id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9851 | Tuberculosis | One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence. Despite this, studi... | What group of people can add to the TB stigma by treating patients as troublesome or unwanted? | {
"answer_start": [
550
],
"text": [
"healthcare providers"
]
} |
5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9852 | Tuberculosis | One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence. Despite this, studi... | As recently as what year were there no studies on how TB mortality is connected to stigma? | {
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"2010"
]
} |
5727ec2c3acd2414000deff7 | Tuberculosis | The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while... | What vaccine are researchers trying to improve on? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"BCG"
]
} |
5727ec2c3acd2414000deff8 | Tuberculosis | The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while... | What phase of clinical trials have some new vaccine options reached? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"I and II"
]
} |
5727ec2c3acd2414000deff9 | Tuberculosis | The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while... | What does one option propose adding to the existing BCG vaccine? | {
"answer_start": [
291
],
"text": [
"subunit vaccine"
]
} |
5727ec2c3acd2414000deffa | Tuberculosis | The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while... | What's the name of the subunit vaccine being studied in South Africa? | {
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"MVA85A"
]
} |
5727ec2c3acd2414000deffb | Tuberculosis | The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while... | What genetically modified virus was used to develop MVA85A? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"vaccinia"
]
} |
5727edd32ca10214002d99dc | Tuberculosis | To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vacci... | What organization did the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donate $280 million to? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation"
]
} |
5727edd32ca10214002d99dd | Tuberculosis | To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vacci... | Policymakers believe tax incentives, market commitments, and what third incentive will speed up vaccine development? | {
"answer_start": [
129
],
"text": [
"prizes"
]
} |
5727edd32ca10214002d99de | Tuberculosis | To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vacci... | What group with the initials SATVI is researching TB vaccines? | {
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative"
]
} |
5727edd32ca10214002d99df | Tuberculosis | To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vacci... | What nonprofit tuberculosis research foundation has a verb in its name? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"Stop TB Partnership"
]
} |
5727f3a63acd2414000df0b9 | Tuberculosis | A number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on the results of a relat... | What drug in the running to treat multi drug resistant TB has already gotten FDA approval? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"Bedaquiline"
]
} |
5727f3a63acd2414000df0ba | Tuberculosis | A number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on the results of a relat... | What year did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approve bedaquiline? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"2012"
]
} |
5727f3a63acd2414000df0bb | Tuberculosis | A number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on the results of a relat... | Despite FDA approval, how much more likely to die are patients who take bedaquiline in addition to the standard TB regimen? | {
"answer_start": [
444
],
"text": [
"five times"
]
} |
5727f3a63acd2414000df0bc | Tuberculosis | A number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on the results of a relat... | Opposition to the use of bedaquiline think what providers were influenced by a connection with the drug company? | {
"answer_start": [
694
],
"text": [
"physicians"
]
} |
5727f3a63acd2414000df0bd | Tuberculosis | A number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on the results of a relat... | What type of publication has put out articles questioning bedaquiline's safety? | {
"answer_start": [
529
],
"text": [
"medical journal"
]
} |
572724fef1498d1400e8f3fa | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Affirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment, specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities, Native Americans, and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. Reports have shown that minorities and women have faced discrimination i... | Outside of employment, what is the other main issue that affirmative action focuses on? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"education"
]
} |
572724fef1498d1400e8f3fb | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Affirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment, specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities, Native Americans, and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. Reports have shown that minorities and women have faced discrimination i... | Affirmative action attempts to ask institutions to grant extra consideration to what group of people outside of Native Americans and women? | {
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"racial minorities"
]
} |
572724fef1498d1400e8f3fc | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Affirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment, specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities, Native Americans, and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. Reports have shown that minorities and women have faced discrimination i... | Studies showed that discrimination in both business sectors and education resulted in advantages for what group of people? | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"whites and males"
]
} |
572724fef1498d1400e8f3fd | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Affirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment, specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities, Native Americans, and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. Reports have shown that minorities and women have faced discrimination i... | Affirmative action does not only attempt to remove disadvantages, but also to ensure what about the number of people in a field? | {
"answer_start": [
691
],
"text": [
"are more representative of the populations they serve"
]
} |
572725fbdd62a815002e995e | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of... | What is another example aside from racial quotes of affirmative action for collegiate admissions? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"gender quotas"
]
} |
572725fbdd62a815002e995f | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of... | Having quotas regarding admissions or employment has been criticized and said to be what kind of discrimination? | {
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"reverse"
]
} |
572725fbdd62a815002e9960 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of... | What case determined that some implementation of affirmative action was unconstitutional? | {
"answer_start": [
321
],
"text": [
"Gratz v. Bollinger"
]
} |
572725fbdd62a815002e9961 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of... | In which time period did discrimination policies originate from? | {
"answer_start": [
557
],
"text": [
"Reconstruction Era"
]
} |
572725fbdd62a815002e9962 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of... | What do critics of affirmative action believe should be the main factor in hiring? | {
"answer_start": [
961
],
"text": [
"achievement"
]
} |
572726a2f1498d1400e8f41c | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the "For... | When did the Reconstruction Era end? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"1877"
]
} |
572726a2f1498d1400e8f41d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the "For... | Who proposed that land be divided and split up among families of color? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"General William Tecumseh Sherman"
]
} |
572726a2f1498d1400e8f41e | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the "For... | What was the policy of dividing land among families of color referred to as? | {
"answer_start": [
317
],
"text": [
"Forty acres and a mule"
]
} |
572726a2f1498d1400e8f41f | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the "For... | Which part of the constitution was the basis for policies that were developed during the Civil Rights Movement? | {
"answer_start": [
614
],
"text": [
"Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment"
]
} |
572726a2f1498d1400e8f420 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the "For... | Who was the first person to utilize the term "affirmative action"? | {
"answer_start": [
953
],
"text": [
"President John F. Kennedy"
]
} |
572727b8708984140094da83 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of providing economic security to workers and other ... | In which document did the term "affirmative action" first appear? | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"National Labor Relations Act"
]
} |
572727b8708984140094da84 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of providing economic security to workers and other ... | Who was the author of the National Labor Relations Act? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"Senator Robert F. Wagner"
]
} |
572727b8708984140094da85 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of providing economic security to workers and other ... | Who did employers routinely blacklist of fire? | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"employees associated with unions"
]
} |
572727b8708984140094da86 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of providing economic security to workers and other ... | Who was able to review complaints about possible worker discrimination? | {
"answer_start": [
556
],
"text": [
"National Labor Relations Board"
]
} |
572727b8708984140094da87 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of providing economic security to workers and other ... | Which group of people did the Wagner Act fail to protect? | {
"answer_start": [
840
],
"text": [
"minorities"
]
} |
572728d1f1498d1400e8f430 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | FDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating "no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administrat... | Who was the true backer of the cause of affirmative action? | {
"answer_start": [
233
],
"text": [
"Harold L. Ickes"
]
} |
572728d1f1498d1400e8f431 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | FDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating "no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administrat... | What position of power did Harold L. Ickes hold? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"Interior Secretary"
]
} |
572728d1f1498d1400e8f432 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | FDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating "no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administrat... | The first introduction of a quota system mandated that contractors had to do what? | {
"answer_start": [
431
],
"text": [
"employ a fixed percentage of Black workers"
]
} |
572728d1f1498d1400e8f433 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | FDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating "no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administrat... | Which piece of legislation prevented any discrimination in the defense industry and government? | {
"answer_start": [
648
],
"text": [
"Executive Order 8802"
]
} |
572728d1f1498d1400e8f434 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | FDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating "no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administrat... | What does the FEPC stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
982
],
"text": [
"Fair Employment Practices Committee"
]
} |
57272aa45951b619008f8679 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP lea... | What group was established in response to Executive Order 9808? | {
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"President's Committee on Civil Rights"
]
} |
57272aa45951b619008f867a | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP lea... | What was the Executive Order 9808 issued in response to? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident"
]
} |
57272aa45951b619008f867b | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP lea... | In which year were the "To Secure These Rights" findings published? | {
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"1947"
]
} |
57272aa45951b619008f867c | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP lea... | What was the committee especially disturbed by as indicated in their report? | {
"answer_start": [
940
],
"text": [
"the state of race relations"
]
} |
57272aa45951b619008f867d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP lea... | Who in the generation following the "To Secure These Rights" findings sign legislation for affirmative action into law? | {
"answer_start": [
1643
],
"text": [
"Lyndon B. Johnson"
]
} |
57272c57708984140094daa1 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | To Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. "Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant." The rationale was fairness: "When an individual enters the service of the country, he necessa... | The "To Secure These Rights" findings wanted desegregation of which institution? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"Armed Forces"
]
} |
57272c57708984140094daa2 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | To Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. "Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant." The rationale was fairness: "When an individual enters the service of the country, he necessa... | Which risk associated with serving was specifically highlighted by the findings? | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"death"
]
} |
57272c57708984140094daa3 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | To Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. "Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant." The rationale was fairness: "When an individual enters the service of the country, he necessa... | What did the findings say occurred to an individual when he enters the armed services? | {
"answer_start": [
325
],
"text": [
"surrenders some of the rights and privileges"
]
} |
57272c57708984140094daa4 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | To Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. "Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant." The rationale was fairness: "When an individual enters the service of the country, he necessa... | Discrimination that prevented minorities from serving their country to the best of their abilities was seen as what? | {
"answer_start": [
696
],
"text": [
"a humiliating badge of inferiority"
]
} |
57272cf65951b619008f868d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had "reached a tur... | Who was the first President to address the NAACP? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Truman"
]
} |
57272cf65951b619008f868e | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had "reached a tur... | How many people were present at the speech that Truman made? | {
"answer_start": [
170
],
"text": [
"10,000"
]
} |
57272cf65951b619008f868f | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had "reached a tur... | Where did Truman's historic speech take place? | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"Lincoln Memorial"
]
} |
57272cf65951b619008f8690 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had "reached a tur... | During the speech, Truman made the statement that each man should be guaranteed what? | {
"answer_start": [
458
],
"text": [
"equality of opportunity"
]
} |
57272cf65951b619008f8691 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had "reached a tur... | Who's authority did Truman want to increase throughout the states? | {
"answer_start": [
559
],
"text": [
"federal"
]
} |
57272e44f1498d1400e8f444 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the... | What day did Truman mandate the end of discrimination in the federal government? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"July 26"
]
} |
57272e44f1498d1400e8f445 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the... | How many executive orders were issued to help prevent discrimination? | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
57272e44f1498d1400e8f446 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the... | What was the name given to Executive Order 9980? | {
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment"
]
} |
57272e44f1498d1400e8f447 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the... | Which position was formulated as a result of Executive Order 9980? | {
"answer_start": [
467
],
"text": [
"Fair Employment Officer"
]
} |
57272e44f1498d1400e8f448 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the... | What name was given to Executive Order 9981? | {
"answer_start": [
632
],
"text": [
"Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services"
]
} |
57272f7e708984140094dab3 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 195... | Which year was Eisenhower elected President? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"1952"
]
} |
57272f7e708984140094dab4 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 195... | Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"the states"
]
} |
57272f7e708984140094dab5 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 195... | What was established in 1953? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"Government Contract Committee"
]
} |
57272f7e708984140094dab6 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 195... | What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors"
]
} |
57272f7e708984140094dab7 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 195... | Who was the chairman of the newly established committee? | {
"answer_start": [
459
],
"text": [
"Vice President Richard Nixon"
]
} |
5727324f708984140094dad9 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy "criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing" and "advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission".:59 Shortly after taking office, Kennedy issued Executive Order 109... | Who criticized President Eisenhower during the 1960 presidential election? | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"John F. Kennedy"
]
} |
5727324f708984140094dada | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy "criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing" and "advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission".:59 Shortly after taking office, Kennedy issued Executive Order 109... | What was John F. Kennedy's criticism of the President based on? | {
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"not ending discrimination in federally supported housing"
]
} |
5727324f708984140094dadb | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy "criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing" and "advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission".:59 Shortly after taking office, Kennedy issued Executive Order 109... | Which order was issued soon after Kennedy took office? | {
"answer_start": [
301
],
"text": [
"Executive Order 10925"
]
} |
5727324f708984140094dadc | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy "criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing" and "advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission".:59 Shortly after taking office, Kennedy issued Executive Order 109... | What does PCEEO stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
785
],
"text": [
"President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity"
]
} |
5727324f708984140094dadd | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy "criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing" and "advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission".:59 Shortly after taking office, Kennedy issued Executive Order 109... | What was the immediate penalty for a federal contractor for not obeying the executive order? | {
"answer_start": [
983
],
"text": [
"contract cancellation"
]
} |
57273326f1498d1400e8f47c | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the "policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment".... | When did President Kennedy issue Executive Order 11114? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"June 1963"
]
} |
57273326f1498d1400e8f47d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the "policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment".... | What was the main aim of Executive Order 11114? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"elimination of discrimination in employment"
]
} |
57273326f1498d1400e8f47e | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the "policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment".... | What was anyone who received federal funding of any sort required to do under the Executive Order? | {
"answer_start": [
525
],
"text": [
"comply to the government's policies on affirmative action"
]
} |
572733c0dd62a815002e9984 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The first time "affirmative action" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Taylor Jr., and gave him the task to co-author the ex... | Which Executive Order first contained the phrase "affirmative action"? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"Executive Order 10925"
]
} |
572733c0dd62a815002e9986 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The first time "affirmative action" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Taylor Jr., and gave him the task to co-author the ex... | Who co - authored the executive order? | {
"answer_start": [
260
],
"text": [
"Hobart Taylor Jr."
]
} |
572733c0dd62a815002e9985 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The first time "affirmative action" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Taylor Jr., and gave him the task to co-author the ex... | Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925? | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"Vice President Johnson"
]
} |
572733c0dd62a815002e9987 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The first time "affirmative action" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Taylor Jr., and gave him the task to co-author the ex... | What was the alternative phrase to "affirmative action" that was being considered? | {
"answer_start": [
451
],
"text": [
"positive action"
]
} |
572733c0dd62a815002e9988 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The first time "affirmative action" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Taylor Jr., and gave him the task to co-author the ex... | What was the main reason that "affirmative action" was chosen over "positive action"? | {
"answer_start": [
528
],
"text": [
"alliterative quality"
]
} |
57273572dd62a815002e998e | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | NAACP had many problem's with JFK's "token" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with the Defense Department on the first billion-dolla... | Who had issues with JFK's proposal? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"NAACP"
]
} |
57273572dd62a815002e998f | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | NAACP had many problem's with JFK's "token" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with the Defense Department on the first billion-dolla... | Who filed complaints quickly after the Executive Order was implemented? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill"
]
} |
57273572dd62a815002e9990 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | NAACP had many problem's with JFK's "token" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with the Defense Department on the first billion-dolla... | Which company was targeted by the NAACP for not having fair practices? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"Lockheed Aircraft Corporation"
]
} |
57273572dd62a815002e9991 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | NAACP had many problem's with JFK's "token" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with the Defense Department on the first billion-dolla... | Who did Lockheed sign an agreement with to seek out more minority workers? | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"Vice President Johnson"
]
} |
57273572dd62a815002e9992 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | NAACP had many problem's with JFK's "token" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with the Defense Department on the first billion-dolla... | Which laws did the corporations in the South associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations? | {
"answer_start": [
1022
],
"text": [
"Jim Crow"
]
} |
5727364f708984140094daf3 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such... | Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy's assassination? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"Civil Rights Act"
]
} |
5727364f708984140094daf4 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such... | Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"integrate public facilities"
]
} |
5727364f708984140094daf5 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such... | Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with? | {
"answer_start": [
515
],
"text": [
"11114"
]
} |
5727364f708984140094daf6 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such... | What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act? | {
"answer_start": [
753
],
"text": [
"to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees"
]
} |
5727364f708984140094daf7 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such... | What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission? | {
"answer_start": [
916
],
"text": [
"ending discrimination in the nation's workplace"
]
} |
572736f0dd62a815002e9998 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: "there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power t... | Which section of the legislation was considered the most controversial? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Title VII"
]
} |
572736f0dd62a815002e9999 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: "there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power t... | What did critics claim that Title VII advocate? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"a de facto quota system"
]
} |
572736f0dd62a815002e999a | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: "there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power t... | Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"Hubert Humphrey"
]
} |
572736f0dd62a815002e999b | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: "there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power t... | Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to support the bill? | {
"answer_start": [
782
],
"text": [
"Everett Dirksen"
]
} |
572736f0dd62a815002e999c | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: "there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power t... | What position of importance other than Senator did Everett Dirksen hold? | {
"answer_start": [
759
],
"text": [
"Senate Minority Leader"
]
} |
572738b0dd62a815002e99aa | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the "Philadelphia Order". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Phil... | Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"his successor Nixon"
]
} |
572738b0dd62a815002e99ab | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the "Philadelphia Order". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Phil... | Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"Philadelphia Order"
]
} |
572738b0dd62a815002e99ac | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the "Philadelphia Order". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Phil... | Which industry of jobs did the legislation target? | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"construction"
]
} |
572738b0dd62a815002e99ad | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the "Philadelphia Order". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Phil... | Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws? | {
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"craft unions"
]
} |
572738b0dd62a815002e99ae | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the "Philadelphia Order". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Phil... | Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor? | {
"answer_start": [
400
],
"text": [
"Arthur Fletcher"
]
} |
57273936dd62a815002e99b4 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | After the Nixon administration, advancements in affirmative action became less prevalent. "During the brief Ford administration, affirmative action took a back seat, while enforcement stumbled along.":145 Equal rights was still an important subject to many Americans, yet the world was changing and new issues were being... | In terms of advancement, what happened to the progression of affirmative action after the Nixon administration? | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"became less prevalent"
]
} |
57273936dd62a815002e99b5 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | After the Nixon administration, advancements in affirmative action became less prevalent. "During the brief Ford administration, affirmative action took a back seat, while enforcement stumbled along.":145 Equal rights was still an important subject to many Americans, yet the world was changing and new issues were being... | What was one of the primary reasons that the issue of affirmative action lost its momentum? | {
"answer_start": [
413
],
"text": [
"there were other areas that needed focus"
]
} |
57273936dd62a815002e99b6 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | After the Nixon administration, advancements in affirmative action became less prevalent. "During the brief Ford administration, affirmative action took a back seat, while enforcement stumbled along.":145 Equal rights was still an important subject to many Americans, yet the world was changing and new issues were being... | Which administration allowed affirmative action to take a backseat to other issues? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"Ford"
]
} |
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