Split (3)

train · 87.6k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 270	answers dict
571097dca58dae1900cd6aa3	Age_of_Enlightenment	The writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles "slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies...	Libelles were generally written in what form?	{ "answer_start": [ 232 ], "text": [ "pamphlets" ] }
571097dca58dae1900cd6aa4	Age_of_Enlightenment	The writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles "slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies...	Which group inherited the "revolutionary spirit" once displayed by the philosophes, according to Darnton?	{ "answer_start": [ 615 ], "text": [ "the Grub Street hacks" ] }
571097dca58dae1900cd6aa5	Age_of_Enlightenment	The writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles "slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies...	Which works by the Grub Street Hacks "slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself."?	{ "answer_start": [ 243 ], "text": [ "the libelles" ] }
571098c9a58dae1900cd6aaa	Age_of_Enlightenment	Coffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an environment in which class and its ...	Which venue created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life could gather and share ideas?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Coffeehouses" ] }
571098c9a58dae1900cd6aab	Age_of_Enlightenment	Coffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an environment in which class and its ...	Coffehouses were criticized by which group of people, fearing the possiblity of an environmentin which class was disregarded?	{ "answer_start": [ 245 ], "text": [ "nobles" ] }
571098c9a58dae1900cd6aad	Age_of_Enlightenment	Coffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an environment in which class and its ...	Which societal group believed they held a divine right to rule and resented the idea of their subjects convening to discuss political matters?	{ "answer_start": [ 748 ], "text": [ "Monarchs" ] }
571098c9a58dae1900cd6aac	Age_of_Enlightenment	Coffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an environment in which class and its ...	What societal group derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people?	{ "answer_start": [ 748 ], "text": [ "Monarchs" ] }
57109988a58dae1900cd6aba	Age_of_Enlightenment	A genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature. Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes. Works of natural history include René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La Myologie complète, ou descri...	Did natural history in particular become increasingly popular amoung the upper or lower classes?	{ "answer_start": [ 143 ], "text": [ "upper" ] }
57109988a58dae1900cd6abb	Age_of_Enlightenment	A genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature. Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes. Works of natural history include René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La Myologie complète, ou descri...	Which type of history encompassed botany, zoology, meteorolgy, hydrology, and mineralogy?	{ "answer_start": [ 400 ], "text": [ "natural history" ] }
57109988a58dae1900cd6abc	Age_of_Enlightenment	A genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature. Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes. Works of natural history include René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La Myologie complète, ou descri...	Who wrote the Histoire naturelle des insectes?	{ "answer_start": [ 191 ], "text": [ "René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur" ] }
57109aada58dae1900cd6ac0	Age_of_Enlightenment	Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives." In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society a...	In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent?	{ "answer_start": [ 419 ], "text": [ "1730s" ] }
57109aada58dae1900cd6ac1	Age_of_Enlightenment	Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives." In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society a...	The Freemason embodiment of what country's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities?	{ "answer_start": [ 446 ], "text": [ "British" ] }
57109aada58dae1900cd6ac2	Age_of_Enlightenment	Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives." In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society a...	Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles?	{ "answer_start": [ 526 ], "text": [ "the Parisian lodge" ] }
57109aada58dae1900cd6ac3	Age_of_Enlightenment	Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives." In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society a...	Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initate the unenlightened"?	{ "answer_start": [ 856 ], "text": [ "British" ] }
57109aada58dae1900cd6ac4	Age_of_Enlightenment	Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives." In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society a...	What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe?	{ "answer_start": [ 1085 ], "text": [ "Grand Architect" ] }
57109b90b654c5140001f9bd	Age_of_Enlightenment	Coffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss intriguing and thought-provoking...	Which venue represents a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Coffeehouses" ] }
57109b90b654c5140001f9be	Age_of_Enlightenment	Coffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss intriguing and thought-provoking...	Coffehouses were essential to what movement by becoming centers of free-thinking and self-discovery?	{ "answer_start": [ 412 ], "text": [ "the Enlightenment" ] }
57109b90b654c5140001f9bf	Age_of_Enlightenment	Coffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss intriguing and thought-provoking...	In what year was The Spectator published?	{ "answer_start": [ 1387 ], "text": [ "1711" ] }
57109b90b654c5140001f9c0	Age_of_Enlightenment	Coffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss intriguing and thought-provoking...	Which literary work used the fictional narrator Mr. Spectator to entertain and provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters?	{ "answer_start": [ 1372 ], "text": [ "The Spectator" ] }
57109c92a58dae1900cd6aca	Age_of_Enlightenment	The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry. Even in Fra...	Who was the major opponent to Freemasonry?	{ "answer_start": [ 42 ], "text": [ "Roman Catholic Church" ] }
57109c92a58dae1900cd6acb	Age_of_Enlightenment	The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry. Even in Fra...	Which countries had a large Catholic element and therefore had confrontation with Freemasons?	{ "answer_start": [ 125 ], "text": [ "France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico" ] }
57109c92a58dae1900cd6acc	Age_of_Enlightenment	The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry. Even in Fra...	Do American historians downplay or attribute the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution?	{ "answer_start": [ 467 ], "text": [ "downplay" ] }
57109c92a58dae1900cd6acd	Age_of_Enlightenment	The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry. Even in Fra...	Who was the political enemy of the Patriots?	{ "answer_start": [ 630 ], "text": [ "the Loyalists" ] }
57109c92a58dae1900cd6ace	Age_of_Enlightenment	The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry. Even in Fra...	Were the Masons political or non-political in the American Revolution?	{ "answer_start": [ 573 ], "text": [ "non-political" ] }
57109d6bb654c5140001f9c5	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority...	How was the Enlightenment known in French?	{ "answer_start": [ 43 ], "text": [ "Siècle des Lumières" ] }
57109d6bb654c5140001f9c6	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority...	Which movement dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "The Enlightenment" ] }
57109d6bb654c5140001f9c7	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority...	In France, what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres?	{ "answer_start": [ 541 ], "text": [ "individual liberty and religious tolerance" ] }
57109d6bb654c5140001f9c8	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority...	The principle of absolute monarchy of which group was at odds with those following the Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 665 ], "text": [ "Roman Catholic Church" ] }
57109e32b654c5140001f9cd	Age_of_Enlightenment	In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civi...	Which city in the mid-18th century became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity?	{ "answer_start": [ 25 ], "text": [ "Paris" ] }
57109e32b654c5140001f9ce	Age_of_Enlightenment	In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civi...	Who were the two leaders of Paris' philosophic movement?	{ "answer_start": [ 186 ], "text": [ "Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau" ] }
57109e32b654c5140001f9cf	Age_of_Enlightenment	In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civi...	Rousseau argued for a society based on what, rather than faith?	{ "answer_start": [ 258 ], "text": [ "reason" ] }
57109e32b654c5140001f9d0	Age_of_Enlightenment	In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civi...	Which philosopher introduced the idea of a separation of powers in government?	{ "answer_start": [ 430 ], "text": [ "Montesquieu" ] }
57109e32b654c5140001f9d1	Age_of_Enlightenment	In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civi...	Montesquieu's ideas were enthusiastically adopted by the authors of what American document?	{ "answer_start": [ 568 ], "text": [ "the United States Constitution" ] }
57109ebeb654c5140001f9d7	Age_of_Enlightenment	The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyo...	What was the most influential publication of the Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 58 ], "text": [ "the Encyclopédie" ] }
57109ebeb654c5140001f9d8	Age_of_Enlightenment	The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyo...	The Encyclopedie was comprised of how many volumes?	{ "answer_start": [ 235 ], "text": [ "thirty-five" ] }
57109ebeb654c5140001f9d9	Age_of_Enlightenment	The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyo...	Voltaire wrote Letters on the English in what year?	{ "answer_start": [ 449 ], "text": [ "1733" ] }
57109ebeb654c5140001f9da	Age_of_Enlightenment	The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyo...	When was Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality published?	{ "answer_start": [ 512 ], "text": [ "1754" ] }
57109ebeb654c5140001f9db	Age_of_Enlightenment	The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot and (until 1759) by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It was published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyo...	What year did the French Revolution begin?	{ "answer_start": [ 697 ], "text": [ "1789" ] }
57109f6eb654c5140001f9e1	Age_of_Enlightenment	There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff...	What was the name of the conservative group opposing the Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 492 ], "text": [ "Counter-Enlightenment." ] }
57109f6eb654c5140001f9e2	Age_of_Enlightenment	There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff...	The radical enlightenment was inspired by the philosophy of whom?	{ "answer_start": [ 113 ], "text": [ "Spinoza" ] }
57109f6eb654c5140001f9e3	Age_of_Enlightenment	There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff...	Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority?	{ "answer_start": [ 113 ], "text": [ "Spinoza" ] }
57109f6eb654c5140001f9e4	Age_of_Enlightenment	There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff...	Which Enlightenment philosophers sought accomodatin between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith?	{ "answer_start": [ 277 ], "text": [ "René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others" ] }
5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad4	Age_of_Enlightenment	The "Radical Enlightenment" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rati...	Who is credited with the concept of separating church and state?	{ "answer_start": [ 132 ], "text": [ "John Locke" ] }
5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad5	Age_of_Enlightenment	The "Radical Enlightenment" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rati...	Which term describes John Locke's movement to seperate church and state?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "The \"Radical Enlightenment\"" ] }
5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad6	Age_of_Enlightenment	The "Radical Enlightenment" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rati...	In what year was John Locke born?	{ "answer_start": [ 144 ], "text": [ "1632" ] }
5710a004a58dae1900cd6ad7	Age_of_Enlightenment	The "Radical Enlightenment" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rati...	In what realm did John Locke feel the government lacked authority?	{ "answer_start": [ 258 ], "text": [ "the realm of individual conscience" ] }
5710a0eda58dae1900cd6adc	Age_of_Enlightenment	A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, ...	According to Thomas Paine, what is the definition of Deism?	{ "answer_start": [ 147 ], "text": [ "the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source" ] }
5710a0eda58dae1900cd6add	Age_of_Enlightenment	A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, ...	Which philosopher argued that atheists could indeed be moral men?	{ "answer_start": [ 713 ], "text": [ "Pierre Bayle" ] }
5710a0eda58dae1900cd6ade	Age_of_Enlightenment	A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, ...	Which philosopher argued that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined?	{ "answer_start": [ 795 ], "text": [ "Voltaire" ] }
5710a0eda58dae1900cd6adf	Age_of_Enlightenment	A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, ...	Who felt that since atheists gave themselves no Supreme Authority and no law, they were more likely to disrupt society?	{ "answer_start": [ 795 ], "text": [ "Voltaire" ] }
5710a1c4b654c5140001f9e9	Age_of_Enlightenment	The word "public" implies the highest level of inclusivity – the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the "public" with that of the people: Condorcet contrasted "opinion" with populac...	Whixh population groups were excluded from most institutions of the public sphere?	{ "answer_start": [ 553 ], "text": [ "women and the lower classes" ] }
5710a1c4b654c5140001f9ea	Age_of_Enlightenment	The word "public" implies the highest level of inclusivity – the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the "public" with that of the people: Condorcet contrasted "opinion" with populac...	Which two areas experienced criss-cross influences through noble and lower class participation?	{ "answer_start": [ 679 ], "text": [ "coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges" ] }
5710a1c4b654c5140001f9eb	Age_of_Enlightenment	The word "public" implies the highest level of inclusivity – the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the "public" with that of the people: Condorcet contrasted "opinion" with populac...	Marmontel contrasted "the opinion of men of letters" with what?	{ "answer_start": [ 370 ], "text": [ "\"the opinion of the multitude,\"" ] }
5710a1c4b654c5140001f9ec	Age_of_Enlightenment	The word "public" implies the highest level of inclusivity – the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the "public" with that of the people: Condorcet contrasted "opinion" with populac...	d'Alembert contrasted the "truly enlightened public" with whom?	{ "answer_start": [ 453 ], "text": [ "\"the blind and noisy multitude\"" ] }
5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae4	Age_of_Enlightenment	The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals – "media of th...	The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 29 ], "text": [ "reading materials" ] }
5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae5	Age_of_Enlightenment	The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals – "media of th...	Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices?	{ "answer_start": [ 135 ], "text": [ "the Industrial Revolution" ] }
5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae6	Age_of_Enlightenment	The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals – "media of th...	In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation, what else did Commercial development increase the need for?	{ "answer_start": [ 406 ], "text": [ "demand for information" ] }
5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae7	Age_of_Enlightenment	The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals – "media of th...	In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 715 ], "text": [ "France" ] }
5710a309a58dae1900cd6ae8	Age_of_Enlightenment	The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals – "media of th...	The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage?	{ "answer_start": [ 976 ], "text": [ "just one-tenth of the total" ] }
5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f1	Age_of_Enlightenment	As musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activities in London. He gained consid...	Whose incomes did public concerts help support?	{ "answer_start": [ 121 ], "text": [ "performers' and composers'" ] }
5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f2	Age_of_Enlightenment	As musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activities in London. He gained consid...	Handel gained considerable fame with performances of what two types of artistic work?	{ "answer_start": [ 363 ], "text": [ "operas and oratorios" ] }
5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f3	Age_of_Enlightenment	As musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activities in London. He gained consid...	Which two composers are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals?	{ "answer_start": [ 398 ], "text": [ "Haydn and Mozart" ] }
5710a3ceb654c5140001f9f4	Age_of_Enlightenment	As musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activities in London. He gained consid...	What style of music did Haydn and Mozart share?	{ "answer_start": [ 427 ], "text": [ "Viennese Classical" ] }
5710a874b654c5140001f9f9	Age_of_Enlightenment	The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It als...	What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?	{ "answer_start": [ 107 ], "text": [ "1635" ] }
5710a874b654c5140001f9fa	Age_of_Enlightenment	The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It als...	Members of what group were considered to be the "most useful of all citizens?"	{ "answer_start": [ 356 ], "text": [ "scientists" ] }
5710a874b654c5140001f9fb	Age_of_Enlightenment	The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It als...	What percentage of clerics were members of the Academy of Science?	{ "answer_start": [ 598 ], "text": [ "13 percent" ] }
5710a874b654c5140001f9fc	Age_of_Enlightenment	The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It als...	The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group?	{ "answer_start": [ 809 ], "text": [ "elite Parisian scholars" ] }
5710a874b654c5140001f9fd	Age_of_Enlightenment	The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It als...	How did elite Parisian scholars perceive themselves?	{ "answer_start": [ 864 ], "text": [ "interpreters of the sciences for the people" ] }
5710a972a58dae1900cd6aee	Age_of_Enlightenment	Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significan...	Where were many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles located?	{ "answer_start": [ 102 ], "text": [ "northern Europe" ] }
5710a972a58dae1900cd6aef	Age_of_Enlightenment	Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significan...	Which six universities were the most renowned in northern Europe?	{ "answer_start": [ 168 ], "text": [ "Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh" ] }
5710a972a58dae1900cd6af0	Age_of_Enlightenment	Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significan...	Which university, especially, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on the colonies?	{ "answer_start": [ 261 ], "text": [ "Edinburgh" ] }
5710a972a58dae1900cd6af1	Age_of_Enlightenment	Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significan...	Which of France's universities was the exception and was hospitable to the Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 704 ], "text": [ "the medical university at Montpellier" ] }
5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af6	Age_of_Enlightenment	The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determination and personal responsib...	How can associationism be defined?	{ "answer_start": [ 124 ], "text": [ "the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines" ] }
5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af7	Age_of_Enlightenment	The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determination and personal responsib...	What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward?	{ "answer_start": [ 108 ], "text": [ "associationism," ] }
5710aa05a58dae1900cd6af8	Age_of_Enlightenment	The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determination and personal responsib...	Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period?	{ "answer_start": [ 635 ], "text": [ "the Renaissance" ] }
5710ab2eb654c5140001fa03	Age_of_Enlightenment	However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works...	What were the prime examples of reference works that systemasized scientific knowledge in the age oif Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 118 ], "text": [ "universal encyclopedias" ] }
5710ab2eb654c5140001fa04	Age_of_Enlightenment	However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works...	What was the goal of universal encyclopedias?	{ "answer_start": [ 221 ], "text": [ "to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work" ] }
5710ab2eb654c5140001fa05	Age_of_Enlightenment	However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works...	Which universal encyclopedia began publication in 1751 and was composed of 35 volumes and over 71,000 seperate entries?	{ "answer_start": [ 368 ], "text": [ "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" ] }
5710ab2eb654c5140001fa06	Age_of_Enlightenment	However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works...	In what work is the goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences outlined?	{ "answer_start": [ 757 ], "text": [ "Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot" ] }
5710ab2eb654c5140001fa07	Age_of_Enlightenment	However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works...	Who wrote the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot?	{ "answer_start": [ 744 ], "text": [ "d'Alembert's" ] }
5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0d	Age_of_Enlightenment	Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry and natural history, which i...	Anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology are all studies of which subject?	{ "answer_start": [ 296 ], "text": [ "natural history" ] }
5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0e	Age_of_Enlightenment	Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry and natural history, which i...	Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?	{ "answer_start": [ 465 ], "text": [ "Rousseau" ] }
5710dcb5b654c5140001fa0f	Age_of_Enlightenment	Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry and natural history, which i...	Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment?	{ "answer_start": [ 621 ], "text": [ "scientific societies and academies" ] }
5710dcb5b654c5140001fa10	Age_of_Enlightenment	Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry and natural history, which i...	Which century is considered by some as a "drab" period, however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics, the development of biological taxonomy, a new understanding of magnetism, and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline?	{ "answer_start": [ 1154 ], "text": [ "the 18th century" ] }
5710dcb5b654c5140001fa11	Age_of_Enlightenment	Broadly speaking, Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought, and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress. The study of science, under the heading of natural philosophy, was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry and natural history, which i...	Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy?	{ "answer_start": [ 1077 ], "text": [ "Newtonianism" ] }
5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afc	Age_of_Enlightenment	Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress ...	Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?	{ "answer_start": [ 256 ], "text": [ "the development of free speech and thought" ] }
5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afd	Age_of_Enlightenment	Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress ...	Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air?	{ "answer_start": [ 405 ], "text": [ "chemist Joseph Black" ] }
5710dd62a58dae1900cd6afe	Age_of_Enlightenment	Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress ...	Who created the argument for deep time?	{ "answer_start": [ 461 ], "text": [ "geologist James Hutton" ] }
5710dd62a58dae1900cd6aff	Age_of_Enlightenment	Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress ...	Who invented the steam engine?	{ "answer_start": [ 526 ], "text": [ "James Watt" ] }
5710dd62a58dae1900cd6b00	Age_of_Enlightenment	Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress ...	Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783?	{ "answer_start": [ 653 ], "text": [ "the Montgolfier Brothers" ] }
5710de24a58dae1900cd6b06	Age_of_Enlightenment	Cesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici (Political Essays, 1783), ...	For which masterpiece did Cesare Beccaria become famous?	{ "answer_start": [ 107 ], "text": [ "Crimes and Punishments (1764)" ] }
5710de24a58dae1900cd6b07	Age_of_Enlightenment	Cesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici (Political Essays, 1783), ...	Into how many languages was Cesare Beccaria's Crimes and Punishments (1764) translated?	{ "answer_start": [ 170 ], "text": [ "22" ] }
5710de24a58dae1900cd6b08	Age_of_Enlightenment	Cesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici (Political Essays, 1783), ...	Which work established Francesco Mario Pagano as an international authority on criminal law?	{ "answer_start": [ 379 ], "text": [ "Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787)" ] }
5710de24a58dae1900cd6b09	Age_of_Enlightenment	Cesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici (Political Essays, 1783), ...	In what year did Francesco Mario Pagano publish Saggi Politici?	{ "answer_start": [ 313 ], "text": [ "1783" ] }
5710decca58dae1900cd6b0e	Age_of_Enlightenment	Scientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientifi...	What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies?	{ "answer_start": [ 385 ], "text": [ "transmission of knowledge" ] }
5710decca58dae1900cd6b0f	Age_of_Enlightenment	Scientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientifi...	Contemporary sources considered societies functioned for what purpose in contrast to universities?	{ "answer_start": [ 439 ], "text": [ "to create knowledge" ] }
5710decca58dae1900cd6b10	Age_of_Enlightenment	Scientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientifi...	By what year were there over seventy official scientific societies?	{ "answer_start": [ 947 ], "text": [ "1789" ] }
5710decca58dae1900cd6b11	Age_of_Enlightenment	Scientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientifi...	Who coined the term "the Age of Academies" to describe the 18th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 1036 ], "text": [ "Bernard de Fontenelle" ] }
5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b16	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the "consent of the governed" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shift from the old governance parad...	The Enlightenment is frequently linked to the French Revolution of what year?	{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "1789" ] }
5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b17	Age_of_Enlightenment	The Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the "consent of the governed" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shift from the old governance parad...	Who delineated the "consent of the governed" in Two Treatises of Government (1689)?	{ "answer_start": [ 218 ], "text": [ "Locke" ] }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.