id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572739b6dd62a815002e99ba | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial classifications that benefited underrepresented mi... | What kind of classification was subject to strict scrutiny? | {
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"racial"
]
} |
572739b6dd62a815002e99bb | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial classifications that benefited underrepresented mi... | What was the only situation in which a racial classification could be considered acceptable? | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest"
]
} |
572739b6dd62a815002e99bc | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial classifications that benefited underrepresented mi... | Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"U.S. Supreme Court"
]
} |
572739b6dd62a815002e99bd | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial classifications that benefited underrepresented mi... | What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is beneficial? | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co."
]
} |
57273a5e708984140094db15 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test. The test gave 17... | Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ricci v. DeStefano"
]
} |
57273a5e708984140094db16 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test. The test gave 17... | Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"New Haven, Connecticut"
]
} |
57273a5e708984140094db17 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test. The test gave 17... | How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test? | {
"answer_start": [
318
],
"text": [
"17"
]
} |
57273a5e708984140094db18 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test. The test gave 17... | What percentage of those people taking the test were African American? | {
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"23"
]
} |
57273a5e708984140094db19 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test. The test gave 17... | What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue? | {
"answer_start": [
658
],
"text": [
"5-4"
]
} |
57273bf15951b619008f871b | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | President Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that "discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States"; that "it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal opportunity ... | Which President declared that discrimination is contrary to the Constitutional principles of the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"Kennedy"
]
} |
57273bf15951b619008f871c | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | President Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that "discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States"; that "it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal opportunity ... | Which piece of legislation did President Kennedy use to claim that discrimination was a violation of the Constitution? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"Executive Order 10925"
]
} |
57273bf15951b619008f871d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | President Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that "discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States"; that "it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal opportunity ... | What were the affected industries in terms of regulation as a result of Executive Order 10925? | {
"answer_start": [
445
],
"text": [
"Federal Government and on government contracts"
]
} |
57273ce15951b619008f8729 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor m... | Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"class"
]
} |
57273ce15951b619008f872a | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor m... | Which organization believed in the class based argument? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"African American Policy Forum"
]
} |
57273ce15951b619008f872b | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor m... | What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created? | {
"answer_start": [
655
],
"text": [
"African American middle class"
]
} |
57273ce15951b619008f872c | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor m... | What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based argument is? | {
"answer_start": [
310
],
"text": [
"non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination"
]
} |
57273ce15951b619008f872d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor m... | What does the AAPF believe the goal of affirmative action should be? | {
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success"
]
} |
57273da05951b619008f8733 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Following the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not afforded loans at the same rate as whites. Furt... | What major event preceded the growth of the divide in education between White and Black Americans? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"end of World War II"
]
} |
57273da15951b619008f8734 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Following the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not afforded loans at the same rate as whites. Furt... | What was considered to be a major cause of the increase in educational gap? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill"
]
} |
57273da15951b619008f8735 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Following the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not afforded loans at the same rate as whites. Furt... | What did returning black veterans not receive? | {
"answer_start": [
282
],
"text": [
"loans at the same rate as whites"
]
} |
57273da15951b619008f8736 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Following the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not afforded loans at the same rate as whites. Furt... | How many servicemen and women were educated as a result of the GI Bill? | {
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"Nearly 8 million"
]
} |
57273da15951b619008f8737 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Following the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not afforded loans at the same rate as whites. Furt... | What opportunities were few for black veterans? | {
"answer_start": [
588
],
"text": [
"higher educational"
]
} |
57273ea85951b619008f873d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or "Latinos" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged... | Who conducted a study about the origins of "Latinos"? | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"Dr. Paul Brest"
]
} |
57273ea85951b619008f873e | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or "Latinos" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged... | How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1991? | {
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"80%"
]
} |
57273ea85951b619008f873f | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or "Latinos" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged... | In relation to other major ethnic groups, what is the education level of Latinos? | {
"answer_start": [
402
],
"text": [
"least well educated"
]
} |
57273ea85951b619008f8740 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or "Latinos" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged... | What was the percentage increase of the high school completion rate for African Americans between 1975 and 1990? | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"12%"
]
} |
57273ea85951b619008f8741 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or "Latinos" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged... | How many of the total bachelor degrees awarded in 1990 went to Latinos? | {
"answer_start": [
631
],
"text": [
"3.1%"
]
} |
57273f6b5951b619008f8761 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead, they were forced onto reservations which were f... | Which groups can be categorized as Native Americans? | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"people who lived in North America before European settlement"
]
} |
57273f6b5951b619008f8762 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead, they were forced onto reservations which were f... | When did the Native Americans lose their land? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"During the U.S. government's westward expansion"
]
} |
57273f6b5951b619008f8763 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead, they were forced onto reservations which were f... | Where were Native Americans forced to live after they lost their land? | {
"answer_start": [
295
],
"text": [
"reservations"
]
} |
57273f6b5951b619008f8764 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead, they were forced onto reservations which were f... | How much land did the Native Americans own in 1934? | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"52 million acres"
]
} |
57273f6b5951b619008f8765 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead, they were forced onto reservations which were f... | In relation to whites, what was the poverty rate for Native Americans in 1990? | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"more than triple"
]
} |
572740665951b619008f876b | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japanese Americans were interned in camps and lost the... | What form of discrimination did early Asian immigrants experience? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"not having the ability to become naturalized citizens"
]
} |
572740665951b619008f876c | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japanese Americans were interned in camps and lost the... | What law type did Asian immigrants struggle with? | {
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"school segregation"
]
} |
572740665951b619008f876d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japanese Americans were interned in camps and lost the... | Which piece of legislature marked the start of discrimination against Asians? | {
"answer_start": [
401
],
"text": [
"Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882"
]
} |
572740665951b619008f876e | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japanese Americans were interned in camps and lost the... | Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration? | {
"answer_start": [
571
],
"text": [
"Immigration Act of 1924"
]
} |
572740665951b619008f876f | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japanese Americans were interned in camps and lost the... | According to studies, what are Asians perceived to be lacking? | {
"answer_start": [
1032
],
"text": [
"communication skills and personality"
]
} |
57274163708984140094db6d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative acti... | What is one of the issues with affirmative action? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"inherently unequal"
]
} |
57274163708984140094db6e | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative acti... | How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it? | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice"
]
} |
57274163708984140094db6f | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative acti... | What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do? | {
"answer_start": [
503
],
"text": [
"overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion"
]
} |
57274163708984140094db70 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative acti... | What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices? | {
"answer_start": [
624
],
"text": [
"make special efforts at inclusion"
]
} |
57274387f1498d1400e8f560 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | There are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill Clinton, however, made his stance on affirmative ... | Which President made their stance on affirmative action clear in 1995? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"Bill Clinton"
]
} |
57274387f1498d1400e8f561 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | There are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill Clinton, however, made his stance on affirmative ... | How long after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech? | {
"answer_start": [
375
],
"text": [
"two and a half years"
]
} |
57274387f1498d1400e8f562 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | There are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill Clinton, however, made his stance on affirmative ... | Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw parallels to? | {
"answer_start": [
598
],
"text": [
"President Lyndon B. Johnson's \"Freedom is not Enough\""
]
} |
57274387f1498d1400e8f563 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | There are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill Clinton, however, made his stance on affirmative ... | What did President Clinton claim would not be enough to give everyone in American equality? | {
"answer_start": [
678
],
"text": [
"just outlawing discrimination"
]
} |
57274387f1498d1400e8f564 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | There are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill Clinton, however, made his stance on affirmative ... | What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was hurting the white middle class. | {
"answer_start": [
874
],
"text": [
"the policy was not the source of their problems"
]
} |
572745d8f1498d1400e8f590 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education. Workplace diversity has become ... | Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2014? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"Washington D.C."
]
} |
572745d8f1498d1400e8f591 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education. Workplace diversity has become ... | What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that support affirmative action had done? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education"
]
} |
572745d8f1498d1400e8f592 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education. Workplace diversity has become ... | What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers to do? | {
"answer_start": [
369
],
"text": [
"actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace"
]
} |
572745d8f1498d1400e8f593 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education. Workplace diversity has become ... | Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to do what? | {
"answer_start": [
585
],
"text": [
"draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population"
]
} |
572745d8f1498d1400e8f594 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education. Workplace diversity has become ... | Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial? | {
"answer_start": [
794
],
"text": [
"U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission"
]
} |
572747fddd62a815002e9a78 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members.... | What does AAUP stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"American Association of University Professors"
]
} |
572747fddd62a815002e9a79 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members.... | What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students"
]
} |
572747fddd62a815002e9a7a | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members.... | What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education"
]
} |
572747fddd62a815002e9a7b | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members.... | Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity? | {
"answer_start": [
510
],
"text": [
"Caucasian students"
]
} |
572747fddd62a815002e9a7c | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members.... | In which year did the AAUP release their study? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"2000"
]
} |
572749b4708984140094dbc3 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their cl... | Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a negative effect on them? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Richard Sander"
]
} |
572749b4708984140094dbc4 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their cl... | What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"high dropout rates"
]
} |
572749b4708984140094dbc5 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their cl... | Where do half of the black college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class? | {
"answer_start": [
291
],
"text": [
"bottom 20 percent"
]
} |
572749b4708984140094dbc6 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their cl... | What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam? | {
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"four times"
]
} |
57274a8c5951b619008f87c3 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. ... | Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"class inequality"
]
} |
57274a8c5951b619008f87c4 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. ... | Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"Hispanic Americans"
]
} |
57274a8c5951b619008f87c5 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. ... | At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting? | {
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"lower-class European Americans"
]
} |
57274a8c5951b619008f87c6 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. ... | What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation? | {
"answer_start": [
455
],
"text": [
"class-based affirmative action"
]
} |
57274a8c5951b619008f87c7 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. ... | Who primarily makes up America's poor group? | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"people of color"
]
} |
57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ec | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies, but the professors believed they were underrep... | Where were the Italian American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"City University of New York"
]
} |
57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ed | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies, but the professors believed they were underrep... | Which year did the Italian American Professors make their request? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1976"
]
} |
57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ee | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies, but the professors believed they were underrep... | What category of race do Italian Americans normally fall under? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"white"
]
} |
57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ef | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies, but the professors believed they were underrep... | What was the title of the book written by Thomas Sowell? | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study"
]
} |
57274c69f1498d1400e8f5f0 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies, but the professors believed they were underrep... | Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a preferred group? | {
"answer_start": [
613
],
"text": [
"to take advantage of group preference policies"
]
} |
572750baf1498d1400e8f632 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against a... | What book did Frederick Lynch author? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action"
]
} |
572750baf1498d1400e8f633 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against a... | What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"reverse discrimination"
]
} |
572750baf1498d1400e8f634 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against a... | What moral position does Shelby Steele hold? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"against affirmative action"
]
} |
572750baf1498d1400e8f635 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against a... | What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is? | {
"answer_start": [
407
],
"text": [
"enforcing equal opportunity"
]
} |
572751dc5951b619008f8849 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Terry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, "Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity". Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benef... | Which book did Terry Eastland write? | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice"
]
} |
572751dc5951b619008f884b | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Terry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, "Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity". Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benef... | What did Eastland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider? | {
"answer_start": [
307
],
"text": [
"how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it"
]
} |
572751dc5951b619008f884a | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Terry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, "Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity". Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benef... | Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"remedying past discrimination"
]
} |
572751dc5951b619008f884c | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Terry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, "Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity". Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benef... | Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best? | {
"answer_start": [
1469
],
"text": [
"because doing so is unnecessary"
]
} |
572751dc5951b619008f884d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Terry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, "Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity". Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benef... | What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best? | {
"answer_start": [
1516
],
"text": [
"because it can prove futile"
]
} |
5727547df1498d1400e8f64c | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these pol... | What is a definition of reverse discrimination? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority"
]
} |
5727547df1498d1400e8f64d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these pol... | What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"these policies are just another form of discrimination"
]
} |
5727547df1498d1400e8f64e | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these pol... | Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination? | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"Ward Connerly"
]
} |
5727547df1498d1400e8f64f | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these pol... | What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education? | {
"answer_start": [
1413
],
"text": [
"merit"
]
} |
5727547df1498d1400e8f650 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these pol... | An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what? | {
"answer_start": [
710
],
"text": [
"mediocrity and incompetence"
]
} |
57275571dd62a815002e9b4a | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships... | What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"compensation argument"
]
} |
57275571dd62a815002e9b4b | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships... | In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"society today should compensate for the injuries"
]
} |
57275571dd62a815002e9b4c | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships... | Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument? | {
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical"
]
} |
57275571dd62a815002e9b4d | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships... | In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument? | {
"answer_start": [
591
],
"text": [
"whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over"
]
} |
57275571dd62a815002e9b4e | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships... | According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination? | {
"answer_start": [
835
],
"text": [
"people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices"
]
} |
57275c29dd62a815002e9bb0 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they... | Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"undesirable side-effects"
]
} |
57275c29dd62a815002e9bb1 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they... | Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action? | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"may increase racial tension"
]
} |
57275c29dd62a815002e9bb2 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they... | When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan? | {
"answer_start": [
736
],
"text": [
"2006"
]
} |
57275c29dd62a815002e9bb3 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they... | How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions? | {
"answer_start": [
749
],
"text": [
"60%"
]
} |
57275c29dd62a815002e9bb4 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they... | Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision? | {
"answer_start": [
711
],
"text": [
"Grutter v. Bollinger"
]
} |
57275cf15951b619008f88c3 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are some... | Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"admission to universities and other forms of higher education"
]
} |
57275cf15951b619008f88c4 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are some... | What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university? | {
"answer_start": [
278
],
"text": [
"legacy admissions"
]
} |
57275cf15951b619008f88c5 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are some... | Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action? | {
"answer_start": [
552
],
"text": [
"Bakke v. Regents"
]
} |
57275d295951b619008f88c9 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are some... | What are public universities not allowed to do? | {
"answer_start": [
640
],
"text": [
"set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment"
]
} |
57275d295951b619008f88ca | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are some... | Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do? | {
"answer_start": [
735
],
"text": [
"\"goals\" and \"timetables\" for diversity could be set"
]
} |
57276006708984140094dcb5 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: "To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?". Scholars such as Ronald Dworkin have asserted that n... | What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges? | {
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"competing notions of the mission of colleges"
]
} |
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