id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570f2d9b80d9841400ab3554 | Circadian_rhythm | The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcription factors that regula... | What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop? | {
"answer_start": [
903
],
"text": [
"negative feedback loop"
]
} |
570f2d9b80d9841400ab3555 | Circadian_rhythm | The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcription factors that regula... | What researcher showed that the gene feedback loop serves as a repressor? | {
"answer_start": [
1065
],
"text": [
"Andrew Millar"
]
} |
570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8d | Circadian_rhythm | A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their ... | What is the Drosophila gene the cause of? | {
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"sleep disorder FASPS"
]
} |
570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8e | Circadian_rhythm | A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their ... | What is the Drosophila gene also known as? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"period"
]
} |
570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8f | Circadian_rhythm | A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their ... | What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome? | {
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"FASPS"
]
} |
570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e90 | Circadian_rhythm | A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their ... | What kind of clock have genetic functions? | {
"answer_start": [
282
],
"text": [
"biological clock"
]
} |
570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e91 | Circadian_rhythm | A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their ... | What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop? | {
"answer_start": [
475
],
"text": [
"time of the day"
]
} |
570f31ba5ab6b81900390e97 | Circadian_rhythm | Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. T... | Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"airline pilots"
]
} |
570f31ba5ab6b81900390e98 | Circadian_rhythm | Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. T... | What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause? | {
"answer_start": [
310
],
"text": [
"fatigue"
]
} |
570f31ba5ab6b81900390e99 | Circadian_rhythm | Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. T... | What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents? | {
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"NTSB"
]
} |
570f31ba5ab6b81900390e9a | Circadian_rhythm | Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. T... | What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue? | {
"answer_start": [
428
],
"text": [
"research studies"
]
} |
570f31ba5ab6b81900390e9b | Circadian_rhythm | Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. T... | Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing? | {
"answer_start": [
473
],
"text": [
"combating fatigue"
]
} |
570f33ad80d9841400ab355b | Circadian_rhythm | The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to a... | What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"4th century B.C.E"
]
} |
570f33ad80d9841400ab355c | Circadian_rhythm | The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to a... | What ship captain described daily leaf movements? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"Androsthenes"
]
} |
570f33ad80d9841400ab355d | Circadian_rhythm | The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to a... | What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"tamarind"
]
} |
570f33ad80d9841400ab355e | Circadian_rhythm | The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to a... | What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans? | {
"answer_start": [
296
],
"text": [
"medical"
]
} |
570f33ad80d9841400ab355f | Circadian_rhythm | The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to a... | When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"13th century"
]
} |
570f357e80d9841400ab3565 | Circadian_rhythm | Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur ... | What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"when to flower"
]
} |
570f357e80d9841400ab3566 | Circadian_rhythm | Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur ... | What do plants need to attract to their flowering? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"pollinators"
]
} |
570f357e80d9841400ab3567 | Circadian_rhythm | Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur ... | With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync? | {
"answer_start": [
364
],
"text": [
"light cycle"
]
} |
570f357e80d9841400ab3568 | Circadian_rhythm | Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur ... | What does adaptive advantage allow for plants? | {
"answer_start": [
783
],
"text": [
"Anticipation of changes"
]
} |
570f357e80d9841400ab3569 | Circadian_rhythm | Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur ... | Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage? | {
"answer_start": [
991
],
"text": [
"agriculture"
]
} |
570f38055ab6b81900390ea1 | Circadian_rhythm | The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhyt... | What has the simplest known circadian clock? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"prokaryotic cyanobacteria"
]
} |
570f38055ab6b81900390ea2 | Circadian_rhythm | The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhyt... | With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"three proteins"
]
} |
570f38055ab6b81900390ea3 | Circadian_rhythm | The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhyt... | What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock? | {
"answer_start": [
451
],
"text": [
"DNA"
]
} |
570f38055ab6b81900390ea4 | Circadian_rhythm | The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhyt... | How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment? | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"22-hour"
]
} |
570f38055ab6b81900390ea5 | Circadian_rhythm | The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhyt... | What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment? | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"KaiA, KaiB, KaiC"
]
} |
570f39c25ab6b81900390eab | Circadian_rhythm | The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their endogenous period, is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The ... | To what is the circadian rhythm tied? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"light–dark cycle"
]
} |
570f39c25ab6b81900390eac | Circadian_rhythm | The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their endogenous period, is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The ... | What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"total darkness"
]
} |
570f39c25ab6b81900390ead | Circadian_rhythm | The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their endogenous period, is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The ... | What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"zeitgebers"
]
} |
570f39c25ab6b81900390eae | Circadian_rhythm | The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a free-running rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their endogenous period, is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The ... | What do blind mole rats have in place of vision? | {
"answer_start": [
631
],
"text": [
"photoreceptors"
]
} |
570f40f65ab6b81900390eb3 | Circadian_rhythm | Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the ... | What chemical is absent or low during daylight? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Melatonin"
]
} |
570f40f65ab6b81900390eb4 | Circadian_rhythm | Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the ... | When is the melatonin onset? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"9 p.m"
]
} |
570f40f65ab6b81900390eb5 | Circadian_rhythm | Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the ... | At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Melatonin"
]
} |
570f40f65ab6b81900390eb6 | Circadian_rhythm | Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the ... | The presence of what is a circadian marker? | {
"answer_start": [
320
],
"text": [
"hormone"
]
} |
570f40f65ab6b81900390eb7 | Circadian_rhythm | Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the ... | What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing? | {
"answer_start": [
509
],
"text": [
"melatonin phase"
]
} |
570f42aa80d9841400ab356f | Circadian_rhythm | For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual w... | What physical factor must be continuously monitored during temperature studies> | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"temperatures"
]
} |
570f42aa80d9841400ab3570 | Circadian_rhythm | For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual w... | At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature? | {
"answer_start": [
271
],
"text": [
"05:00"
]
} |
570f42aa80d9841400ab3571 | Circadian_rhythm | For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual w... | How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"two hours"
]
} |
570f42aa80d9841400ab3572 | Circadian_rhythm | For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual w... | When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest? | {
"answer_start": [
425
],
"text": [
"04:00"
]
} |
570f42aa80d9841400ab3573 | Circadian_rhythm | For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual w... | What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults? | {
"answer_start": [
471
],
"text": [
"06:00"
]
} |
570f44b95ab6b81900390ebd | Circadian_rhythm | In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and change... | Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Patrick and Gilbert"
]
} |
570f44b95ab6b81900390ebe | Circadian_rhythm | In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and change... | Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes? | {
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"J.S. Szymanski"
]
} |
570f44b95ab6b81900390ebf | Circadian_rhythm | In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and change... | What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ? | {
"answer_start": [
429
],
"text": [
"bees"
]
} |
570f44b95ab6b81900390ec0 | Circadian_rhythm | In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and change... | What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s? | {
"answer_start": [
704
],
"text": [
"\"period\""
]
} |
570f44b95ab6b81900390ec1 | Circadian_rhythm | In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and change... | What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994? | {
"answer_start": [
835
],
"text": [
"circadian clock"
]
} |
570f46f55ab6b81900390ec7 | Circadian_rhythm | It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. Th... | Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"single cell"
]
} |
570f46f55ab6b81900390ec8 | Circadian_rhythm | It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. Th... | By functioning within a single, what is the system? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"cell-autonomous"
]
} |
570f46f55ab6b81900390ec9 | Circadian_rhythm | It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. Th... | What section of the brain periodically releases hormones? | {
"answer_start": [
343
],
"text": [
"endocrine glands"
]
} |
570f46f55ab6b81900390eca | Circadian_rhythm | It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. Th... | How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated? | {
"answer_start": [
841
],
"text": [
"biological clock"
]
} |
570f46f55ab6b81900390ecb | Circadian_rhythm | It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. Th... | What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs? | {
"answer_start": [
488
],
"text": [
"synchronise"
]
} |
570f48835ab6b81900390ed1 | Circadian_rhythm | Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the dark but rapidly degrades... | What signals plants to synchronize their internal clocks? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Light"
]
} |
570f48835ab6b81900390ed2 | Circadian_rhythm | Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the dark but rapidly degrades... | What do plants use to sense light? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"photoreceptors"
]
} |
570f48835ab6b81900390ed3 | Circadian_rhythm | Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the dark but rapidly degrades... | What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"phytochromes and cryptochromes"
]
} |
570f48835ab6b81900390ed4 | Circadian_rhythm | Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the dark but rapidly degrades... | Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth? | {
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"phyA"
]
} |
570f48835ab6b81900390ed5 | Circadian_rhythm | Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the dark but rapidly degrades... | What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light? | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"phyB"
]
} |
570f4b245ab6b81900390edb | Circadian_rhythm | Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation neede... | What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"28-hour"
]
} |
570f4b245ab6b81900390edc | Circadian_rhythm | Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation neede... | What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ? | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"time cues"
]
} |
570f4b245ab6b81900390edd | Circadian_rhythm | Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation neede... | How long did the suppression of time clues study last? | {
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"month"
]
} |
570f4b245ab6b81900390ede | Circadian_rhythm | Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation neede... | What is this forced type of study called? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"forced desynchrony"
]
} |
570f4b245ab6b81900390edf | Circadian_rhythm | Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation neede... | When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period? | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"24.18 hours"
]
} |
570f4d1080d9841400ab3579 | Circadian_rhythm | Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that favors irregular eating tim... | What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"profound consequences"
]
} |
570f4d1080d9841400ab357a | Circadian_rhythm | Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that favors irregular eating tim... | Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"body mass"
]
} |
570f4d1080d9841400ab357b | Circadian_rhythm | Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that favors irregular eating tim... | How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin? | {
"answer_start": [
350
],
"text": [
"insulin sensitivity"
]
} |
570f4d1080d9841400ab357c | Circadian_rhythm | Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that favors irregular eating tim... | Besides insulin sensitivity, what other effect does shift-work have on the body? | {
"answer_start": [
374
],
"text": [
"higher body mass"
]
} |
570f4d1080d9841400ab357d | Circadian_rhythm | Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that favors irregular eating tim... | What type of work can lead to heart, hypertension and inflammation? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"Shift-work"
]
} |
570f4f015ab6b81900390ee5 | Circadian_rhythm | Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase ... | What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"abusive drugs"
]
} |
570f4f015ab6b81900390ee6 | Circadian_rhythm | Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase ... | What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system? | {
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"circadian pacemaker"
]
} |
570f4f015ab6b81900390ee7 | Circadian_rhythm | Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase ... | What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"disrupted rhythms"
]
} |
570f4f015ab6b81900390ee8 | Circadian_rhythm | Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase ... | What can the disrupted circadian system cause? | {
"answer_start": [
343
],
"text": [
"abuse and relapse"
]
} |
570f4f015ab6b81900390ee9 | Circadian_rhythm | Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase ... | What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause? | {
"answer_start": [
476
],
"text": [
"susceptibility to addiction"
]
} |
570f51d680d9841400ab3583 | Circadian_rhythm | What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytim... | What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms? | {
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"photosensitive proteins"
]
} |
570f51d680d9841400ab3584 | Circadian_rhythm | What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytim... | What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect? | {
"answer_start": [
236
],
"text": [
"replicating DNA"
]
} |
570f51d680d9841400ab3585 | Circadian_rhythm | What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytim... | From what did DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"ultraviolet radiation"
]
} |
570f51d680d9841400ab3586 | Circadian_rhythm | What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytim... | One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ? | {
"answer_start": [
1020
],
"text": [
"redox reactions"
]
} |
570f51d680d9841400ab3587 | Circadian_rhythm | What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytim... | What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago? | {
"answer_start": [
699
],
"text": [
"Great Oxidation Event"
]
} |
570f541b80d9841400ab358d | Circadian_rhythm | Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and... | What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"cellular/metabolic events"
]
} |
570f541b80d9841400ab358e | Circadian_rhythm | Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and... | What do mice without the clock gene become? | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"hyperphagic and obese"
]
} |
570f541b80d9841400ab358f | Circadian_rhythm | Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and... | Beside obesity, how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect the mice? | {
"answer_start": [
213
],
"text": [
"glucose metabolism"
]
} |
570f541b80d9841400ab3590 | Circadian_rhythm | Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and... | How certain is it that these circadian clock effects are the same in humans? | {
"answer_start": [
420
],
"text": [
"not clear"
]
} |
570f541b80d9841400ab3591 | Circadian_rhythm | Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and... | What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"Rev-ErbA alpha clock"
]
} |
570f55cf5ab6b81900390eef | Circadian_rhythm | The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. T... | Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"suprachiasmatic nucleus"
]
} |
570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef0 | Circadian_rhythm | The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. T... | Where are these cell groups found in humans? | {
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"hypothalamus"
]
} |
570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef1 | Circadian_rhythm | The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. T... | What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm? | {
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"complete absence"
]
} |
570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef2 | Circadian_rhythm | The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. T... | What provides information to the SCN? | {
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"eyes"
]
} |
570f55cf5ab6b81900390ef3 | Circadian_rhythm | The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. T... | What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells? | {
"answer_start": [
480
],
"text": [
"ganglion"
]
} |
570f577a80d9841400ab3597 | Circadian_rhythm | Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (lik... | What did early research show people preferred as a day length? | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"25 hours"
]
} |
570f577a80d9841400ab3598 | Circadian_rhythm | Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (lik... | What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"artificial light"
]
} |
570f577a80d9841400ab3599 | Circadian_rhythm | Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (lik... | What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase? | {
"answer_start": [
591
],
"text": [
"delayed"
]
} |
570f577a80d9841400ab359b | Circadian_rhythm | Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (lik... | To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ? | {
"answer_start": [
794
],
"text": [
"solar day"
]
} |
570f577a80d9841400ab359a | Circadian_rhythm | Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (lik... | When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day? | {
"answer_start": [
675
],
"text": [
"1999"
]
} |
570f59605ab6b81900390ef9 | Circadian_rhythm | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation nee... | Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"organs and cells"
]
} |
570f59605ab6b81900390efa | Circadian_rhythm | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation nee... | What is the term for the independent clocks? | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"peripheral oscillators"
]
} |
570f59605ab6b81900390efb | Circadian_rhythm | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation nee... | What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"master clock"
]
} |
570f59605ab6b81900390efc | Circadian_rhythm | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation nee... | In what body gland are the peripheral oscillators located? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"adrenal gland"
]
} |
570f59605ab6b81900390efd | Circadian_rhythm | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation nee... | To what do oscillators in the skin respond? | {
"answer_start": [
367
],
"text": [
"light"
]
} |
570f887880d9841400ab35a1 | Elizabeth_II | Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars... | Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Elizabeth"
]
} |
570f887880d9841400ab35a2 | Elizabeth_II | Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars... | Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer? | {
"answer_start": [
509
],
"text": [
"Queen Victoria"
]
} |
570f887880d9841400ab35a3 | Elizabeth_II | Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars... | How is Victoria related to Elizabeth? | {
"answer_start": [
484
],
"text": [
"great-great-grandmother"
]
} |
570f887880d9841400ab35a4 | Elizabeth_II | Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars... | In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule? | {
"answer_start": [
447
],
"text": [
"2015"
]
} |
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