id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57277d075951b619008f8b3c | Heian_period | Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomori filled no less than... | Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power? | {
"answer_start": [
529
],
"text": [
"45"
]
} |
57277d075951b619008f8b3d | Heian_period | Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomori filled no less than... | What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed? | {
"answer_start": [
591
],
"text": [
"Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji"
]
} |
57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a4 | Heian_period | With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powe... | What was the term used to describe military governors? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"daimyos"
]
} |
57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a5 | Heian_period | With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powe... | What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"jito"
]
} |
57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a6 | Heian_period | With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powe... | What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne? | {
"answer_start": [
519
],
"text": [
"Go-Toba"
]
} |
57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bc | Heian_period | Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon is the Japanese trans... | What religion spread during the Heian period? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Buddhism"
]
} |
57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bd | Heian_period | Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon is the Japanese trans... | What were the two Japanese sects of Buddhism? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"Tendai and Shingon"
]
} |
57277e54f1498d1400e8f9be | Heian_period | Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon is the Japanese trans... | Who brought Shingon Buddhism to Japan? | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"Kūkai"
]
} |
57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bf | Heian_period | Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon is the Japanese trans... | Tendai Buddhism suggested that enlightenment was accessible to who? | {
"answer_start": [
684
],
"text": [
"every creature"
]
} |
57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e2 | Heian_period | Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty scene of nature. A wel... | What artform became a mark of status in the courts? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"poetry"
]
} |
57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e3 | Heian_period | Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty scene of nature. A wel... | During the Heian period, what did the Japanese think could reflect one's soul? | {
"answer_start": [
546
],
"text": [
"handwriting"
]
} |
57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e4 | Heian_period | Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty scene of nature. A wel... | What was said to show low status or "poor breeding"? | {
"answer_start": [
617
],
"text": [
"poor or hasty writing"
]
} |
572781abf1498d1400e8fa26 | Heian_period | The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were reco... | What is the name of the Japanese national anthem? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"Kimi ga Yo"
]
} |
572781abf1498d1400e8fa27 | Heian_period | The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were reco... | What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period? | {
"answer_start": [
623
],
"text": [
"Iroha"
]
} |
572781abf1498d1400e8fa28 | Heian_period | The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were reco... | The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"Sei Shōnagon"
]
} |
5727824bdd62a815002e9f14 | Heian_period | While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental ba... | What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"rice"
]
} |
5727824bdd62a815002e9f15 | Heian_period | While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental ba... | What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture? | {
"answer_start": [
393
],
"text": [
"Ryōmin"
]
} |
5727824bdd62a815002e9f16 | Heian_period | While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental ba... | Currency gradually disappeared around what year? | {
"answer_start": [
627
],
"text": [
"1000"
]
} |
5727824bdd62a815002e9f17 | Heian_period | While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental ba... | What crop became the primary unit of exchange? | {
"answer_start": [
779
],
"text": [
"rice"
]
} |
57278381708984140094dfb7 | Heian_period | The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be... | Buddhist temples in which two cities made use of the shoen system? | {
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"Heian-kyō and Nara"
]
} |
57278381708984140094dfb8 | Heian_period | The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be... | Why were travelers often robbed under Fujiwara rule? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces"
]
} |
57278381708984140094dfb9 | Heian_period | The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be... | The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what? | {
"answer_start": [
607
],
"text": [
"organizational dynamism"
]
} |
572784b4f1498d1400e8fa90 | Heian_period | The game Total War: Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign. It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period. The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time, the Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara;... | Which Total War game has an expansion set during the Heian period? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"Shogun 2"
]
} |
572784b4f1498d1400e8fa91 | Heian_period | The game Total War: Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign. It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period. The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time, the Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara;... | What families are playable characters in Total War: Shogun 2? | {
"answer_start": [
292
],
"text": [
"Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara"
]
} |
572784b4f1498d1400e8fa92 | Heian_period | The game Total War: Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign. It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period. The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time, the Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara;... | The Rise of the Samurai expansion for Total War: Shogun 2 depicts which war during the Heian period? | {
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"Gempei War"
]
} |
57276da85951b619008f89b9 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It... | When was the Origin of Species published? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"24 November 1859"
]
} |
57276da85951b619008f89ba | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It... | Who wrote The Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"Charles Darwin"
]
} |
57276da85951b619008f89bb | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It... | What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on? | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"evolutionary biology"
]
} |
57276da85951b619008f89bc | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It... | What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence? | {
"answer_start": [
496
],
"text": [
"Beagle expedition"
]
} |
57276da85951b619008f89bd | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It... | How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory? | {
"answer_start": [
278
],
"text": [
"through a process of natural selection"
]
} |
57276f32708984140094dd6d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science... | Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"dissident anatomists"
]
} |
57276f32708984140094dd6e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science... | Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"the Church of England"
]
} |
57276f32708984140094dd6f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science... | What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century? | {
"answer_start": [
351
],
"text": [
"Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial"
]
} |
57276f32708984140094dd70 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science... | How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century? | {
"answer_start": [
510
],
"text": [
"that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals."
]
} |
57276f32708984140094dd71 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science... | Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century? | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"natural theology"
]
} |
5727707df1498d1400e8f822 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign ... | What section of the population was Darwin's book written for? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"non-specialist readers"
]
} |
5727707df1498d1400e8f823 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign ... | Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book? | {
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"T. H. Huxley"
]
} |
5727707df1498d1400e8f824 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign ... | What was T.H. Huxley promoting? | {
"answer_start": [
408
],
"text": [
"scientific naturalism"
]
} |
5727707df1498d1400e8f825 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign ... | What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called? | {
"answer_start": [
674
],
"text": [
"\"the eclipse of Darwinism\""
]
} |
5727707df1498d1400e8f826 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign ... | When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution? | {
"answer_start": [
850
],
"text": [
"in the 1930s and 1940s"
]
} |
572771fcdd62a815002e9cfc | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather th... | To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"Aristotle"
]
} |
572771fcdd62a815002e9cfd | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather th... | Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"Greek philosopher Empedocles"
]
} |
572771fcdd62a815002e9cfe | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather th... | How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story? | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"allegorically"
]
} |
572771fcdd62a815002e9cff | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather th... | What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature? | {
"answer_start": [
527
],
"text": [
"monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life."
]
} |
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil ... | Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability? | {
"answer_start": [
325
],
"text": [
"the Royal Society"
]
} |
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil ... | Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"John Ray"
]
} |
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil ... | Who created a biological classification in 1735? | {
"answer_start": [
834
],
"text": [
"Carl Linnaeus"
]
} |
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil ... | When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began? | {
"answer_start": [
1149
],
"text": [
"4004 BC"
]
} |
5727740ff1498d1400e8f890 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil ... | Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle? | {
"answer_start": [
1279
],
"text": [
"James Hutton"
]
} |
5727758f5951b619008f8a65 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"Erasmus Darwin"
]
} |
5727758f5951b619008f8a66 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"hypothesis of transmutation of species"
]
} |
5727758f5951b619008f8a67 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809? | {
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck"
]
} |
5727758f5951b619008f8a68 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called? | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"Lamarckism"
]
} |
5727758f5951b619008f8a69 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction? | {
"answer_start": [
832
],
"text": [
"Georges Cuvier"
]
} |
5727774b5951b619008f8a89 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"William Paley's"
]
} |
5727774b5951b619008f8a8a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"Natural Theology"
]
} |
5727774b5951b619008f8a8b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"Church of England"
]
} |
5727774b5951b619008f8a8c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species? | {
"answer_start": [
642
],
"text": [
"a threat to divinely appointed social order."
]
} |
5727774b5951b619008f8a8d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment"
]
} |
572777f5708984140094de71 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 18... | When did Darwin begin attending university? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"1825"
]
} |
572777f5708984140094de72 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 18... | What university did Darwin attend? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"Edinburgh University"
]
} |
572777f5708984140094de73 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 18... | What was Darwin originally studying at university? | {
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"medicine"
]
} |
572777f5708984140094de74 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 18... | Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Robert Grant"
]
} |
572777f5708984140094de75 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 18... | With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology? | {
"answer_start": [
553
],
"text": [
"Adam Sedgwick"
]
} |
5727790a708984140094de93 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | What expedition did Darwin join in 1831? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"Beagle expedition"
]
} |
5727790a708984140094de94 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | Who wrote The Principles of Geology? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"Charles Lyell"
]
} |
5727790a708984140094de95 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"St. Jago"
]
} |
5727790a708984140094de96 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble? | {
"answer_start": [
298
],
"text": [
"huge armadillos"
]
} |
5727790a708984140094de97 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans? | {
"answer_start": [
538
],
"text": [
"their relatives on the island seemed \"miserable, degraded savages\""
]
} |
57277a07f1498d1400e8f918 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds c... | Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Richard Owen"
]
} |
57277a07f1498d1400e8f919 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds c... | What did John Gould announce in 1837? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea"
]
} |
57277a07f1498d1400e8f91a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds c... | How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands? | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"three separate species"
]
} |
57277a07f1498d1400e8f91b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds c... | What type of scientist was John Gould? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"ornithologist"
]
} |
57277a07f1498d1400e8f91c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds c... | Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution? | {
"answer_start": [
951
],
"text": [
"an ape"
]
} |
57277dec708984140094df1d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warrin... | Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"An Essay on the Principle of Population"
]
} |
57277dec708984140094df1e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warrin... | What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"breed beyond their means and struggle to survive"
]
} |
57277dec708984140094df1f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warrin... | Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive? | {
"answer_start": [
341
],
"text": [
"plants"
]
} |
57277dec708984140094df20 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warrin... | What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants? | {
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"\"warring of the species\""
]
} |
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d2 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842? | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"Lyell"
]
} |
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9ce | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"\"Pencil Sketch\""
]
} |
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9cf | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories? | {
"answer_start": [
350
],
"text": [
"Joseph Dalton Hooker"
]
} |
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d1 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | What information was Darwin's essay based on? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"scientific results of the Beagle voyage"
]
} |
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d0 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844? | {
"answer_start": [
436
],
"text": [
"230-page"
]
} |
57277fec5951b619008f8b71 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | What was the name of the anonymously published science book? | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"
]
} |
57277fec5951b619008f8b72 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose? | {
"answer_start": [
405
],
"text": [
"a linear progression"
]
} |
57277fec5951b619008f8b73 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"Robert Chambers"
]
} |
57277fec5951b619008f8b74 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support? | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time."
]
} |
57277fec5951b619008f8b75 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s? | {
"answer_start": [
1047
],
"text": [
"Herbert Spencer"
]
} |
57278126708984140094df5b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as o... | What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"barnacle"
]
} |
57278126708984140094df5c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as o... | In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"1854"
]
} |
57278126708984140094df5e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as o... | By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence? | {
"answer_start": [
885
],
"text": [
"1856"
]
} |
57278126708984140094df5d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as o... | Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying? | {
"answer_start": [
712
],
"text": [
"fancy pigeon"
]
} |
57278127708984140094df5f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as o... | What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans> | {
"answer_start": [
800
],
"text": [
"plant seeds and animals"
]
} |
5727825e5951b619008f8ba3 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | When was the "Introduction of Species" paper written? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1855"
]
} |
5727825e5951b619008f8ba4 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | Who wrote the "Introduction of Species" paper? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Alfred Russel Wallace"
]
} |
5727825e5951b619008f8ba5 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species"
]
} |
5727825e5951b619008f8ba6 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"Charles Lyell"
]
} |
5727825e5951b619008f8ba7 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority? | {
"answer_start": [
443
],
"text": [
"1–2 May 1856"
]
} |
5727839a5951b619008f8be5 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell... | Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"\"big book\" on Natural Selection,"
]
} |
5727839a5951b619008f8be6 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell... | What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism"
]
} |
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