id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57277992dd62a815002e9df2 | Textual_criticism | The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three ... | What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus? | {
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)"
]
} |
57277a85708984140094debb | Textual_criticism | Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not i... | Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"literature was copied by hand"
]
} |
57277a85708984140094debc | Textual_criticism | Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not i... | Are printed editions immune to variation? | {
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph"
]
} |
57277a85708984140094debd | Textual_criticism | Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not i... | How do differences in works arise when using a printing press? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph"
]
} |
57277a85708984140094debe | Textual_criticism | Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not i... | An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
744
],
"text": [
"eclectic."
]
} |
57277c05dd62a815002e9e44 | Textual_criticism | When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant m... | Different documents that represent the same original text are called what? | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"witnesses"
]
} |
57277c05dd62a815002e9e45 | Textual_criticism | When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant m... | What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"variant readings, or simply variants or readings."
]
} |
57277c05dd62a815002e9e46 | Textual_criticism | When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant m... | How or why do variations enter a witness text? | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship)"
]
} |
57277c05dd62a815002e9e47 | Textual_criticism | When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant m... | As well as representing the original text, a critical text must also do what? | {
"answer_start": [
788
],
"text": [
"document variant readings"
]
} |
57277c05dd62a815002e9e48 | Textual_criticism | When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant m... | Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text? | {
"answer_start": [
815
],
"text": [
"so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition."
]
} |
57277e13f1498d1400e8f9aa | Textual_criticism | The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and the works of William Shak... | What is a variorum? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The collation of all known variants of a text"
]
} |
57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ab | Textual_criticism | The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and the works of William Shak... | What is the purpose of a variorum? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication"
]
} |
57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ac | Textual_criticism | The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and the works of William Shak... | Name one author who is less frequently the subject of a variorum. | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"Edward Fitzgerald"
]
} |
57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ad | Textual_criticism | The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and the works of William Shak... | Name two works that are often the subject of a variorum. | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare"
]
} |
57277f03708984140094df2d | Textual_criticism | Eclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading. Although a reading supported by the majority of witnesses is frequently preferred, this does not follow automatically. For example, a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event... | What is often included in an eclectic reading? | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"an impression of the number of witnesses"
]
} |
57277f03708984140094df2e | Textual_criticism | Eclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading. Although a reading supported by the majority of witnesses is frequently preferred, this does not follow automatically. For example, a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event... | Why would someone prefer a second edition to a first edition? | {
"answer_start": [
237
],
"text": [
"a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions"
]
} |
57277f03708984140094df2f | Textual_criticism | Eclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading. Although a reading supported by the majority of witnesses is frequently preferred, this does not follow automatically. For example, a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event... | Do textual critics always include additions found in the majority of subsequent versions of a work? | {
"answer_start": [
445
],
"text": [
"textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition."
]
} |
57278046f1498d1400e8fa0c | Textual_criticism | External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are al... | What is external evidence? | {
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses."
]
} |
57278046f1498d1400e8fa0d | Textual_criticism | External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are al... | Why are older manuscripts preferred? | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors."
]
} |
57278046f1498d1400e8fa0e | Textual_criticism | External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are al... | What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic? | {
"answer_start": [
444
],
"text": [
"geographically diverse"
]
} |
57278046f1498d1400e8fa0f | Textual_criticism | External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are al... | What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic? | {
"answer_start": [
660
],
"text": [
"more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one"
]
} |
57278182dd62a815002e9f08 | Textual_criticism | Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio difficilior potior (the harder ... | Is a lectio brevrio or lectio difficilior approach more akin to the original text? | {
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original."
]
} |
57278182dd62a815002e9f06 | Textual_criticism | Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio difficilior potior (the harder ... | What is the main principle of lectio brevior? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit"
]
} |
57278182dd62a815002e9f04 | Textual_criticism | Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio difficilior potior (the harder ... | Define "lectio brevior" | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"shorter reading"
]
} |
57278182dd62a815002e9f07 | Textual_criticism | Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio difficilior potior (the harder ... | What is the main principle of lectio difficilior? | {
"answer_start": [
353
],
"text": [
"the tendency for harmonization—resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text."
]
} |
57278182dd62a815002e9f05 | Textual_criticism | Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio difficilior potior (the harder ... | Define "lectio difficilior" | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"more difficult reading"
]
} |
572782e0708984140094dfa3 | Textual_criticism | Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties." They also argued that ... | How many rules were proposed in the 1881 publication of the New Testament in Greek? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"They proposed nine critical rules"
]
} |
572782e0708984140094dfa4 | Textual_criticism | Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties." They also argued that ... | What is Bengel's rule? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties."
]
} |
572782e0708984140094dfa5 | Textual_criticism | Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties." They also argued that ... | Does ease of reading correlate to accuracy in relation to the original text? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"\"The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.\""
]
} |
572782e0708984140094dfa6 | Textual_criticism | Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties." They also argued that ... | What is more important for a textual critic: quality or quantity? | {
"answer_start": [
321
],
"text": [
"Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses"
]
} |
572782e0708984140094dfa7 | Textual_criticism | Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828–1892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties." They also argued that ... | What is the criteria needed to include or dismiss a reading when critiquing texts? | {
"answer_start": [
443
],
"text": [
"The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others."
]
} |
57278440708984140094dfce | Textual_criticism | Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment. Best-... | When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"19th century"
]
} |
57278440708984140094dfcf | Textual_criticism | Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment. Best-... | What inclusion helps readers and critics understand the motivation behind the compiler? | {
"answer_start": [
660
],
"text": [
"The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images"
]
} |
57278440708984140094dfd0 | Textual_criticism | Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment. Best-... | What is a further benefit of including sources, texts and original images in a critique? | {
"answer_start": [
807
],
"text": [
"the depth of research of the critic"
]
} |
57278440708984140094dfcd | Textual_criticism | Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment. Best-... | Is textual criticism immune to bias on the part of the critic? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda"
]
} |
57278d085951b619008f8d3b | Textual_criticism | Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in classical Latin stemmata m... | What is stemmatics? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"a rigorous approach to textual criticism"
]
} |
57278d085951b619008f8d3c | Textual_criticism | Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in classical Latin stemmata m... | What is a cladogram? | {
"answer_start": [
504
],
"text": [
"The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram."
]
} |
57278d085951b619008f8d3d | Textual_criticism | Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in classical Latin stemmata m... | What is implied when two witnesses have a number of errors in common? | {
"answer_start": [
708
],
"text": [
"it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source"
]
} |
57278d085951b619008f8d3e | Textual_criticism | Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in classical Latin stemmata m... | What is a hyparchetype? | {
"answer_start": [
755
],
"text": [
"a common intermediate source"
]
} |
57278d085951b619008f8d3f | Textual_criticism | Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in classical Latin stemmata m... | What is recension? | {
"answer_start": [
986
],
"text": [
"The process of constructing the stemma"
]
} |
57278dd1dd62a815002ea040 | Textual_criticism | The process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family history of the text cannot be... | Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"examinatio and emendatio"
]
} |
57278dd1dd62a815002ea041 | Textual_criticism | The process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family history of the text cannot be... | What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable? | {
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"copy text editing"
]
} |
57278dd1dd62a815002ea042 | Textual_criticism | The process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family history of the text cannot be... | What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available? | {
"answer_start": [
510
],
"text": [
"eclecticism"
]
} |
57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc26 | Textual_criticism | The critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. He concluded that this ou... | What was Joseph Bédier's main criticism of the stemmatic method? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches."
]
} |
57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc27 | Textual_criticism | The critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. He concluded that this ou... | Why is a methos that only produces two branches seen as inferior? | {
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses."
]
} |
57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc28 | Textual_criticism | The critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. He concluded that this ou... | To what did Joseph Bédier attribute the prevalence of the stemmatic method? | {
"answer_start": [
508
],
"text": [
"editors tended to favor trees with two branches"
]
} |
57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc29 | Textual_criticism | The critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. He concluded that this ou... | Why would editors only want two alternative branches when analyzing a text? | {
"answer_start": [
560
],
"text": [
"this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment"
]
} |
57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc2a | Textual_criticism | The critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. He concluded that this ou... | What was the final implication of Joseph Bédier's analysis of the stemmatic method? | {
"answer_start": [
815
],
"text": [
"the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed."
]
} |
572790c15951b619008f8d9d | Textual_criticism | The stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as "conjectural emendation." But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For ex... | What is the last step in the stemmatic method? | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"emendatio"
]
} |
572790c15951b619008f8d9e | Textual_criticism | The stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as "conjectural emendation." But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For ex... | At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process"
]
} |
572790c15951b619008f8d9f | Textual_criticism | The stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as "conjectural emendation." But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For ex... | Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading? | {
"answer_start": [
459
],
"text": [
", it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading"
]
} |
572791ab5951b619008f8dcb | Textual_criticism | The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine." McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text ... | When was the term copy-text introduced? | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"1904"
]
} |
572791ab5951b619008f8dcc | Textual_criticism | The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine." McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text ... | What was the initial definition of copy-text? | {
"answer_start": [
133
],
"text": [
"the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine"
]
} |
572791ab5951b619008f8dcd | Textual_criticism | The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine." McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text ... | Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt."
]
} |
572792ee708984140094e147 | Textual_criticism | By 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript." He therefore concluded that the correct p... | Why did McKerrow alter his previous method of criticism? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\""
]
} |
572792ee708984140094e148 | Textual_criticism | By 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript." He therefore concluded that the correct p... | How did McKerrow alter his approach to copy-text analysis? | {
"answer_start": [
400
],
"text": [
"inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author.\""
]
} |
572792ee708984140094e149 | Textual_criticism | By 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript." He therefore concluded that the correct p... | What did McKerrow concede about his new copy-text method? | {
"answer_start": [
702
],
"text": [
"we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints"
]
} |
572792ee708984140094e14a | Textual_criticism | By 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript." He therefore concluded that the correct p... | What work was the first to see McKerrow use his new method? | {
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare"
]
} |
57279701dd62a815002ea148 | Textual_criticism | Although Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logical reason for giving prefe... | Are there times when an editor's judgement should be deferred? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced"
]
} |
57279701dd62a815002ea149 | Textual_criticism | Although Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logical reason for giving prefe... | What should one do when two readings are contradictory but balanced? | {
"answer_start": [
357
],
"text": [
"if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand."
]
} |
57279701dd62a815002ea14a | Textual_criticism | Although Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logical reason for giving prefe... | What do editors call variants that are exactly balanced? | {
"answer_start": [
500
],
"text": [
"indifferent"
]
} |
57279800708984140094e1b9 | Textual_criticism | Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare, Dryden, Fi... | Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period? | {
"answer_start": [
367
],
"text": [
"The principle is sound without regard for the literary period."
]
} |
57279800708984140094e1ba | Textual_criticism | Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare, Dryden, Fi... | What will an editor do in the case where an author's work was not wiped out? | {
"answer_start": [
536
],
"text": [
"the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text"
]
} |
57279800708984140094e1bb | Textual_criticism | Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare, Dryden, Fi... | What where the limitations of Greg's analyses? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"English Renaissance drama"
]
} |
57279800708984140094e1bc | Textual_criticism | Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare, Dryden, Fi... | What is the main criticism of Greg's work? | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"works where an author's manuscript survived"
]
} |
57279967dd62a815002ea19c | Textual_criticism | McKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions." Bowers stated similarly that the editor... | What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state"
]
} |
57279967dd62a815002ea19d | Textual_criticism | McKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions." Bowers stated similarly that the editor... | If an editor can't achieve an exact reproduction of an authors work, what should be the goal? | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy"
]
} |
57279967dd62a815002ea19e | Textual_criticism | McKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions." Bowers stated similarly that the editor... | What did Bower's say about Greg's method? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions"
]
} |
57279967dd62a815002ea19f | Textual_criticism | McKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions." Bowers stated similarly that the editor... | What did Tanselle say about textual criticism? | {
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author"
]
} |
57279ae4dd62a815002ea1ca | Textual_criticism | Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented "the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions." In his writings, Tanselle refers to "unconstrained authorial intention" ... | Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Bowers and Tanselle"
]
} |
57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cb | Textual_criticism | Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented "the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions." In his writings, Tanselle refers to "unconstrained authorial intention" ... | Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work? | {
"answer_start": [
265
],
"text": [
"Tanselle"
]
} |
57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cc | Textual_criticism | Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented "the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions." In his writings, Tanselle refers to "unconstrained authorial intention" ... | Does Greg believe a later work can be substituted for a earlier one? | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"a later reading \"is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former"
]
} |
57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cd | Textual_criticism | Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented "the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions." In his writings, Tanselle refers to "unconstrained authorial intention" ... | What idea did Tanselle champion? | {
"answer_start": [
285
],
"text": [
"unconstrained authorial intention"
]
} |
57279c33708984140094e235 | Textual_criticism | Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to rever... | What alterations did Crane make to secure commercial publication? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions"
]
} |
57279c33708984140094e236 | Textual_criticism | Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to rever... | What was Bower's first step in editing multiple works into a single product? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896"
]
} |
57279c33708984140094e237 | Textual_criticism | Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to rever... | What was Bower's second step in editing multiple works into a single product? | {
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own"
]
} |
57279c33708984140094e238 | Textual_criticism | Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to rever... | What was one of the criticisms Bowers faced after editing Maggie? | {
"answer_start": [
596
],
"text": [
"his judgment"
]
} |
57279d21ff5b5019007d910e | Textual_criticism | Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to rever... | I what year was Maggie printed for commercial use? | {
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"1896"
]
} |
57279d21ff5b5019007d910f | Textual_criticism | Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to rever... | What was the first step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896,"
]
} |
57279d21ff5b5019007d9110 | Textual_criticism | Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to rever... | What was the second step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions? | {
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention"
]
} |
57279d21ff5b5019007d9111 | Textual_criticism | Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to rever... | What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions"
]
} |
57279d21ff5b5019007d9112 | Textual_criticism | Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to rever... | When was Maggie first published? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"1893"
]
} |
57279e583acd2414000de7f9 | Textual_criticism | Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, "English scholarly editions have tended to us... | Are appendices easy to use for the average reader? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"appendices that are difficult to use,"
]
} |
57279e583acd2414000de7fa | Textual_criticism | Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, "English scholarly editions have tended to us... | Can a reader be certain of the validity of information found in a clear-text edition? | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves"
]
} |
57279e583acd2414000de7fb | Textual_criticism | Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, "English scholarly editions have tended to us... | How do most editors work around the reference problems of clear-text editing? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"notes at the foot of the text page"
]
} |
57279e583acd2414000de7fc | Textual_criticism | Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, "English scholarly editions have tended to us... | Where can a reader find more information on text variants after noticing a footnote? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"appendices"
]
} |
57279f9f3acd2414000de825 | Textual_criticism | Cladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different manuscripts is ente... | What is the biological basis for Cladistics? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species"
]
} |
57279f9f3acd2414000de826 | Textual_criticism | Cladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different manuscripts is ente... | How is evolution applied to textual criticism? | {
"answer_start": [
393
],
"text": [
"manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics"
]
} |
57279f9f3acd2414000de827 | Textual_criticism | Cladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different manuscripts is ente... | How is cladistics similar to the stemmatic method? | {
"answer_start": [
664
],
"text": [
"cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree"
]
} |
57279f9f3acd2414000de828 | Textual_criticism | Cladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different manuscripts is ente... | What is the main difference between cladistics and stemmatics? | {
"answer_start": [
984
],
"text": [
"does not indicate which branch of the tree is the \"root\""
]
} |
5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914a | Textual_criticism | Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptures. One aspect of that ef... | When did textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon? | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"the early 1970s"
]
} |
5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914b | Textual_criticism | Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptures. One aspect of that ef... | What was one portion of preparing a new edition of the Holy Scriptures? | {
"answer_start": [
334
],
"text": [
"digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes"
]
} |
5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914c | Textual_criticism | Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptures. One aspect of that ef... | How was the most reliable version of the Holy Scriptures determined? | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts"
]
} |
5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914d | Textual_criticism | Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptures. One aspect of that ef... | When did Larson finish his project? | {
"answer_start": [
679
],
"text": [
"1974"
]
} |
5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914e | Textual_criticism | Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptures. One aspect of that ef... | Whose observations were included in the 1981 publication of the Book of Mormon? | {
"answer_start": [
1092
],
"text": [
"Larson"
]
} |
5727a527ff5b5019007d91d0 | Textual_criticism | By 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Proj... | What is FARMS? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies"
]
} |
5727a527ff5b5019007d91d1 | Textual_criticism | By 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Proj... | Who spearheaded the Critical Text of the Book of Mormon project? | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"Robert F. Smith"
]
} |
5727a527ff5b5019007d91d2 | Textual_criticism | By 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Proj... | How many years did it take to publish all three volumes of the Book of Mormon Critical Text? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987"
]
} |
5727a527ff5b5019007d91d3 | Textual_criticism | By 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Proj... | Was the third volume of the first edition deemed sufficient? | {
"answer_start": [
411
],
"text": [
"The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work"
]
} |
5727a527ff5b5019007d91d4 | Textual_criticism | By 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Proj... | Who is the head of FARMS? | {
"answer_start": [
673
],
"text": [
"Professor John W. Welch"
]
} |
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