id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5727691df1498d1400e8f78b | Tuberculosis | People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – th... | Left untreated, about how many people could contract tuberculosis from an active TB patient in a year? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"10–15"
]
} |
5727691df1498d1400e8f78c | Tuberculosis | People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – th... | About how long will a TB patient receiving effective treatment stay contagious? | {
"answer_start": [
863
],
"text": [
"two weeks"
]
} |
5727691df1498d1400e8f78d | Tuberculosis | People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – th... | If you contracted tuberculosis today, what's the estimated gestation period before you could spread the infection to others? | {
"answer_start": [
1040
],
"text": [
"three to four weeks"
]
} |
5727691df1498d1400e8f78e | Tuberculosis | People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – th... | What term is interchangeable with "active" when talking about tuberculosis infection? | {
"answer_start": [
797
],
"text": [
"overt"
]
} |
57276d92708984140094dd47 | Tuberculosis | TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored tempora... | What specific part of the lungs marks the start of tuberculosis infection? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"pulmonary alveoli"
]
} |
57276d92708984140094dd48 | Tuberculosis | TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored tempora... | What's the process by which macrophages try to get rid of the TB bacterium? | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"phagocytosis"
]
} |
57276d92708984140094dd49 | Tuberculosis | TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored tempora... | What do you get when you combine a lysosome and a phagosome? | {
"answer_start": [
427
],
"text": [
"a phagolysosome"
]
} |
57276d92708984140094dd4a | Tuberculosis | TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored tempora... | What does the M. tuberculosis bacterium have that protects it from being affected by toxins? | {
"answer_start": [
590
],
"text": [
"mycolic acid capsule"
]
} |
57276d92708984140094dd4b | Tuberculosis | TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored tempora... | What vesicle is the temporary holding room for the M. tuberculosis bacterium during phagocytosis? | {
"answer_start": [
362
],
"text": [
"phagosome"
]
} |
5727713d708984140094dda9 | Tuberculosis | The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the "Ghon focus", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of t... | What two-word phrase is used for the main part of the lungs infected by TB? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"Ghon focus"
]
} |
5727713d708984140094ddaa | Tuberculosis | The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the "Ghon focus", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of t... | If the lungs are infected by TB via bloodstream, what's the type of focus? | {
"answer_start": [
270
],
"text": [
"Simon focus"
]
} |
5727713d708984140094ddab | Tuberculosis | The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the "Ghon focus", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of t... | In what general area of the lungs is SImon focus usually located? | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"the top"
]
} |
5727713d708984140094ddac | Tuberculosis | The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the "Ghon focus", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of t... | What is the term that describes a blood-borne infection, like TB when it travels through the blood to the kidneys or brain? | {
"answer_start": [
334
],
"text": [
"hematogenous"
]
} |
5727713d708984140094ddad | Tuberculosis | The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the "Ghon focus", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of t... | Four areas of the body are usually safe from TB infection, including skeletal muscles, heart, and thyroid; what's the fourth? | {
"answer_start": [
608
],
"text": [
"pancreas"
]
} |
572773e9f1498d1400e8f882 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | What specific type of disease is TB? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"granulomatous inflammatory"
]
} |
572773e9f1498d1400e8f883 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | What type of cells gather around infected macrophages in a person infected with TB? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"lymphocytes"
]
} |
572773e9f1498d1400e8f884 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection? | {
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"multinucleated"
]
} |
572773e9f1498d1400e8f886 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | What natural defensive response is hindered by cells in granulomas that can't send antigen to lymphocytes? | {
"answer_start": [
725
],
"text": [
"immune response"
]
} |
572773e9f1498d1400e8f885 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | What's the technical term for abnormal cell death? | {
"answer_start": [
914
],
"text": [
"necrosis"
]
} |
57277506708984140094de19 | Tuberculosis | In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages bronchi and this material ca... | What process replaces tissue damaged by TB? | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"scarring"
]
} |
57277506708984140094de1a | Tuberculosis | In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages bronchi and this material ca... | What material can sometimes be expelled by coughing if the cavities it's stored in connect to bronchi? | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"caseous necrotic material"
]
} |
57277506708984140094de1b | Tuberculosis | In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages bronchi and this material ca... | What type of bacteria-attacking medicine will treat tuberculosis? | {
"answer_start": [
422
],
"text": [
"antibiotics"
]
} |
57277506708984140094de1c | Tuberculosis | In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages bronchi and this material ca... | Are the bacteria in caseous necrotic material living or dead? | {
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"living"
]
} |
572777ca708984140094de67 | Tuberculosis | Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum c... | Is active TB difficult or easy to diagnose by patients' symptoms alone? | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"difficult"
]
} |
572777ca708984140094de68 | Tuberculosis | Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum c... | If a patient has some symptoms associated with TB, after what time period should tuberculosis be diagnostically considered? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"two weeks"
]
} |
572777ca708984140094de69 | Tuberculosis | Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum c... | What part of the body would be X-rayed to check for TB? | {
"answer_start": [
287
],
"text": [
"chest"
]
} |
572777ca708984140094de6a | Tuberculosis | Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum c... | What sign of TB infection would a lab be looking for in a sputum culture? | {
"answer_start": [
332
],
"text": [
"acid-fast bacilli"
]
} |
572777ca708984140094de6b | Tuberculosis | Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum c... | Along with interferon-y release essays, what other tests aren't useful in TB diagnosis in developing countries? | {
"answer_start": [
428
],
"text": [
"tuberculin skin tests"
]
} |
57277a72f1498d1400e8f936 | Tuberculosis | The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma relea... | What result might someone who has received a TB vaccination get from the Mantoux test? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"false-positive"
]
} |
57277a72f1498d1400e8f93a | Tuberculosis | The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma relea... | What liquid would you need from a patient to perform IGRAs? | {
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"blood"
]
} |
57277a72f1498d1400e8f938 | Tuberculosis | The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma relea... | In combination with skin tests, are IGRAs associated with an increase or decrease in sensitivity? | {
"answer_start": [
624
],
"text": [
"increase"
]
} |
57277a72f1498d1400e8f939 | Tuberculosis | The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma relea... | Which test has fewer false positives: IGRAs or the Mantoux skin test? | {
"answer_start": [
331
],
"text": [
"IGRAs"
]
} |
57277a72f1498d1400e8f937 | Tuberculosis | The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma relea... | What does "IGRAs" stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
298
],
"text": [
"Interferon gamma release assays"
]
} |
57277c575951b619008f8b13 | Tuberculosis | It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoni... | For about how long does full immunity from the TB vaccine last? | {
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"ten years"
]
} |
57277c575951b619008f8b14 | Tuberculosis | It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoni... | What percentage of kids in the whole world get the BCG vaccine? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"90%"
]
} |
57277c575951b619008f8b15 | Tuberculosis | It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoni... | Is TB common or uncommon in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
175
],
"text": [
"uncommon"
]
} |
57277c575951b619008f8b16 | Tuberculosis | It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoni... | In addition to the U.S. and Canada, what European country sees very few tuberculosis infections? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"the United Kingdom"
]
} |
57277c575951b619008f8b17 | Tuberculosis | It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoni... | What segment of the population gets the TB vaccine in countries like Canada with a very low incidence of infection? | {
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"high risk"
]
} |
5727a85fff5b5019007d920e | Tuberculosis | The World Health Organization declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015, mostly due to the incr... | What group heads up the Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"Stop TB Partnership"
]
} |
5727a85fff5b5019007d920f | Tuberculosis | The World Health Organization declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015, mostly due to the incr... | In what year did the WHO say tuberculosis was a "global health emergency"? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"1993"
]
} |
5727a85fff5b5019007d9210 | Tuberculosis | The World Health Organization declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015, mostly due to the incr... | How many lives did the Stop TB Partnership vow to save in the nine years between its start and 2015? | {
"answer_start": [
179
],
"text": [
"14 million"
]
} |
5727a85fff5b5019007d9211 | Tuberculosis | The World Health Organization declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015, mostly due to the incr... | Drug-resistant TB is one of the barriers to success of the Stop TB Partnership's initiative; what's the other other? | {
"answer_start": [
328
],
"text": [
"HIV-associated tuberculosis"
]
} |
5727a85fff5b5019007d9212 | Tuberculosis | The World Health Organization declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015, mostly due to the incr... | What organization created a system to classify various types of TB? | {
"answer_start": [
469
],
"text": [
"American Thoracic Society"
]
} |
5727ae4dff5b5019007d9270 | Tuberculosis | Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, ... | What part of the mycobacterial cell makes tuberculosis more difficult to treat? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"wall"
]
} |
5727ae4dff5b5019007d9271 | Tuberculosis | Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, ... | Isoniazid is one of the two most popular drugs for TB treatment; what's the other one? | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"rifampicin"
]
} |
5727ae4dff5b5019007d9272 | Tuberculosis | Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, ... | What complication does the use of combinations of antibiotics for active TB prevent? | {
"answer_start": [
560
],
"text": [
"antibiotic resistance"
]
} |
5727ae4dff5b5019007d9273 | Tuberculosis | Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, ... | What's the three-word name for the method where a health care worker watches their patient take their medication? | {
"answer_start": [
699
],
"text": [
"Directly observed therapy"
]
} |
5727ae4dff5b5019007d9274 | Tuberculosis | Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, ... | What organization recommends directly observed therapy to make sure people take their antibiotics correctly? | {
"answer_start": [
825
],
"text": [
"WHO"
]
} |
5727b0c23acd2414000de9db | Tuberculosis | Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. D... | If a person has TB that's resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid, which type of the disease do they have? | {
"answer_start": [
462
],
"text": [
"MDR-TB"
]
} |
5727b0c23acd2414000de9dc | Tuberculosis | Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. D... | What's the minimum number of second-line medication classes your TB would have to resist to make it count as "extensively drug-resistant"? | {
"answer_start": [
618
],
"text": [
"three"
]
} |
5727b0c23acd2414000de9dd | Tuberculosis | Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. D... | In what country was the first case of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis? | {
"answer_start": [
774
],
"text": [
"Italy"
]
} |
5727b0c23acd2414000de9de | Tuberculosis | Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. D... | What's the only antibiotic that might be effective against totally drug-resistant TB? | {
"answer_start": [
860
],
"text": [
"Bedaquiline"
]
} |
5727b0c23acd2414000de9df | Tuberculosis | Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. D... | Cases of totally drug-resistant TB have been found in what country in addition to Italy and India? | {
"answer_start": [
844
],
"text": [
"Iran"
]
} |
5727b2e53acd2414000dea15 | Tuberculosis | The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially t... | As immunosuppression goes up in tuberculosis cases, what risk rises with it? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"reactivation"
]
} |
5727b2e53acd2414000dea16 | Tuberculosis | The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially t... | What disease has a similar relationship as TB does between reactivation and immunosuppression? | {
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"HIV"
]
} |
5727b2e53acd2414000dea17 | Tuberculosis | The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially t... | If you'd been diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1995, how great a chance would you have faced of dying from it? | {
"answer_start": [
547
],
"text": [
"8%"
]
} |
5727b2e53acd2414000dea18 | Tuberculosis | The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially t... | In what year did the risk of dying from TB reach half what it was in 1995? | {
"answer_start": [
531
],
"text": [
"2008"
]
} |
5727b2e53acd2414000dea19 | Tuberculosis | The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially t... | New studies have found that half of reactivation cases of tuberculosis might actually be due to what other "re-" word? | {
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"reinfection"
]
} |
5727b4f53acd2414000dea3d | Tuberculosis | Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases ... | At any given time, about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis? | {
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"one-third"
]
} |
5727b4f53acd2414000dea3e | Tuberculosis | Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases ... | Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"8.6 million"
]
} |
5727b4f53acd2414000dea3f | Tuberculosis | Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases ... | How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010? | {
"answer_start": [
342
],
"text": [
"8.8 million"
]
} |
5727b4f53acd2414000dea40 | Tuberculosis | Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases ... | About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB? | {
"answer_start": [
510
],
"text": [
"0.35 million"
]
} |
5727b4f53acd2414000dea41 | Tuberculosis | Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases ... | What percentage of the world's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year? | {
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"1%"
]
} |
5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c2 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortalit... | What infectious disease causes more deaths than tuberculosis? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"HIV/AIDS"
]
} |
5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c3 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortalit... | When did new cases of TB infection start going down? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"2002"
]
} |
5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c4 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortalit... | What country has had the most success reducing the TB mortality rate? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"China"
]
} |
5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c5 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortalit... | In what decade did some strains of drug-resistant TB start showing up? | {
"answer_start": [
974
],
"text": [
"1980s"
]
} |
5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c6 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortalit... | How much did China reduce its rate of death from TB in the 20 years leading up to 2010? | {
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"80%"
]
} |
5727bd804b864d1900163c18 | Tuberculosis | In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per 100,000 people in dif... | Out of every 100,000 people in Swaziland in 2007, how many were infected with tuberculosis? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"1,200"
]
} |
5727bd804b864d1900163c19 | Tuberculosis | In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per 100,000 people in dif... | What country had a record-setting 2 million new cases of TB in 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"India"
]
} |
5727bd804b864d1900163c1a | Tuberculosis | In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per 100,000 people in dif... | What people in Australia and Canada have a much higher risk of TB infection than other residents? | {
"answer_start": [
560
],
"text": [
"aboriginal"
]
} |
5727bd804b864d1900163c1b | Tuberculosis | In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per 100,000 people in dif... | What indigenous people in the U.S. are five times more likely to die from TB? | {
"answer_start": [
629
],
"text": [
"Native Americans"
]
} |
5727bd804b864d1900163c1c | Tuberculosis | In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per 100,000 people in dif... | What percentage of TB cases in America are diagnosed in minority groups? | {
"answer_start": [
736
],
"text": [
"84%"
]
} |
5727c461ff5b5019007d94ae | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged... | What animal was found with 17,000-year-old damage from tuberculosis? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"bison"
]
} |
5727c461ff5b5019007d94af | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged... | What does MTBC stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
396
],
"text": [
"M. tuberculosis complex"
]
} |
5727c461ff5b5019007d94b0 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged... | During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals? | {
"answer_start": [
679
],
"text": [
"Neolithic Revolution"
]
} |
5727c461ff5b5019007d94b1 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged... | In which U.S. state was the oldest definitive evidence of TB found? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"Wyoming"
]
} |
5727c7343acd2414000dec23 | Tuberculosis | The bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infe... | Who discovered M. tuberculosis? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"Robert Koch"
]
} |
5727c7343acd2414000dec24 | Tuberculosis | The bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infe... | What year was Koch awarded a Nobel Prize? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"1905"
]
} |
5727c7343acd2414000dec25 | Tuberculosis | The bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infe... | Koch's conviction that human and bovine strains of TB were unrelated meant more people were exposed by drinking what? | {
"answer_start": [
325
],
"text": [
"milk"
]
} |
5727c7343acd2414000dec26 | Tuberculosis | The bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infe... | What did Koch call the ineffective treatment for TB he came up with in 1890? | {
"answer_start": [
589
],
"text": [
"tuberculin"
]
} |
5727c7343acd2414000dec27 | Tuberculosis | The bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infe... | What event is celebrated on March 24th to recognize the test for latent TB? | {
"answer_start": [
738
],
"text": [
"World Tuberculosis Day"
]
} |
5727cbf64b864d1900163d44 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it wa... | What was tuberculosis called in 19th-century England? | {
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"consumption"
]
} |
5727cbf64b864d1900163d45 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it wa... | How many deaths out of every six in France during 1918 were attributed to tuberculosis? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"one"
]
} |
5727cbf64b864d1900163d46 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it wa... | In what decade was TB's communicability finally realized? | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"1880s"
]
} |
5727cbf64b864d1900163d47 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it wa... | What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public? | {
"answer_start": [
410
],
"text": [
"spitting"
]
} |
5727cbf64b864d1900163d48 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it wa... | What were the "treatment" facilities for poor people with TB in the early 1900s called? | {
"answer_start": [
693
],
"text": [
"sanatoria"
]
} |
5727d82a3acd2414000dede9 | Tuberculosis | In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other an... | When did the incidence of TB in Europe reach its highest point? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"1800s"
]
} |
5727d82a3acd2414000dedea | Tuberculosis | In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other an... | When tuberculosis was at its worst in Europe, what percentage of deaths was TB-related? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"25%"
]
} |
5727d82a3acd2414000dedeb | Tuberculosis | In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other an... | What British health organization made tuberculosis its top priority at its start? | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"Medical Research Council"
]
} |
5727d82a3acd2414000dedec | Tuberculosis | In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other an... | What year was the Medical Research Council created? | {
"answer_start": [
468
],
"text": [
"1913"
]
} |
5727d82a3acd2414000deded | Tuberculosis | In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other an... | About how much had the death rate from TB been reduced in Europe by the midpoint of the 20th century? | {
"answer_start": [
182
],
"text": [
"90%"
]
} |
5727dae42ca10214002d981c | Tuberculosis | Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparenc... | What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a "pandemic"? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"Mark Dybul"
]
} |
5727dae42ca10214002d981d | Tuberculosis | Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparenc... | What country covers treatment for tuberculosis for its citizens? | {
"answer_start": [
630
],
"text": [
"Brazil"
]
} |
5727dae42ca10214002d981e | Tuberculosis | Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparenc... | What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $150 billion each year on TB? | {
"answer_start": [
943
],
"text": [
"World Bank"
]
} |
5727dae42ca10214002d981f | Tuberculosis | Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparenc... | What population segment in China struggles to get follow-up care for TB infection? | {
"answer_start": [
1132
],
"text": [
"rural migrants"
]
} |
5727dae42ca10214002d9820 | Tuberculosis | Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparenc... | What do some people think we need more of to prevent for-profit providers of TB treatment from over-prescribing? | {
"answer_start": [
599
],
"text": [
"regulations"
]
} |
5727e9e0ff5b5019007d984e | Tuberculosis | One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence. Despite this, studi... | What groups might help tuberculosis patients share with and support each other? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"TB clubs"
]
} |
5727e9e0ff5b5019007d984f | Tuberculosis | One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence. Despite this, studi... | Education about TB seems to decrease the stigma of the disease and lead to what other positive effect? | {
"answer_start": [
269
],
"text": [
"increasing treatment adherence"
]
} |
5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9850 | Tuberculosis | One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence. Despite this, studi... | What do some people say is even worse than the effects of tuberculosis itself? | {
"answer_start": [
505
],
"text": [
"the stigma"
]
} |
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