d9c2 | Franco-Prussian_War | The casualties were horrible, especially for the attacking Prussian forces. A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed, wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle. The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war (half of them were wounded) for a total of 12,275. Wh... | What was the grand total of German casualties and those missing in action? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"20,163"
]
} |
570d785cb3d812140066d9c3 | Franco-Prussian_War | The casualties were horrible, especially for the attacking Prussian forces. A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed, wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle. The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war (half of them were wounded) for a total of 12,275. Wh... | What were the number of French killed and wounded? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"7,855"
]
} |
570d785cb3d812140066d9c4 | Franco-Prussian_War | The casualties were horrible, especially for the attacking Prussian forces. A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed, wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle. The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war (half of them were wounded) for a total of 12,275. Wh... | What was the number of French prisoners? | {
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"4,420"
]
} |
570d785cb3d812140066d9c5 | Franco-Prussian_War | The casualties were horrible, especially for the attacking Prussian forces. A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed, wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle. The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war (half of them were wounded) for a total of 12,275. Wh... | What did most Prussians fall under? | {
"answer_start": [
361
],
"text": [
"French Chassepot rifles"
]
} |
570d7908fed7b91900d4618b | Franco-Prussian_War | While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic the... | What was the republican government amenable to? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"war reparations"
]
} |
570d7908fed7b91900d4618c | Franco-Prussian_War | While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic the... | Who declared that France would not yield "an inch of its territory?" | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"Favre"
]
} |
570d7908fed7b91900d4618d | Franco-Prussian_War | While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic the... | Who was Favre speaking on behalf of? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"Government of National Defense"
]
} |
570d7908fed7b91900d4618e | Franco-Prussian_War | While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic the... | When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"6 September"
]
} |
570d7908fed7b91900d4618f | Franco-Prussian_War | While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic the... | What did this cause the Republic to renew? | {
"answer_start": [
334
],
"text": [
"declaration of war"
]
} |
570d79d0fed7b91900d46195 | Franco-Prussian_War | Albrecht von Roon, the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873, put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s. Among these were two major reforms that substantially increased the military power of Germany. The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army ... | Who was the Prussian Minister of War? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Albrecht von Roon"
]
} |
570d79d0fed7b91900d46196 | Franco-Prussian_War | Albrecht von Roon, the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873, put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s. Among these were two major reforms that substantially increased the military power of Germany. The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army ... | What was the time span that von Roon acted as minister? | {
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"1859 to 1873"
]
} |
570d79d0fed7b91900d46197 | Franco-Prussian_War | Albrecht von Roon, the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873, put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s. Among these were two major reforms that substantially increased the military power of Germany. The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army ... | He instituted a series of what regarding the Prussian military? | {
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"reforms"
]
} |
570d79d0fed7b91900d46198 | Franco-Prussian_War | Albrecht von Roon, the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873, put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s. Among these were two major reforms that substantially increased the military power of Germany. The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army ... | What was the first step in the reforms? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"a reorganization of the army"
]
} |
570d79d0fed7b91900d46199 | Franco-Prussian_War | Albrecht von Roon, the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873, put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s. Among these were two major reforms that substantially increased the military power of Germany. The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army ... | What was the second reform? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"the conscription of every male"
]
} |
570d7a98fed7b91900d461a9 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition. In add... | What type of artillery were the French equipped with? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"bronze, rifled muzzle-loading"
]
} |
570d7a98fed7b91900d461aa | Franco-Prussian_War | The French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition. In add... | What newer artillery were Prussians using? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"steel breech-loading guns"
]
} |
570d7a98fed7b91900d461ab | Franco-Prussian_War | The French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition. In add... | What did the French believe was overly wasted in artillery with a higher rate of fire? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"ammunition"
]
} |
570d7a98fed7b91900d461ac | Franco-Prussian_War | The French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition. In add... | The Prussian artillery batteries had what percentage more of guns than the French? | {
"answer_start": [
364
],
"text": [
"30% more"
]
} |
570d7a98fed7b91900d461ad | Franco-Prussian_War | The French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition. In add... | What was the typical range that Prussian guns could fire? | {
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"2–3 kilometres"
]
} |
570d7b36fed7b91900d461b3 | Franco-Prussian_War | On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck ag... | On what date did the Government of National Defence negotiate an armistice? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"28 January 1871"
]
} |
570d7b36fed7b91900d461b4 | Franco-Prussian_War | On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck ag... | With whom did the French government negotiate? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"the Prussians"
]
} |
570d7b36fed7b91900d461b5 | Franco-Prussian_War | On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck ag... | What consequence of war were Parisians suffering? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"starving"
]
} |
570d7b36fed7b91900d461b6 | Franco-Prussian_War | On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck ag... | Which French minister traveled to Versailles to discuss peace? | {
"answer_start": [
232
],
"text": [
"Favre"
]
} |
570d7b36fed7b91900d461b7 | Franco-Prussian_War | On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck ag... | What was the date on which jFarve and Bismarck met? | {
"answer_start": [
260
],
"text": [
"24 January"
]
} |
570d7be1b3d812140066d9df | Franco-Prussian_War | During the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000–30,000 Communards in the... | How many were killed by the Communards? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"500 people"
]
} |
570d7be1b3d812140066d9e0 | Franco-Prussian_War | During the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000–30,000 Communards in the... | Which religious official was also killed during the fighting? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"Archbishop of Paris"
]
} |
570d7be1b3d812140066d9e1 | Franco-Prussian_War | During the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000–30,000 Communards in the... | What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"government buildings"
]
} |
570d7be1b3d812140066d9e2 | Franco-Prussian_War | During the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000–30,000 Communards in the... | What famous palace was also burned down? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"Tuileries Palace"
]
} |
570d7be1b3d812140066d9e3 | Franco-Prussian_War | During the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000–30,000 Communards in the... | What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed? | {
"answer_start": [
561
],
"text": [
"between 6,000 and 10,000"
]
} |
570d7c8bb3d812140066d9e9 | Franco-Prussian_War | At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was partly due to the peacetime orga... | At the start of the war, how many German troops were focused on the French frontier? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"462,000"
]
} |
570d7c8bb3d812140066d9ea | Franco-Prussian_War | At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was partly due to the peacetime orga... | How many French troops were available to stand again the Germans? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"270,000"
]
} |
570d7c8bb3d812140066d9eb | Franco-Prussian_War | At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was partly due to the peacetime orga... | What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word "Kreis?" | {
"answer_start": [
391
],
"text": [
"literally \"circle\""
]
} |
570d7c8bb3d812140066d9ec | Franco-Prussian_War | At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was partly due to the peacetime orga... | What did the French military numbers suffer from the most? | {
"answer_start": [
182
],
"text": [
"having lost 100,000 stragglers"
]
} |
570d7d86b3d812140066d9f1 | Franco-Prussian_War | The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence F... | The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"military thinking"
]
} |
570d7d86b3d812140066d9f2 | Franco-Prussian_War | The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence F... | Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"general staff system"
]
} |
570d7d86b3d812140066d9f3 | Franco-Prussian_War | The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence F... | Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914? | {
"answer_start": [
520
],
"text": [
"European armies"
]
} |
570d7d86b3d812140066d9f4 | Franco-Prussian_War | The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence F... | What was the French 75 optimised to directly support? | {
"answer_start": [
638
],
"text": [
"advancing infantry"
]
} |
570d7d86b3d812140066d9f5 | Franco-Prussian_War | The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence F... | Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles? | {
"answer_start": [
707
],
"text": [
"Russo-Japanese War"
]
} |
570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fb | Franco-Prussian_War | The creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citation needed] Although Great Bri... | A unified German Empire ended the balance of power in which congress? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"Congress of Vienna"
]
} |
570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fc | Franco-Prussian_War | The creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citation needed] Although Great Bri... | At the end of the Napoleonic wars, Germany had established itself as what, in continental Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"the main power"
]
} |
570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fd | Franco-Prussian_War | The creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citation needed] Although Great Bri... | Who remained the dominant world power at this time? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"Great Britain"
]
} |
570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fe | Franco-Prussian_War | The creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citation needed] Although Great Bri... | British involvement in European matters in the late 19th century was considered what? | {
"answer_start": [
433
],
"text": [
"very limited"
]
} |
570d7e8bb3d812140066d9ff | Franco-Prussian_War | The creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citation needed] Although Great Bri... | The Crown Prince's marriage to whom was considered the most prominent of German-British royal liasons? | {
"answer_start": [
579
],
"text": [
"the daughter of Queen Victoria"
]
} |
570dabef16d0071400510c8f | Eritrea | At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It... | Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"Buya"
]
} |
570dabef16d0071400510c90 | Eritrea | At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It... | How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"over 1 million years"
]
} |
570dabef16d0071400510c91 | Eritrea | At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It... | What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution? | {
"answer_start": [
342
],
"text": [
"section of the Danakil Depression"
]
} |
570dabef16d0071400510c92 | Eritrea | At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It... | What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans"
]
} |
570dabef16d0071400510c93 | Eritrea | At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It... | What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind"
]
} |
570dacc916d0071400510ca3 | Eritrea | The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending ... | Who was James Bruce? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Scottish traveler"
]
} |
570dacc916d0071400510ca4 | Eritrea | The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending ... | In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"James Bruce"
]
} |
570dacc916d0071400510ca5 | Eritrea | The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending ... | How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"\"Kings of the Sea\""
]
} |
570dacc916d0071400510ca6 | Eritrea | The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending ... | What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians? | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"geopolitical circumstances"
]
} |
570dacc916d0071400510ca7 | Eritrea | The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending ... | Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans? | {
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"16th"
]
} |
570dae0816d0071400510cc1 | Eritrea | The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and E... | What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence? | {
"answer_start": [
339
],
"text": [
"annexation"
]
} |
570dae0816d0071400510cbe | Eritrea | The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and E... | When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea? | {
"answer_start": [
232
],
"text": [
"1947"
]
} |
570dae0816d0071400510cc0 | Eritrea | The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and E... | What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000? | {
"answer_start": [
477
],
"text": [
"Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia"
]
} |
570dae0816d0071400510cbf | Eritrea | The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and E... | What was the result of the War of Independence? | {
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"Eritrean independence"
]
} |
570dae0816d0071400510cbd | Eritrea | The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and E... | What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates? | {
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"modern-day Eritrea"
]
} |
570daf12df2f5219002ed0e3 | Eritrea | Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC.... | What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"the Gash Group"
]
} |
570daf12df2f5219002ed0e2 | Eritrea | Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC.... | What is the Gash Group? | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization"
]
} |
570daf12df2f5219002ed0e4 | Eritrea | Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC.... | Where is Agordat located? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"central Eritrea"
]
} |
570daf12df2f5219002ed0e6 | Eritrea | Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC.... | What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches? | {
"answer_start": [
611
],
"text": [
"linguistic"
]
} |
570daf12df2f5219002ed0e5 | Eritrea | Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC.... | When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley? | {
"answer_start": [
262
],
"text": [
"between 2500–1500 BC"
]
} |
570db00216d0071400510ce1 | Eritrea | The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns, the obelisk of Aksum, is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320–360), Aksum later adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims fro... | What purpose did stelae serve? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"religious"
]
} |
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