id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
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|---|---|---|---|---|
5727be744b864d1900163c50 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since th... | Which scientist theorized that the earliest members of a class in a species were simple and generalized? | {
"answer_start": [
671
],
"text": [
"Richard Owen"
]
} |
5727be744b864d1900163c51 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since th... | What did Darwin discover about more recently extinct species? | {
"answer_start": [
1097
],
"text": [
"Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras"
]
} |
5727bfec2ca10214002d955e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very ... | Why couldn't differences in flora and fauna be explained by differences in regions alone? | {
"answer_start": [
194
],
"text": [
"South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals"
]
} |
5727bfec2ca10214002d955f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very ... | What did Darwin consider that could explain why different regions could have such different species when they are close together? | {
"answer_start": [
539
],
"text": [
"barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions."
]
} |
5727bfec2ca10214002d9560 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very ... | What was the combination of effects that Darwin considered the most important in determining the differences in species that evolved separately in similar environments? | {
"answer_start": [
814
],
"text": [
"His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification."
]
} |
5727c1064b864d1900163c84 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and s... | What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"morphology"
]
} |
5727c1064b864d1900163c85 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and s... | What are some examples that Darwin gives of species whose basic form of limbs is similar, but who have vastly different uses for them? | {
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat"
]
} |
5727c1064b864d1900163c86 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and s... | What does Darwin note about the embryos of many different species in the same class? | {
"answer_start": [
397
],
"text": [
"animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos"
]
} |
5727c1064b864d1900163c87 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and s... | What are some examples of rudimentary organs that Darwin discusses in the chapter? | {
"answer_start": [
508
],
"text": [
"e wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes"
]
} |
5727c1aeff5b5019007d9480 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory, here he ven... | What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"that his theory might produce revolutionary changes"
]
} |
5727c1aeff5b5019007d9481 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory, here he ven... | Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in most of his book? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"so as not to prejudice readers against his theory"
]
} |
5727c1aeff5b5019007d9482 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory, here he ven... | What does Darwin allude to hoping in the final chapter of On the Origin of Species about humans? | {
"answer_start": [
342
],
"text": [
"that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that \"Light will be thrown on the origin of man\""
]
} |
5727c29e2ca10214002d959c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provi... | What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change"
]
} |
5727c29e2ca10214002d959d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provi... | What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"the concept of transmutation of species"
]
} |
5727c29e2ca10214002d959e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provi... | How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism."
]
} |
5727c29e2ca10214002d959f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provi... | What is Darwin's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations? | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation."
]
} |
5727c69b4b864d1900163cec | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of nat... | What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines"
]
} |
5727c69b4b864d1900163ced | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of nat... | Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true? | {
"answer_start": [
487
],
"text": [
"John Herschel"
]
} |
5727c69b4b864d1900163cee | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of nat... | What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause? | {
"answer_start": [
639
],
"text": [
"its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations"
]
} |
5727c82c3acd2414000dec41 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the clos... | What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions? | {
"answer_start": [
838
],
"text": [
"Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics"
]
} |
5727c82c3acd2414000dec42 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the clos... | Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on? | {
"answer_start": [
967
],
"text": [
"because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay"
]
} |
5727c82c3acd2414000dec40 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the clos... | What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation"
]
} |
5727c82c3acd2414000dec3f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the clos... | What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction."
]
} |
5727c82c3acd2414000dec43 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the clos... | Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful? | {
"answer_start": [
1148
],
"text": [
"would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail"
]
} |
5727c9733acd2414000dec61 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy t... | Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications"
]
} |
5727c9733acd2414000dec62 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy t... | Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science"
]
} |
5727c9733acd2414000dec63 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy t... | What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success? | {
"answer_start": [
627
],
"text": [
"social reform"
]
} |
5727c9733acd2414000dec64 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy t... | What did Darwin's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution? | {
"answer_start": [
860
],
"text": [
"Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms"
]
} |
5727c9733acd2414000dec65 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy t... | What was the term used to not only describe Darwin's theories, but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success? | {
"answer_start": [
962
],
"text": [
"Darwinism"
]
} |
5727ccc72ca10214002d96a8 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanis... | What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour"
]
} |
5727ccc72ca10214002d96a9 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanis... | What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's? | {
"answer_start": [
265
],
"text": [
"natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible."
]
} |
5727ccc72ca10214002d96aa | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanis... | Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support? | {
"answer_start": [
780
],
"text": [
"the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences"
]
} |
5727ccc72ca10214002d96ab | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanis... | Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from? | {
"answer_start": [
1013
],
"text": [
"the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862"
]
} |
5727ccc72ca10214002d96ac | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanis... | Who authored research supporting insect mimicry using natural selection? | {
"answer_start": [
1144
],
"text": [
"Henry Walter Bates"
]
} |
5727ce204b864d1900163d88 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned i... | Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"Thomas Henry Huxley"
]
} |
5727ce204b864d1900163d89 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned i... | What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote? | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"scientific naturalism over natural theology"
]
} |
5727ce204b864d1900163d8a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned i... | Why did Huxley coin the name "Darwinism?" | {
"answer_start": [
736
],
"text": [
"as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science"
]
} |
5727ce204b864d1900163d8b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned i... | What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology? | {
"answer_start": [
1027
],
"text": [
"that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies"
]
} |
5727cf924b864d1900163dae | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled accep... | Who was the leading naturalist in Britain? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"Richard Owen,"
]
} |
5727cf924b864d1900163daf | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled accep... | How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous \"ordained becoming\""
]
} |
5727cf924b864d1900163db0 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled accep... | What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes? | {
"answer_start": [
612
],
"text": [
"Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class"
]
} |
5727cf924b864d1900163db1 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled accep... | What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860? | {
"answer_start": [
880
],
"text": [
"legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate"
]
} |
5727cf924b864d1900163db2 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled accep... | When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape? | {
"answer_start": [
1410
],
"text": [
"Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)"
]
} |
5727d08a2ca10214002d9734 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but ent... | While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"natural selection"
]
} |
5727d08a2ca10214002d9735 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but ent... | What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published? | {
"answer_start": [
225
],
"text": [
"Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives"
]
} |
5727d08a2ca10214002d9736 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but ent... | Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
326
],
"text": [
"political radicals"
]
} |
5727d08a2ca10214002d9737 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but ent... | Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie"
]
} |
5727d1caff5b5019007d960a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenome... | What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism"
]
} |
5727d1caff5b5019007d960b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenome... | What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"The intelligentsia in Russia"
]
} |
5727d1caff5b5019007d960c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenome... | Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work? | {
"answer_start": [
455
],
"text": [
"the Malthusian aspects"
]
} |
5727d1caff5b5019007d960d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenome... | Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel? | {
"answer_start": [
611
],
"text": [
"Leo Tolstoy"
]
} |
5727d5053acd2414000ded97 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His... | What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von Nägel give? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection"
]
} |
5727d5053acd2414000ded98 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His... | What was Darwin's concession to Karl von Nägel's objections? | {
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics"
]
} |
5727d5053acd2414000ded99 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His... | Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species? | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"William Thomson"
]
} |
5727d5053acd2414000ded9a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His... | What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate? | {
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years"
]
} |
5727d5053acd2414000ded9b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His... | When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved? | {
"answer_start": [
970
],
"text": [
"in the 20th century"
]
} |
5727d633ff5b5019007d967c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps... | Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive."
]
} |
5727d633ff5b5019007d967d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps... | What was meant by the term saltationism? | {
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"new species were thought to arise through \"jumps\" rather than gradual adaptation"
]
} |
5727d633ff5b5019007d967e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps... | What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction? | {
"answer_start": [
363
],
"text": [
"orthogenesis"
]
} |
5727d633ff5b5019007d967f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps... | What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann? | {
"answer_start": [
650
],
"text": [
"neo-Darwinism"
]
} |
5727d633ff5b5019007d9680 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps... | What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution? | {
"answer_start": [
704
],
"text": [
"Mendelian inheritance"
]
} |
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b6 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could impr... | Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity? | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"Alfred Russel Wallace"
]
} |
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b7 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could impr... | Which political commentary attempted to widen the idea of natural selection to include competition between different races of people and countries? | {
"answer_start": [
381
],
"text": [
"Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872)"
]
} |
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b8 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could impr... | Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races? | {
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism"
]
} |
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b9 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could impr... | What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used? | {
"answer_start": [
1101
],
"text": [
"to justify military aggression and unethical business practices"
]
} |
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96ba | On_the_Origin_of_Species | While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could impr... | What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose? | {
"answer_start": [
1224
],
"text": [
"he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry."
]
} |
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f2 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, wit... | What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"strongly opposed to the ideas in the book"
]
} |
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f3 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, wit... | What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the theory of natural selection? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design"
]
} |
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f4 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, wit... | What did Darwin do to show that he admired the cleric Charles Kingsley? | {
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"Darwin quoted Kingsley as \"a celebrated cleric\", and added the phrase \"by the Creator\" to the closing sentence,"
]
} |
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f5 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, wit... | What did some commentators think about Darwin changing the phrasing in his book? | {
"answer_start": [
693
],
"text": [
"some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted"
]
} |
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f6 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, wit... | What were Darwin's views on the part of God in his theory? | {
"answer_start": [
784
],
"text": [
"Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature"
]
} |
5727dc042ca10214002d982e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natura... | What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Baden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\""
]
} |
5727dc042ca10214002d982f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natura... | What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend? | {
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology."
]
} |
5727dc042ca10214002d9830 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natura... | What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book? | {
"answer_start": [
375
],
"text": [
"Theistic evolution became a popular compromise"
]
} |
5727dc042ca10214002d9831 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natura... | What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced? | {
"answer_start": [
568
],
"text": [
"supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation"
]
} |
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some superna... | How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection? | {
"answer_start": [
285
],
"text": [
"by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans"
]
} |
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some superna... | Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism? | {
"answer_start": [
531
],
"text": [
"Charles Hodge"
]
} |
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some superna... | What controversy around Darwin's book began in the 1920s? | {
"answer_start": [
967
],
"text": [
"the American creation–evolution controversy"
]
} |
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee60 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some superna... | What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950? | {
"answer_start": [
1300
],
"text": [
"The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching."
]
} |
5727de2c4b864d1900163edc | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of ... | What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Darwin's theory of evolution"
]
} |
5727de2c4b864d1900163edd | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of ... | What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment."
]
} |
5727de2c4b864d1900163ede | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of ... | In what fields has Darwin's theory of evolution become particularly essential? | {
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"medicine and agriculture"
]
} |
5727de2c4b864d1900163edf | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of ... | What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin's theory? | {
"answer_start": [
624
],
"text": [
"a religion-based political controversy"
]
} |
5727df293acd2414000dee91 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaus... | What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work."
]
} |
5727df293acd2414000dee92 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaus... | What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"a variorum"
]
} |
5727df293acd2414000dee93 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaus... | What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species? | {
"answer_start": [
359
],
"text": [
"Worldwide commemorations"
]
} |
5727df293acd2414000dee94 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaus... | What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations? | {
"answer_start": [
519
],
"text": [
"They celebrated the ideas which \"over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it\"."
]
} |
57276dd7708984140094dd51 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent State... | On what date did the Soviet Union dissolve? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"December 26, 1991"
]
} |
57276dd7708984140094dd52 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent State... | What entity was created in place of the Soviet Union? | {
"answer_start": [
287
],
"text": [
"Commonwealth of Independent States"
]
} |
57276dd7708984140094dd53 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent State... | Who was president of the Soviet Union when it came to an end? | {
"answer_start": [
438
],
"text": [
"Mikhail Gorbachev,"
]
} |
57276dd7708984140094dd54 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent State... | Who became president of Russia after Gorbachev left office? | {
"answer_start": [
660
],
"text": [
"Boris Yeltsin"
]
} |
57276dd7708984140094dd55 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent State... | Which flag replaced the Soviet flag at the Kremlin? | {
"answer_start": [
787
],
"text": [
"pre-revolutionary Russian flag."
]
} |
57276ef15951b619008f89c3 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so wo... | Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"Konstantin Chernenko"
]
} |
57276ef15951b619008f89c4 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so wo... | What caused Chernenko to leave office? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"death"
]
} |
57276ef15951b619008f89c5 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so wo... | How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary? | {
"answer_start": [
170
],
"text": [
"54"
]
} |
57276ef15951b619008f89c6 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so wo... | What entity was responsible for Gorbachev's being elected? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"Politburo"
]
} |
57276ef15951b619008f89c7 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so wo... | To which two people did Gorbachev grant membership into the Politburo for his own reasons? | {
"answer_start": [
559
],
"text": [
"Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,"
]
} |
57277a72708984140094deb3 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce... | What party did Gorbachev belong to? | {
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"Communist Party"
]
} |
57277a72708984140094deb4 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce... | What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989? | {
"answer_start": [
551
],
"text": [
"Congress of People's Deputies"
]
} |
57277a72708984140094deb5 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce... | When were opposition parties first allowed in the Soviet Union? | {
"answer_start": [
647
],
"text": [
"1990"
]
} |
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