id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5727846af1498d1400e8fa6b | Supreme_court | Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli suprem... | Israel's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions? | {
"answer_start": [
331
],
"text": [
"both an appellate court and the high court of justice"
]
} |
5727846af1498d1400e8fa6c | Supreme_court | Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli suprem... | Israel's legislative body is called what? | {
"answer_start": [
1183
],
"text": [
"the Knesset"
]
} |
5727846af1498d1400e8fa6d | Supreme_court | Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli suprem... | Israel's Supreme court has uses what internal method to review its own decisions? | {
"answer_start": [
1749
],
"text": [
"a panel of three or more justices"
]
} |
5727846af1498d1400e8fa6e | Supreme_court | Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli suprem... | A retrial is also called what? | {
"answer_start": [
2147
],
"text": [
"\"trial de novo\""
]
} |
57278778f1498d1400e8fafc | Supreme_court | The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Z... | When did New Zealand's Supreme Court come into being? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"2004"
]
} |
57278778f1498d1400e8fafd | Supreme_court | The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Z... | What is the role of New Zealand's highest court? | {
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"purely appellate"
]
} |
57278778f1498d1400e8fafe | Supreme_court | The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Z... | What court's decisions may be appealed to New Zealand's supreme court? | {
"answer_start": [
296
],
"text": [
"Court of Appeal of New Zealand"
]
} |
57278778f1498d1400e8faff | Supreme_court | The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Z... | New Zealand's second ranking court is known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
521
],
"text": [
"the High Court"
]
} |
57278778f1498d1400e8fb00 | Supreme_court | The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Z... | Local decisions by what judicial body may remain within the jurisdiction of local courts? | {
"answer_start": [
476
],
"text": [
"the District Court"
]
} |
572788535951b619008f8c8f | Supreme_court | With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally function... | What are some of the territories within Pakistan? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)"
]
} |
572788535951b619008f8c90 | Supreme_court | With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally function... | What type of cases may Pakistan's Supreme Court hear from FATA? | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"appeals only of a constitutional nature"
]
} |
572788535951b619008f8c91 | Supreme_court | With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally function... | What Pakistani territory's own courts retain supremacy? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"Azad Kashmir"
]
} |
572788535951b619008f8c92 | Supreme_court | With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally function... | What is the relationship between Pakistan's Constitution and Azad Kashmir? | {
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"does not apply to it"
]
} |
5727897ff1498d1400e8fb34 | Supreme_court | The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act ... | The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom holds Supremacy in what jurisdictions? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland"
]
} |
5727897ff1498d1400e8fb35 | Supreme_court | The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act ... | What is the high court in Scotland that has supremacy on criminal matters? | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"the High Court of Justiciary"
]
} |
5727897ff1498d1400e8fb36 | Supreme_court | The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act ... | What legislation established the Supremacy of the Supreme Court of the UK? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"Constitutional Reform Act 2005"
]
} |
5727897ff1498d1400e8fb37 | Supreme_court | The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act ... | When did this act go into affect? | {
"answer_start": [
342
],
"text": [
"1 October 2009"
]
} |
5727897ff1498d1400e8fb38 | Supreme_court | The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act ... | What body previously had judicial supremacy in the UK prior to this? | {
"answer_start": [
411
],
"text": [
"House of Lords"
]
} |
57278aac708984140094e057 | Supreme_court | The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their i... | What may cause some confusion in the US regarding state supreme courts? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"titles of state supreme court vary"
]
} |
57278aac708984140094e058 | Supreme_court | The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their i... | The Court of Appeals is the high court in which US States or territories? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia"
]
} |
57278aac708984140094e059 | Supreme_court | The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their i... | What is West Virginia's highest court called? | {
"answer_start": [
580
],
"text": [
"Supreme Court of Appeals"
]
} |
57278aac708984140094e05a | Supreme_court | The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their i... | What state's supreme court is the oldest appellate court body in the western hemisphere? | {
"answer_start": [
619
],
"text": [
"Massachusetts"
]
} |
57278aac708984140094e05b | Supreme_court | The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their i... | Supreme Courts in New York serve what function? | {
"answer_start": [
359
],
"text": [
"trial courts of general jurisdiction"
]
} |
57278be3dd62a815002e9ff0 | Supreme_court | In Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violat... | What document established judicial oversight of legislation in Austria? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"the Austrian Constitution of 1920"
]
} |
57278be3dd62a815002e9ff1 | Supreme_court | In Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violat... | What court is charged with the responsibility of deciding the constitutionality of laws in Austria? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"Constitutional Court"
]
} |
57278be3dd62a815002e9ff2 | Supreme_court | In Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violat... | What is the German word for this constitutional high court? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"Verfassungsgerichtshof"
]
} |
57278be3dd62a815002e9ff3 | Supreme_court | In Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violat... | What is the Constitutional Court's power over the executive branch of Austrian government? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights"
]
} |
57278be3dd62a815002e9ff4 | Supreme_court | In Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violat... | The Supreme Court of Austria is known by what German name? | {
"answer_start": [
481
],
"text": [
"Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)"
]
} |
57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb2 | Supreme_court | In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction, cases... | What is the highest court in Brazil? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal)"
]
} |
57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb3 | Supreme_court | In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction, cases... | What are the two areas this court has supremacy over? | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases"
]
} |
57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb4 | Supreme_court | In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction, cases... | Which legislative bodies does this court sit in cases over? | {
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"cases involving members of congress, senators"
]
} |
57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb5 | Supreme_court | In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction, cases... | What other government officials are subject to judgments of Brazil's highest court? | {
"answer_start": [
362
],
"text": [
"ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic"
]
} |
57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb6 | Supreme_court | In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction, cases... | What is Brazil's high court for labor law? | {
"answer_start": [
667
],
"text": [
"The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho)"
]
} |
57278d70708984140094e0a3 | Supreme_court | Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all oth... | What is Germany's constitution called? | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"the Grundgesetz"
]
} |
57278d70708984140094e0a4 | Supreme_court | Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all oth... | What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"Bundesverfassungsgericht"
]
} |
57278d70708984140094e0a5 | Supreme_court | Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all oth... | The english translation of this court and its duties is what? | {
"answer_start": [
129
],
"text": [
"Federal Constitutional Court"
]
} |
57278d70708984140094e0a6 | Supreme_court | Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all oth... | What unique electoral power does this German high court possess? | {
"answer_start": [
459
],
"text": [
"the power and authority to outlaw political parties"
]
} |
57278d70708984140094e0a7 | Supreme_court | Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all oth... | Under what circumstances may the court enact this responsibility? | {
"answer_start": [
515
],
"text": [
"it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution"
]
} |
57278e85dd62a815002ea046 | Supreme_court | When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht for e... | The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"civil and criminal cases"
]
} |
57278e85dd62a815002ea047 | Supreme_court | When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht for e... | What court has supremacy for matters of social security? | {
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"Bundessozialgericht"
]
} |
57278e85dd62a815002ea048 | Supreme_court | When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht for e... | What court sits in supremacy for cases related to employment and labor law in Germany? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"Bundesarbeitsgericht"
]
} |
57278e85dd62a815002ea049 | Supreme_court | When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht for e... | Germany's Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts is also known by what name? | {
"answer_start": [
468
],
"text": [
"Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe"
]
} |
57278f7edd62a815002ea060 | Supreme_court | In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against s... | Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"arresten"
]
} |
57278f7edd62a815002ea061 | Supreme_court | In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against s... | The Supreme Court of the Netherlands cannot interpret what? | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"legislation against the constitution"
]
} |
57278f7edd62a815002ea062 | Supreme_court | In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against s... | What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"legislation against some treaties"
]
} |
57278f7edd62a815002ea063 | Supreme_court | In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against s... | Holland's regular court system does not handle cases related to what area of law? | {
"answer_start": [
422
],
"text": [
"administrative law"
]
} |
57278f7edd62a815002ea064 | Supreme_court | In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against s... | The high court for administrative law is also known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
525
],
"text": [
"Council of State (Raad van State)"
]
} |
57279048708984140094e0f9 | Supreme_court | While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development ... | What type of legal system is the Philippines officially? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"a civil law nation"
]
} |
57279048708984140094e0fa | Supreme_court | While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development ... | The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"the American Supreme Court"
]
} |
57279048708984140094e0fb | Supreme_court | While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development ... | What document grants the Philippines Supreme Court the right of judicial review? | {
"answer_start": [
582
],
"text": [
"1987 Philippine Constitution"
]
} |
57279048708984140094e0fc | Supreme_court | While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development ... | How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court? | {
"answer_start": [
750
],
"text": [
"1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices"
]
} |
57279048708984140094e0fd | Supreme_court | While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development ... | When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called? | {
"answer_start": [
815
],
"text": [
"en banc"
]
} |
5727911add62a815002ea09e | Supreme_court | Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower r... | The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"private and public"
]
} |
5727911add62a815002ea09f | Supreme_court | Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower r... | What types of cases can be appealed to Spain's Constitutional Court? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"those cases related to human rights"
]
} |
5727911add62a815002ea0a0 | Supreme_court | Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower r... | What is the other power of this latter court? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution"
]
} |
5727911add62a815002ea0a1 | Supreme_court | Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower r... | High courts in Spain do not establish what for lower court rulings? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"binding precedents"
]
} |
5727911add62a815002ea0a2 | Supreme_court | Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower r... | In practicality, how do lower courts typically view the rulings of higher courts? | {
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations"
]
} |
572791fb708984140094e12b | Supreme_court | In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court consider... | Sweden's two high courts are what? | {
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court"
]
} |
572791fb708984140094e12c | Supreme_court | In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court consider... | What is a type of case heard by the Supreme Administrative Court? | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs"
]
} |
572791fb708984140094e12d | Supreme_court | In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court consider... | The Supreme Court hears what? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"all other cases"
]
} |
572791fb708984140094e12e | Supreme_court | In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court consider... | How are judges placed on Sweden's high courts? | {
"answer_start": [
354
],
"text": [
"appointed by the Government"
]
} |
572791fb708984140094e12f | Supreme_court | In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court consider... | The ability to appeal a case provided by Sweden's court system is called what? | {
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"prövningstillstånd"
]
} |
572792f95951b619008f8de5 | Supreme_court | In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. ... | When was the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka created? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"1972"
]
} |
572792f95951b619008f8de6 | Supreme_court | In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. ... | The Sri Lankan Supreme Court's decisions override what? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"all lower Courts"
]
} |
572792f95951b619008f8de7 | Supreme_court | In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. ... | Sri Lankan law mixes what two categories of jurisprudence? | {
"answer_start": [
375
],
"text": [
"common-law and civil-law"
]
} |
572792f95951b619008f8de8 | Supreme_court | In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. ... | What majority is necessary in the Sri Lankan Parliament to dismiss a president and the Court? | {
"answer_start": [
553
],
"text": [
"2/3"
]
} |
572793a7dd62a815002ea0ea | Supreme_court | In South Africa, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the hi... | South Africa used what type of system to determine it's high courts until 2013? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"\"two apex\""
]
} |
572793a7dd62a815002ea0eb | Supreme_court | In South Africa, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the hi... | When was the Supreme Court of Appeal created? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"1994"
]
} |
572793a7dd62a815002ea0ec | Supreme_court | In South Africa, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the hi... | What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA? | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"the Constitutional Court"
]
} |
572793a7dd62a815002ea0ed | Supreme_court | In South Africa, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the hi... | When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters? | {
"answer_start": [
416
],
"text": [
"August 2013"
]
} |
572794ac5951b619008f8e0b | Supreme_court | In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power ... | What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"Soviet Union"
]
} |
572794ac5951b619008f8e0c | Supreme_court | In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power ... | What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee? | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)"
]
} |
572794ac5951b619008f8e0d | Supreme_court | In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power ... | Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what? | {
"answer_start": [
638
],
"text": [
"cases which have already been decided"
]
} |
572794ac5951b619008f8e0e | Supreme_court | In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power ... | Hong Kong's legal system was traditionally based on what? | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"common law"
]
} |
572794ac5951b619008f8e0f | Supreme_court | In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power ... | Macau's legal system comes from what tradition? | {
"answer_start": [
468
],
"text": [
"Portuguese-based legal system"
]
} |
572773f6708984140094dded | Textual_criticism | Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the or... | What type of documents does a textual critic usually analyze? | {
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document"
]
} |
572773f6708984140094ddee | Textual_criticism | Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the or... | What is the goal of the textual critic? | {
"answer_start": [
642
],
"text": [
"the production of a \"critical edition\" containing a scholarly curated text."
]
} |
572773f6708984140094ddef | Textual_criticism | Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the or... | What is the proper name for textual scholarship? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"philology"
]
} |
572773f6708984140094ddf0 | Textual_criticism | Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the or... | Why are there differences in ancient copies of the same text? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand"
]
} |
572773f6708984140094ddf1 | Textual_criticism | Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the or... | What do textual critics call a revised edition of a text? | {
"answer_start": [
536
],
"text": [
"recensions"
]
} |
572775a9dd62a815002e9d64 | Textual_criticism | Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are... | Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 1970's? | {
"answer_start": [
592
],
"text": [
"Qur'an"
]
} |
572775a9dd62a815002e9d65 | Textual_criticism | Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are... | Why are scholars concerned with analysis of the Gospels over the letters? | {
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original"
]
} |
572775a9dd62a815002e9d66 | Textual_criticism | Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are... | Why is it important for textual critics to analyze the Gospels? | {
"answer_start": [
436
],
"text": [
"the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed"
]
} |
572775a9dd62a815002e9d67 | Textual_criticism | Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are... | What manuscripts prompted a textual analysis of the Qur'an | {
"answer_start": [
645
],
"text": [
"Sana'a manuscripts"
]
} |
572775a9dd62a815002e9d68 | Textual_criticism | Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are... | When were the Sana'a manuscripts probably written? | {
"answer_start": [
679
],
"text": [
"possibly date back to the 7–8th centuries."
]
} |
57277778708984140094de55 | Textual_criticism | In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile.... | What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism? | {
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation,"
]
} |
57277778708984140094de57 | Textual_criticism | In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile.... | Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on. | {
"answer_start": [
566
],
"text": [
"Mesopotamia and Egypt"
]
} |
57277778708984140094de58 | Textual_criticism | In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile.... | Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books? | {
"answer_start": [
872
],
"text": [
"is, to the devout, taboo."
]
} |
57277778708984140094de56 | Textual_criticism | In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile.... | Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism? | {
"answer_start": [
428
],
"text": [
"Bible"
]
} |
57277778708984140094de59 | Textual_criticism | In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile.... | Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works? | {
"answer_start": [
588
],
"text": [
"a period of about five millennia"
]
} |
57277836f1498d1400e8f8f8 | Textual_criticism | Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the t... | What is the first goal when attempting to analyze a new text? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"identification of the first exemplar"
]
} |
57277836f1498d1400e8f8f9 | Textual_criticism | Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the t... | Why is finding the first exemplar important in textual criticism? | {
"answer_start": [
306
],
"text": [
"split in the tradition"
]
} |
57277836f1498d1400e8f8fa | Textual_criticism | Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the t... | The exemplar is otherwise known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"the archetype"
]
} |
57277836f1498d1400e8f8fb | Textual_criticism | Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the t... | The final product of reconstruction is known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
431
],
"text": [
"the constitutio"
]
} |
572778c3708984140094de8f | Textual_criticism | The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three ... | What is included in or accompanies in "critical edition"? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"apparatus criticus or critical apparatus"
]
} |
572778c3708984140094de90 | Textual_criticism | The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three ... | What is the purpose of the critical apparatus? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"presents the author's work in three parts"
]
} |
57277992dd62a815002e9dee | Textual_criticism | The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three ... | What is the goal of the textual critic? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"a \"critical edition\""
]
} |
57277992dd62a815002e9def | Textual_criticism | The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three ... | A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"apparatus criticus or critical apparatus."
]
} |
57277992dd62a815002e9df0 | Textual_criticism | The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three ... | What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus? | {
"answer_start": [
334
],
"text": [
"a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)"
]
} |
57277992dd62a815002e9df1 | Textual_criticism | The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three ... | What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus? | {
"answer_start": [
456
],
"text": [
"the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating)"
]
} |
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