id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5727839a5951b619008f8be7 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell... | Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties? | {
"answer_start": [
1031
],
"text": [
"Wallace"
]
} |
5727839a5951b619008f8be8 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell... | Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties? | {
"answer_start": [
1043
],
"text": [
"Darwin"
]
} |
5727839a5951b619008f8be9 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell... | What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's? | {
"answer_start": [
1542
],
"text": [
"Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation."
]
} |
5727842bdd62a815002e9f52 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31... | What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"\"an abstract of my whole work\"."
]
} |
5727842bdd62a815002e9f53 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31... | Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"John Murray III"
]
} |
5727842bdd62a815002e9f54 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31... | What did the publisher offer Darwin in payment for the book? | {
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"2⁄3 of the profits"
]
} |
5727842bdd62a815002e9f55 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31... | What edition was the book in by the time of Darwin's death? | {
"answer_start": [
561
],
"text": [
"6th edition"
]
} |
5727842bdd62a815002e9f56 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31... | How much had the book earned Darwin by the time he died? | {
"answer_start": [
589
],
"text": [
"nearly £3000"
]
} |
572784e7f1498d1400e8faa0 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of... | What title did Darwin's book ultimately have? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"On the Origin of Species"
]
} |
572784e7f1498d1400e8faa1 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of... | What had Darwin wanted to name his book? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection"
]
} |
572784e7f1498d1400e8faa2 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of... | Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title? | {
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"Murray"
]
} |
572784e7f1498d1400e8faa3 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of... | What does the word "races" mean as referenced in Darwin's book? | {
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"an alternative for \"varieties\" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races"
]
} |
572784e7f1498d1400e8faa4 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of... | What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life"
]
} |
572785c5f1498d1400e8fab4 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection "by which to work" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons s... | By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"1838"
]
} |
572785c5f1498d1400e8fab5 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection "by which to work" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons s... | Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years? | {
"answer_start": [
343
],
"text": [
"fear of religious persecution or social disgrace"
]
} |
572785c5f1498d1400e8fab6 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection "by which to work" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons s... | Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect? | {
"answer_start": [
567
],
"text": [
"Glen Roy"
]
} |
572785c5f1498d1400e8fab7 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection "by which to work" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons s... | Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work? | {
"answer_start": [
448
],
"text": [
"his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma."
]
} |
572786b5dd62a815002e9f88 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people ab... | What did Darwin's contemporaries think of the long delays on his publishing? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable"
]
} |
572786b5dd62a815002e9f89 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people ab... | What was Darwin's process on writing his books? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"Darwin always finished one book before starting another"
]
} |
572786b5dd62a815002e9f8a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people ab... | What was Darwin's original estimate for the amount of time his book would take to write? | {
"answer_start": [
534
],
"text": [
"five years"
]
} |
572786b5dd62a815002e9f8b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people ab... | Which scientist's study theorized that the idea of Darwin's work being delayed dates to the 1940s? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"John van Wyhe"
]
} |
572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printe... | What was the cost for the first published copies of On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"fifteen shillings"
]
} |
572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printe... | How many copies of On the Origin of Species were created in the first printing? | {
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"1250 copies"
]
} |
572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printe... | Where was the book, On the Origin of Species first offered for sale? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"Murray's autumn sale"
]
} |
572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printe... | How many editions did On the Origin of Species go through during Darwin's lifetime? | {
"answer_start": [
949
],
"text": [
"six editions"
]
} |
572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printe... | Which institution bought 500 copies of the book, ensuring that a large number of people would have access to it? | {
"answer_start": [
493
],
"text": [
"Mudie's Library"
]
} |
57278c42708984140094e07b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been ... | What did On the Genesis of Species argue against natural selection? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"claimed it included false metaphysics"
]
} |
57278c42708984140094e07c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been ... | Who wrote On the Genesis of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"George Jackson Mivart"
]
} |
57278c42708984140094e07d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been ... | When did Charles Darwin first use the word "evolution" in On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"the sixth edition"
]
} |
57278c42708984140094e07e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been ... | What did Charles Darwin do to address Mivart's arguments? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"added a new chapter VII,"
]
} |
57278c42708984140094e07f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution" which had commonly been ... | What was chapter VII entitled? | {
"answer_start": [
448
],
"text": [
"Miscellaneous objections"
]
} |
57278d495951b619008f8d45 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the... | Why couldn't Asa Gray use a Boston publisher for an American version of On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin"
]
} |
57278d495951b619008f8d46 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the... | How much of a royalty was Gray able to negotiate with a New York publisher for On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
407
],
"text": [
"a 5% royalty"
]
} |
57278d495951b619008f8d47 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the... | When was the first American edition of On the Origin of Species published? | {
"answer_start": [
478
],
"text": [
"mid January 1860"
]
} |
57278d495951b619008f8d48 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the... | What did Darwin decide to do with the profits of the American version of On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"asked Gray to keep any profits"
]
} |
57278d495951b619008f8d49 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the... | What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
573
],
"text": [
"2,500 copies"
]
} |
57278e79f1498d1400e8fc08 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expecte... | Who was the German translator that Darwin welcomed for On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"Heinrich Georg Bronn,"
]
} |
57278e79f1498d1400e8fc09 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expecte... | What did Bronn do in his translation that went completely against what Darwin wanted in On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
466
],
"text": [
"the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted."
]
} |
57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expecte... | What did Bronn change "Favoured Races" to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
637
],
"text": [
"\"perfected races\""
]
} |
57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expecte... | Who published an improved translation of On the Origin of Species in 1867? | {
"answer_start": [
1000
],
"text": [
"Julius Victor Carus"
]
} |
57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expecte... | Why was Darwin unhappy with the first French translation of On the Origins of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
1350
],
"text": [
"numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed"
]
} |
57278fa6708984140094e0e5 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could ... | What was Isaac Newton's belief about God on the theory of natural law? | {
"answer_start": [
175
],
"text": [
"a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos"
]
} |
57278fa6708984140094e0e6 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could ... | Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"Joseph Butler"
]
} |
57278fa6708984140094e0e7 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could ... | Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer? | {
"answer_start": [
529
],
"text": [
"John Herschel"
]
} |
57278fa6708984140094e0e8 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could ... | In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"the second edition"
]
} |
57279071dd62a815002ea08e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy... | How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"ancient Egypt"
]
} |
57279071dd62a815002ea08f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy... | What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection? | {
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"fancy pigeon breeding"
]
} |
57279071dd62a815002ea090 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy... | From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended? | {
"answer_start": [
436
],
"text": [
"one species of rock pigeon"
]
} |
57279071dd62a815002ea091 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy... | Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin? | {
"answer_start": [
780
],
"text": [
"the small changes"
]
} |
57279206f1498d1400e8fc70 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent v... | What does Darwin believe about the differences between species and varieties? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"is arbitrary"
]
} |
57279206f1498d1400e8fc71 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent v... | What does Darwin theorize about different species with regard to variety? | {
"answer_start": [
271
],
"text": [
"\"species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties\""
]
} |
57279206f1498d1400e8fc72 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent v... | What did Darwin and Wallace make central to understanding the natural world? | {
"answer_start": [
703
],
"text": [
"variation among individuals of the same species"
]
} |
57279206f1498d1400e8fc73 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent v... | What did Darwin say that a "well marked variety" could be called? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"incipient species\""
]
} |
57279206f1498d1400e8fc74 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that "a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species" and that "species are only strongly marked and permanent v... | What did historians say that naturalists generally thought about the differences in variations in a species? | {
"answer_start": [
510
],
"text": [
"generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species"
]
} |
5727a5574b864d1900163940 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling a... | What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to? | {
"answer_start": [
484
],
"text": [
"doctrine of Malthus"
]
} |
5727a5574b864d1900163941 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling a... | Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase "Struggle for Existence?" | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"\"a large and metaphorical sense"
]
} |
5727a5574b864d1900163942 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling a... | What was Charles Lyell's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival? | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"all organisms are exposed to severe competition"
]
} |
5727a5574b864d1900163943 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling a... | When is competition strongest in the natural world? | {
"answer_start": [
677
],
"text": [
"competition is most severe between closely related forms"
]
} |
5727a5574b864d1900163944 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling a... | Why is competition so fierce between related species? | {
"answer_start": [
741
],
"text": [
"fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature\"."
]
} |
5727af44ff5b5019007d928a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter IV details natural selection under the "infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where s... | What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes? | {
"answer_start": [
501
],
"text": [
"sharp divergence in character between breeds,"
]
} |
5727af44ff5b5019007d928b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter IV details natural selection under the "infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where s... | What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"extinction of some species"
]
} |
5727af44ff5b5019007d928c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter IV details natural selection under the "infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where s... | What can happen if species immigrate to a new location? | {
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions"
]
} |
5727b0412ca10214002d93e0 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ... | What does Darwin say can explain diverse feature such as antlers on deer and bright feathers on certain male birds? | {
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates"
]
} |
5727b0412ca10214002d93e1 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ... | Which of Darwin's written works has more in depth information about sexual selection? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex"
]
} |
5727b0412ca10214002d93e2 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ... | What did Darwin expect to see between species with the addition of artificial selection? | {
"answer_start": [
470
],
"text": [
"no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings"
]
} |
5727b0412ca10214002d93e3 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ... | What did Darwin use to illustrate the way that original species change and adapt into new ones? | {
"answer_start": [
740
],
"text": [
"a tree diagram and calculations"
]
} |
5727b1adff5b5019007d92c0 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effect... | What is the theory that is based on acquired characteristics within a species? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"Lamarckism"
]
} |
5727b1adff5b5019007d92c1 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effect... | What did Darwin learn about about the characteristics of domestic animals? | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them"
]
} |
5727b1adff5b5019007d92c2 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effect... | What did Darwin speculate might be how inheritable variations might come about in a species? | {
"answer_start": [
993
],
"text": [
"environmental factors"
]
} |
5727b1adff5b5019007d92c3 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effect... | What did Darwin admit about acquired characteristics in chapter one of On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"\"The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown.\""
]
} |
5727b1adff5b5019007d92c4 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effect... | What did Darwin learn about variations by observing breeders? | {
"answer_start": [
1151
],
"text": [
"breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection"
]
} |
5727b63c3acd2414000dea4f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would... | When was The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication by Charles Darwin published? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"1868"
]
} |
5727b63c3acd2414000dea50 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would... | What was the hypothesis that attempted to explain heredity? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"hypothesis of pangenesis."
]
} |
5727b63c3acd2414000dea51 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would... | While Darwin wasn't sure about blending inherited traits, what was his opinion about utilizing inherited variation? | {
"answer_start": [
402
],
"text": [
"Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable"
]
} |
5727b63c3acd2414000dea52 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would... | When did a model of heredity begin to be integrated with that of variation? | {
"answer_start": [
554
],
"text": [
"in the 1930s and 1940s"
]
} |
5727b63c3acd2414000dea53 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would... | What was the modern evolutionary synthesis named? | {
"answer_start": [
709
],
"text": [
"Neo Darwinian Evolution"
]
} |
5727b6e5ff5b5019007d9338 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory, the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found, though the theory implies such forms must have existed. As Darwin noted, "Firstly, why, if species have descended from other spe... | What is one possible objection to the theory of integrated variation? | {
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found"
]
} |
5727b6e5ff5b5019007d9339 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory, the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found, though the theory implies such forms must have existed. As Darwin noted, "Firstly, why, if species have descended from other spe... | Why did Darwin wonder why all of nature isn't chaotic and random? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms?"
]
} |
5727b6e5ff5b5019007d933a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory, the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found, though the theory implies such forms must have existed. As Darwin noted, "Firstly, why, if species have descended from other spe... | What did Darwin ultimately decide was the reason that nature is not a chaos of variation? | {
"answer_start": [
536
],
"text": [
"the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms."
]
} |
5727b7e24b864d1900163b52 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional. He presented flying squirrels, and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors. He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve... | What are some flying animals that Darwin thought might have evolved from bats? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"flying squirrels, and flying lemurs"
]
} |
5727b7e24b864d1900163b53 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional. He presented flying squirrels, and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors. He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve... | What example did Darwin give of eyes evolving? | {
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment"
]
} |
5727b7e24b864d1900163b54 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional. He presented flying squirrels, and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors. He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve... | How did Darwin justify his theory not breaking down? | {
"answer_start": [
452
],
"text": [
"any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down."
]
} |
5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed t... | How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants? | {
"answer_start": [
400
],
"text": [
"He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps."
]
} |
5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed t... | How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees? | {
"answer_start": [
516
],
"text": [
"He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax"
]
} |
5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed t... | What did Darwin notice specifically about slave-making ants? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others"
]
} |
5727b9d23acd2414000deaa9 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied gr... | Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"in order to preserve separately created species"
]
} |
5727b9d23acd2414000deaaa | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied gr... | What are Darwin's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants"
]
} |
5727b9d23acd2414000deaab | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied gr... | What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily, while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty? | {
"answer_start": [
698
],
"text": [
"support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties"
]
} |
5727bb0e4b864d1900163bba | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-produc... | Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"to respond to criticisms of earlier editions"
]
} |
5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbb | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-produc... | What was one of the objections that Darwin addressed in his new chapter in On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection"
]
} |
5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbc | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-produc... | Which of Darwin's books featured a plant whose elaborate structure aided with fertilization by insects? | {
"answer_start": [
466
],
"text": [
"Fertilisation of Orchids"
]
} |
5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbd | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-produc... | Which scientist was addressed the most often in the new chapter of On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
605
],
"text": [
"George Jackson Mivart"
]
} |
5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbe | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-produc... | What was Darwin's response to the claims that certain animals could not have evolved through natural selection? | {
"answer_start": [
888
],
"text": [
"Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature."
]
} |
5727bd4c2ca10214002d951c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occ... | Whose argument did Darwin borrow that geological record is very imperfect, because fossilization is rare? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"Charles Lyell"
]
} |
5727bd4c2ca10214002d951d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occ... | Which book written by Charles Lyell contains the argument that fossils are too rare to be used as proof of life suddenly arising? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"Principles of Geology"
]
} |
5727bd4c2ca10214002d951e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occ... | What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries? | {
"answer_start": [
756
],
"text": [
"that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms"
]
} |
5727bd4c2ca10214002d951f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occ... | How long did Darwin estimate the erosion of the Weald to be? | {
"answer_start": [
1049
],
"text": [
"300 million years"
]
} |
5727bd4d2ca10214002d9520 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occ... | What is the name of the group of well-developed organisms that were discovered within fossil-bearing layers? | {
"answer_start": [
1186
],
"text": [
"the Cambrian explosion"
]
} |
5727be744b864d1900163c4e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since th... | How did Darwin expect species to change and evolve? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"slowly, but not at the same rate"
]
} |
5727be744b864d1900163c4f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since th... | What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form? | {
"answer_start": [
386
],
"text": [
"variability and change in the environment"
]
} |
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