id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc8 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended. "This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull", Bismarck later wrote. Gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt "he had just received a slap". The leader of the monarchists in Parliament, Ado... | Which French prime minister believed he had done all that he could to prevent a war? | {
"answer_start": [
539
],
"text": [
"Emile Ollivier"
]
} |
570d2d98fed7b91900d45cc9 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended. "This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull", Bismarck later wrote. Gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt "he had just received a slap". The leader of the monarchists in Parliament, Ado... | On which date did France issue a declaration of war to the Prussian government? | {
"answer_start": [
833
],
"text": [
"19 July 1870"
]
} |
570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cd9 | Franco-Prussian_War | The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensate... | In which battle did the Dreyse needle gun gain its fame? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"Battle of Königgrätz"
]
} |
570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cda | Franco-Prussian_War | The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensate... | At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"25-year-old design"
]
} |
570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cdb | Franco-Prussian_War | The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensate... | What was the Dreyse rifle's tactical range? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"600 m (2,000 ft)"
]
} |
570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cdc | Franco-Prussian_War | The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensate... | What was the name of the famous cannon issued to Prussian soldiers at the time? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"Krupp"
]
} |
570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cdd | Franco-Prussian_War | The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensate... | What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire? | {
"answer_start": [
445
],
"text": [
"a contact-detonated shell"
]
} |
570d367efed7b91900d45d1f | Franco-Prussian_War | The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavari... | What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"4 August 1870"
]
} |
570d367efed7b91900d45d20 | Franco-Prussian_War | The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavari... | On that date, which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces? | {
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"Bavarian and two Prussian corps"
]
} |
570d367efed7b91900d45d21 | Franco-Prussian_War | The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavari... | Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"General Douay of I Corps"
]
} |
570d367efed7b91900d45d22 | Franco-Prussian_War | The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavari... | Douay's initial success was credited by what? | {
"answer_start": [
516
],
"text": [
"long-range fire of the Chassepots"
]
} |
570d367efed7b91900d45d23 | Franco-Prussian_War | The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavari... | What threatened the French avenue of retreat? | {
"answer_start": [
711
],
"text": [
"the encirclement of the town by the Prussians"
]
} |
570d3aa2b3d812140066d591 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once. Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes, Frossard did not request additional support from other units. By the time he realized what kind of a force he was opposing, it was... | What factor were the French unaware of at the start of the battle? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"German numerical superiority"
]
} |
570d3aa2b3d812140066d592 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once. Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes, Frossard did not request additional support from other units. By the time he realized what kind of a force he was opposing, it was... | Which French commander miscalculated the severity of the battle? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"Frossard"
]
} |
570d3aa2b3d812140066d593 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once. Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes, Frossard did not request additional support from other units. By the time he realized what kind of a force he was opposing, it was... | What was a key factor in Frossard's disasterous retreat to the south? | {
"answer_start": [
331
],
"text": [
"Seriously flawed communications"
]
} |
570d3aa2b3d812140066d594 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once. Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes, Frossard did not request additional support from other units. By the time he realized what kind of a force he was opposing, it was... | What factor was credited to the large number of German casualties? | {
"answer_start": [
939
],
"text": [
"effectiveness of the chassepot rifle"
]
} |
570d3aa2b3d812140066d595 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once. Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes, Frossard did not request additional support from other units. By the time he realized what kind of a force he was opposing, it was... | What outcome surprised the Germans the following day? | {
"answer_start": [
1077
],
"text": [
"Frossard had abandoned his position"
]
} |
570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c3 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Battle of Gravelotte, or Gravelotte–St. Privat (18 August), was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War. It was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in t... | On which date was the Battle of Gravelotte? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"18 August"
]
} |
570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c4 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Battle of Gravelotte, or Gravelotte–St. Privat (18 August), was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War. It was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in t... | Which battle was considered the biggest in the war? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Battle of Gravelotte"
]
} |
570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c5 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Battle of Gravelotte, or Gravelotte–St. Privat (18 August), was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War. It was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in t... | Where was the location of the Battle of Gravelotte? | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz"
]
} |
570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c6 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Battle of Gravelotte, or Gravelotte–St. Privat (18 August), was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War. It was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in t... | Under which Field Marshall were the combined German forces commanded? | {
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"Count Helmuth von Moltke"
]
} |
570d3cb9b3d812140066d5c7 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Battle of Gravelotte, or Gravelotte–St. Privat (18 August), was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War. It was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in t... | Who commanded the French Army of the Rhine? | {
"answer_start": [
683
],
"text": [
"Marshal François-Achille Bazaine"
]
} |
570d3e52b3d812140066d5d5 | Franco-Prussian_War | With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte, the French were forced to retire to Metz, where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies. Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. Napoleon III pe... | What factor forced the French to retreat to Metz? | {
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army"
]
} |
570d3e52b3d812140066d5d6 | Franco-Prussian_War | With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte, the French were forced to retire to Metz, where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies. Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. Napoleon III pe... | At Metz, what was the approximate number of Prussian troops? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"over 150,000"
]
} |
570d3e52b3d812140066d5d7 | Franco-Prussian_War | With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte, the French were forced to retire to Metz, where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies. Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. Napoleon III pe... | Who formed the new French Army of Chalons? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"Napoleon III and MacMahon"
]
} |
570d3e52b3d812140066d5d8 | Franco-Prussian_War | With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte, the French were forced to retire to Metz, where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies. Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. Napoleon III pe... | Along with the Army of the Meuse, what other army did Moltke march north with? | {
"answer_start": [
832
],
"text": [
"the Prussian Third Army"
]
} |
570d3e52b3d812140066d5d9 | Franco-Prussian_War | With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte, the French were forced to retire to Metz, where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies. Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. Napoleon III pe... | How many casualties did Moltke suffer at Beaumont? | {
"answer_start": [
977
],
"text": [
"5,000 men"
]
} |
570d4103b3d812140066d5f3 | Franco-Prussian_War | When the war had begun, European public opinion heavily favored the Germans; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera. Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, ... | At the start of the war, which country did European public opinion champion? | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"the Germans"
]
} |
570d4103b3d812140066d5f4 | Franco-Prussian_War | When the war had begun, European public opinion heavily favored the Germans; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera. Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, ... | In which city did many Italians attempt to proffer their services to the Prussian embassy? | {
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"Florence"
]
} |
570d4103b3d812140066d5f5 | Franco-Prussian_War | When the war had begun, European public opinion heavily favored the Germans; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera. Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, ... | What caused a dramatic shift in Italian sentiment toward the war? | {
"answer_start": [
225
],
"text": [
"Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace"
]
} |
570d4103b3d812140066d5f6 | Franco-Prussian_War | When the war had begun, European public opinion heavily favored the Germans; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera. Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, ... | To whom is the quote, "Rescue the French Republic by every means" attributed? | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"Garibaldi"
]
} |
570d4103b3d812140066d5f7 | Franco-Prussian_War | When the war had begun, European public opinion heavily favored the Germans; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera. Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, ... | What army did Garibaldi gain command of in France? | {
"answer_start": [
638
],
"text": [
"the Army of the Vosges"
]
} |
570d43dafed7b91900d45de1 | Franco-Prussian_War | On 10 October, hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orléans. At first, the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November. After the surrender of Metz, more than 100,000 well-trained and experienced German troops... | On which date did hostilities between the German and French troops begin near Orleans? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"10 October"
]
} |
570d43dafed7b91900d45de2 | Franco-Prussian_War | On 10 October, hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orléans. At first, the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November. After the surrender of Metz, more than 100,000 well-trained and experienced German troops... | Which side was initially successful at the Battle of Coulmiers? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"the Germans"
]
} |
570d43dafed7b91900d45de3 | Franco-Prussian_War | On 10 October, hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orléans. At first, the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November. After the surrender of Metz, more than 100,000 well-trained and experienced German troops... | On which date did the French triump over the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"9 November"
]
} |
570d43dafed7b91900d45de4 | Franco-Prussian_War | On 10 October, hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orléans. At first, the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November. After the surrender of Metz, more than 100,000 well-trained and experienced German troops... | On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans? | {
"answer_start": [
401
],
"text": [
"4 December"
]
} |
570d43dafed7b91900d45de5 | Franco-Prussian_War | On 10 October, hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orléans. At first, the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November. After the surrender of Metz, more than 100,000 well-trained and experienced German troops... | Of the three battles that occured north of Paris, which was the first that forced the French army to retreat? | {
"answer_start": [
555
],
"text": [
"Battle of Amiens"
]
} |
570d46d1b3d812140066d623 | Franco-Prussian_War | Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was ... | What was public opinion in Paris strongly opposed to? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"any form of surrender"
]
} |
570d46d1b3d812140066d624 | Franco-Prussian_War | Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was ... | On what date did president Trochu resign? | {
"answer_start": [
301
],
"text": [
"25 January"
]
} |
570d46d1b3d812140066d625 | Franco-Prussian_War | Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was ... | Who replaced President Trochu? | {
"answer_start": [
332
],
"text": [
"Favre"
]
} |
570d46d1b3d812140066d626 | Franco-Prussian_War | Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was ... | In which French city was the surrender made official? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"Versailles"
]
} |
570d46d1b3d812140066d627 | Franco-Prussian_War | Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was ... | Who disregarded the surrender and launched a failed attack on the Germans? | {
"answer_start": [
637
],
"text": [
"Gambetta"
]
} |
570d4876b3d812140066d637 | Franco-Prussian_War | The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers, many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war. The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased. Other countries quickly discerned the advant... | What stunned neutral observers about the end of the war? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The quick German victory"
]
} |
570d4876b3d812140066d638 | Franco-Prussian_War | The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers, many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war. The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased. Other countries quickly discerned the advant... | What outcome had most people expected from the war? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"French victory"
]
} |
570d4876b3d812140066d639 | Franco-Prussian_War | The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers, many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war. The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased. Other countries quickly discerned the advant... | Whose strategic advantages were not appreciated until after the war over? | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"the Germans"
]
} |
570d4876b3d812140066d63a | Franco-Prussian_War | The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers, many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war. The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased. Other countries quickly discerned the advant... | What German advantages were discerned by other countries in the aftermath? | {
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"their military system"
]
} |
570d4876b3d812140066d63b | Franco-Prussian_War | The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers, many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war. The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased. Other countries quickly discerned the advant... | What is at least one German innovation that other countries would later adopt in other wars? | {
"answer_start": [
470
],
"text": [
"highly detailed mobilization systems"
]
} |
570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e1d | Franco-Prussian_War | The effect of these differences was accentuated by the pre-war preparations. The Prussian General Staff had drawn up minutely detailed mobilization plans using the railway system, which in turn had been partly laid out in response to recommendations of a Railway Section within the General Staff. The French railway syst... | The effect of German victory and ensuing influence stems back to what factor? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"pre-war preparations"
]
} |
570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e1e | Franco-Prussian_War | The effect of these differences was accentuated by the pre-war preparations. The Prussian General Staff had drawn up minutely detailed mobilization plans using the railway system, which in turn had been partly laid out in response to recommendations of a Railway Section within the General Staff. The French railway syst... | What was the Prussian General staff quick to utilize at the onset of the war? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"detailed mobilization plans using the railway system"
]
} |
570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e1f | Franco-Prussian_War | The effect of these differences was accentuated by the pre-war preparations. The Prussian General Staff had drawn up minutely detailed mobilization plans using the railway system, which in turn had been partly laid out in response to recommendations of a Railway Section within the General Staff. The French railway syst... | What was one factor behind the inefficiency of the French railway system? | {
"answer_start": [
329
],
"text": [
"multiple competing companies"
]
} |
570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e20 | Franco-Prussian_War | The effect of these differences was accentuated by the pre-war preparations. The Prussian General Staff had drawn up minutely detailed mobilization plans using the railway system, which in turn had been partly laid out in response to recommendations of a Railway Section within the General Staff. The French railway syst... | What factor especially affected travel to the front in Alsace and Lorraine? | {
"answer_start": [
489
],
"text": [
"frequent changes between trains"
]
} |
570d4ac8fed7b91900d45e21 | Franco-Prussian_War | The effect of these differences was accentuated by the pre-war preparations. The Prussian General Staff had drawn up minutely detailed mobilization plans using the railway system, which in turn had been partly laid out in response to recommendations of a Railway Section within the General Staff. The French railway syst... | Who was responsible for dealing with chaotic train yards and unloaded wagons? | {
"answer_start": [
736
],
"text": [
"nobody"
]
} |
570d4c0efed7b91900d45e27 | Franco-Prussian_War | At the Battle of Mars-la-Tours, the Prussian 12th Cavalry Brigade, commanded by General Adalbert von Bredow, conducted a charge against a French artillery battery. The attack was a costly success and came to be known as "von Bredow's Death Ride", which was held to prove that cavalry charges could still prevail on the b... | Who commanded the Prussian 12 Cavalry Brigade? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"General Adalbert von Bredow"
]
} |
570d4c0efed7b91900d45e28 | Franco-Prussian_War | At the Battle of Mars-la-Tours, the Prussian 12th Cavalry Brigade, commanded by General Adalbert von Bredow, conducted a charge against a French artillery battery. The attack was a costly success and came to be known as "von Bredow's Death Ride", which was held to prove that cavalry charges could still prevail on the b... | What did General von Bredow lead a charge against at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"a French artillery battery"
]
} |
570d4c0efed7b91900d45e29 | Franco-Prussian_War | At the Battle of Mars-la-Tours, the Prussian 12th Cavalry Brigade, commanded by General Adalbert von Bredow, conducted a charge against a French artillery battery. The attack was a costly success and came to be known as "von Bredow's Death Ride", which was held to prove that cavalry charges could still prevail on the b... | What did von Bredow's Pyrrhic victory become known as? | {
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"von Bredow's Death Ride"
]
} |
570d4c0efed7b91900d45e2a | Franco-Prussian_War | At the Battle of Mars-la-Tours, the Prussian 12th Cavalry Brigade, commanded by General Adalbert von Bredow, conducted a charge against a French artillery battery. The attack was a costly success and came to be known as "von Bredow's Death Ride", which was held to prove that cavalry charges could still prevail on the b... | What military tactic proved to be unsuccessful on the 1914 battlefields? | {
"answer_start": [
332
],
"text": [
"Use of traditional cavalry"
]
} |
570d4c0efed7b91900d45e2b | Franco-Prussian_War | At the Battle of Mars-la-Tours, the Prussian 12th Cavalry Brigade, commanded by General Adalbert von Bredow, conducted a charge against a French artillery battery. The attack was a costly success and came to be known as "von Bredow's Death Ride", which was held to prove that cavalry charges could still prevail on the b... | What was one of two factors that led von Bredow's narrow success on the battlefield? | {
"answer_start": [
610
],
"text": [
"favorable terrain that masked his approach"
]
} |
570d4d53fed7b91900d45e43 | Franco-Prussian_War | In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories—a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army—though these went mainly... | In which Prussian province did a large Polish population reside? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"Posen"
]
} |
570d4d53fed7b91900d45e44 | Franco-Prussian_War | In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories—a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army—though these went mainly... | What was there strong support of in Posen? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"the French"
]
} |
570d4d53fed7b91900d45e45 | Franco-Prussian_War | In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories—a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army—though these went mainly... | What calls were made for the Polish recruits? | {
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"to desert from the Prussian Army"
]
} |
570d4d53fed7b91900d45e46 | Franco-Prussian_War | In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories—a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army—though these went mainly... | On what date did Bismarkck receive the disturbing report on the Posen situation? | {
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"16 August 1870"
]
} |
570d4d53fed7b91900d45e47 | Franco-Prussian_War | In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories—a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army—though these went mainly... | What significant consequence was a result of German-Polish relations? | {
"answer_start": [
612
],
"text": [
"prolonged period of repressive measures"
]
} |
570d4eb5b3d812140066d677 | Franco-Prussian_War | The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro–Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by ... | What are the causes of the Franco-Prussian War deeply rooted in? | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"the unification of Germany"
]
} |
570d4eb5b3d812140066d678 | Franco-Prussian_War | The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro–Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by ... | In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian war, formed what group? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"North German Confederation"
]
} |
570d4eb5b3d812140066d679 | Franco-Prussian_War | The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro–Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by ... | What was the effect of that new group on the European balance of power? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"new power destabilized"
]
} |
570d4eb5b3d812140066d67a | Franco-Prussian_War | The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro–Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by ... | What established the European balance of power in 1815? | {
"answer_start": [
320
],
"text": [
"the Congress of Vienna"
]
} |
570d4eb5b3d812140066d67b | Franco-Prussian_War | The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro–Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by ... | As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume? | {
"answer_start": [
820
],
"text": [
"strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states"
]
} |
570d502db3d812140066d69d | Franco-Prussian_War | The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers, some of them regulars, others conscripts who until 1869 served the comparatively long period of seven years with the colours. Some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, a... | In peacetime, what the approximate number of French soldiers? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"400,000"
]
} |
570d502db3d812140066d69e | Franco-Prussian_War | The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers, some of them regulars, others conscripts who until 1869 served the comparatively long period of seven years with the colours. Some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, a... | Veterans of the French Army had prviously fought in which war in Italy? | {
"answer_start": [
285
],
"text": [
"the Franco-Austrian War"
]
} |
570d502db3d812140066d69f | Franco-Prussian_War | The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers, some of them regulars, others conscripts who until 1869 served the comparatively long period of seven years with the colours. Some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, a... | The "Seven Weeks War" was between which two countries? | {
"answer_start": [
399
],
"text": [
"Prussia and Austria"
]
} |
570d502db3d812140066d6a0 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers, some of them regulars, others conscripts who until 1869 served the comparatively long period of seven years with the colours. Some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, a... | Who reformed the low numbers of troops by implementing universal conscription? | {
"answer_start": [
586
],
"text": [
"Marshal Adolphe Niel"
]
} |
570d502db3d812140066d6a1 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers, some of them regulars, others conscripts who until 1869 served the comparatively long period of seven years with the colours. Some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, a... | If a citizen was for some reason not conscripted, in what militia were they were registered? | {
"answer_start": [
910
],
"text": [
"the Garde Mobile"
]
} |
570d5595b3d812140066d6e3 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logisti... | What entity controlled the Prussian army? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"the General Staff"
]
} |
570d5595b3d812140066d6e4 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logisti... | Who commanded the General Staff? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke"
]
} |
570d5595b3d812140066d6e5 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logisti... | What was the unique purpose of the Prussian Army during peacetime? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"to prepare the overall war strategy"
]
} |
570d5595b3d812140066d6e6 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logisti... | The officers of the General Staff were hand-selected from which place? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy)"
]
} |
570d5595b3d812140066d6e7 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logisti... | What new technologies in particular were courted by Moltke? | {
"answer_start": [
487
],
"text": [
"the railroad and telegraph"
]
} |
570d567ffed7b91900d45ec1 | Franco-Prussian_War | General Frossard's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August, and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbrücken with a series of direct attacks. The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle, with French riflemen... | On which date did Frossard's and Bazaines's troops cross the German border? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"2 August"
]
} |
570d567ffed7b91900d45ec3 | Franco-Prussian_War | General Frossard's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August, and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbrücken with a series of direct attacks. The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle, with French riflemen... | What proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle? | {
"answer_start": [
237
],
"text": [
"The Chassepot rifle"
]
} |
570d567ffed7b91900d45ec2 | Franco-Prussian_War | General Frossard's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August, and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbrücken with a series of direct attacks. The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle, with French riflemen... | Which regiment did their respective corps force from the town of Saarbrucken? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division"
]
} |
570d567ffed7b91900d45ec4 | Franco-Prussian_War | General Frossard's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August, and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbrücken with a series of direct attacks. The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle, with French riflemen... | How many casualties did the French suffer at Saarbrucken? | {
"answer_start": [
477
],
"text": [
"86 casualties"
]
} |
570d567ffed7b91900d45ec5 | Franco-Prussian_War | General Frossard's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August, and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbrücken with a series of direct attacks. The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle, with French riflemen... | How many casualties did the Prussians suffer at Saarbrucken? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"83 casualties"
]
} |
570d5904fed7b91900d45ee8 | Franco-Prussian_War | According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, wh... | A dispatch was edited about a meeting between the French ambassador and what Prussian king? | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"King William"
]
} |
570d5904fed7b91900d45ee9 | Franco-Prussian_War | According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, wh... | What was the purpose of editing the dispatch? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"to make it appear that the French had been insulted"
]
} |
570d5904fed7b91900d45eea | Franco-Prussian_War | According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, wh... | On which date did the French parliament vote to declare war on Prussia? | {
"answer_start": [
526
],
"text": [
"16 July 1870"
]
} |
570d5904fed7b91900d45ee7 | Franco-Prussian_War | According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, wh... | What diplomatic crisis was Bismarck credited with skillfully creating? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"succession to the Spanish throne"
]
} |
570d5904fed7b91900d45eeb | Franco-Prussian_War | According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, wh... | Where did the quickly mobilised troops first invade in France? | {
"answer_start": [
752
],
"text": [
"northeastern France"
]
} |
570d5a0cfed7b91900d45ef1 | Franco-Prussian_War | The fighting within the town had become extremely intense, becoming a door to door battle of survival. Despite a never-ending attack of Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions. The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans. The French troops who did not sur... | Which town's people surrendered to the Germans? | {
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"Wissembourg"
]
} |
570d5a0cfed7b91900d45ef2 | Franco-Prussian_War | The fighting within the town had become extremely intense, becoming a door to door battle of survival. Despite a never-ending attack of Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions. The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans. The French troops who did not sur... | In which direction did the French troops who did not surrender head? | {
"answer_start": [
337
],
"text": [
"westward"
]
} |
570d5a0dfed7b91900d45ef3 | Franco-Prussian_War | The fighting within the town had become extremely intense, becoming a door to door battle of survival. Despite a never-ending attack of Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions. The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans. The French troops who did not sur... | How many dead troops leave behind? | {
"answer_start": [
362
],
"text": [
"1,000 dead"
]
} |
570d5a0dfed7b91900d45ef4 | Franco-Prussian_War | The fighting within the town had become extremely intense, becoming a door to door battle of survival. Despite a never-ending attack of Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions. The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans. The French troops who did not sur... | How many prisoners did the French leave behind? | {
"answer_start": [
397
],
"text": [
"1,000 prisoners"
]
} |
570d5a0dfed7b91900d45ef5 | Franco-Prussian_War | The fighting within the town had become extremely intense, becoming a door to door battle of survival. Despite a never-ending attack of Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions. The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans. The French troops who did not sur... | What weapon once again increased the effectiveness of the infantry attacks? | {
"answer_start": [
735
],
"text": [
"French Chassepot"
]
} |
570d5b15fed7b91900d45f0f | Franco-Prussian_War | The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the N... | What is the Franco-Prussian War also known as? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"Franco-German War"
]
} |
570d5b15fed7b91900d45f10 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the N... | What was the war often referred to in France as? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"the War of 1870"
]
} |
570d5b15fed7b91900d45f11 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the N... | In the conflict, who lead the German states of the North German Confederation? | {
"answer_start": [
353
],
"text": [
"the Kingdom of Prussia"
]
} |
570d5b15fed7b91900d45f12 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the N... | Whose ambitions are credited with causing the conflict? | {
"answer_start": [
404
],
"text": [
"Prussian ambitions"
]
} |
570d5b15fed7b91900d45f13 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the N... | Which Prussian chancellor's motives in the conflict are still disputed? | {
"answer_start": [
504
],
"text": [
"Otto von Bismarck"
]
} |
570d5c15fed7b91900d45f21 | Franco-Prussian_War | The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of a Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a Prussian prince, to the throne of Spain. France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern prince's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, but Otto von Bismarck goad... | In whose cadidacy did the immediate cause of war reside? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen"
]
} |
570d5c15fed7b91900d45f22 | Franco-Prussian_War | The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of a Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a Prussian prince, to the throne of Spain. France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern prince's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, but Otto von Bismarck goad... | What did France fear by an alliance between Prussia and Spain? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"encirclement"
]
} |
570d5c15fed7b91900d45f23 | Franco-Prussian_War | The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of a Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a Prussian prince, to the throne of Spain. France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern prince's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, but Otto von Bismarck goad... | Who goaded the French into war by editing a telegram sent by William I? | {
"answer_start": [
298
],
"text": [
"Otto von Bismarck"
]
} |
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