id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5727a65f4b864d190016396a | Textual_criticism | In 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied t... | When was phase one completed? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1988"
]
} |
5727a65f4b864d190016396b | Textual_criticism | In 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied t... | Who took over after the preliminary phase? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"Professor Skousen"
]
} |
5727a65f4b864d190016396c | Textual_criticism | In 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied t... | Why did Professor Skousen gather fragments and have them analyzed? | {
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"to obtain fine readings"
]
} |
5727a65f4b864d190016396d | Textual_criticism | In 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied t... | What process what used to study the gathered fragments? | {
"answer_start": [
278
],
"text": [
"advanced photographic techniques"
]
} |
5727a65f4b864d190016396e | Textual_criticism | In 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied t... | On what did Skousen analyze ink and pencil remnants? | {
"answer_start": [
419
],
"text": [
"Printer’s Manuscript"
]
} |
5727a7474b864d1900163988 | Textual_criticism | Shemaryahu Talmon, who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare. As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the textual variants are fairly i... | How common are variations in text that alter the meaning of the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible? | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"extremely rare"
]
} |
5727a7474b864d1900163989 | Textual_criticism | Shemaryahu Talmon, who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare. As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the textual variants are fairly i... | To what degree do variations in the Old Testament alter the meaning? | {
"answer_start": [
337
],
"text": [
"hardly affect any doctrine"
]
} |
5727a7474b864d190016398a | Textual_criticism | Shemaryahu Talmon, who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare. As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the textual variants are fairly i... | Who claims that the Old Testament is essentially the same throughout all variations? | {
"answer_start": [
365
],
"text": [
"Professor Douglas Stuart"
]
} |
5727a7474b864d190016398b | Textual_criticism | Shemaryahu Talmon, who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare. As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the textual variants are fairly i... | How many variations of the Old Testament offer the same meaning? | {
"answer_start": [
569
],
"text": [
"virtually every possible alternative reading"
]
} |
5727a8e9ff5b5019007d9218 | Textual_criticism | While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use... | Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses? | {
"answer_start": [
233
],
"text": [
"There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible"
]
} |
5727a8e9ff5b5019007d9219 | Textual_criticism | While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use... | What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works? | {
"answer_start": [
438
],
"text": [
"within 200 years"
]
} |
5727a8e9ff5b5019007d921a | Textual_criticism | While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use... | What's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works? | {
"answer_start": [
543
],
"text": [
"about a millennium after their composition"
]
} |
5727a8e9ff5b5019007d921b | Textual_criticism | While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use... | How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts? | {
"answer_start": [
640
],
"text": [
"a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text."
]
} |
5727a9f72ca10214002d9326 | Textual_criticism | Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All the notes accounting... | What is the criteria for copyright? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"if enough creativity/originality is provided"
]
} |
5727a9f72ca10214002d9327 | Textual_criticism | Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All the notes accounting... | What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct"
]
} |
5727a9f72ca10214002d9328 | Textual_criticism | Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All the notes accounting... | Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work? | {
"answer_start": [
296
],
"text": [
"All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable"
]
} |
5727a9f72ca10214002d9329 | Textual_criticism | Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All the notes accounting... | What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy? | {
"answer_start": [
557
],
"text": [
"the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works"
]
} |
57277660dd62a815002e9d82 | Gramophone_record | A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a "record", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the cen... | What does LP stand for when it comes to time capacity? | {
"answer_start": [
582
],
"text": [
"long playing"
]
} |
57277660dd62a815002e9d83 | Gramophone_record | A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a "record", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the cen... | What are common diameters found in phonograph records? | {
"answer_start": [
409
],
"text": [
"12\", 10\", 7\""
]
} |
57277660dd62a815002e9d84 | Gramophone_record | A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a "record", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the cen... | What is a gramophone or 'vinyl' record? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"analogue sound storage medium"
]
} |
57277660dd62a815002e9d85 | Gramophone_record | A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a "record", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the cen... | Where does the groove on a vinyl record typically start? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"near the periphery"
]
} |
57277660dd62a815002e9d86 | Gramophone_record | A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a "record", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the cen... | In what method is the rotational speed measured in? | {
"answer_start": [
448
],
"text": [
"rpm"
]
} |
57277777f1498d1400e8f8e6 | Gramophone_record | The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record–with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s–by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact ... | What was the primary use of a phonographic disc record? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"music reproduction"
]
} |
57277777f1498d1400e8f8e7 | Gramophone_record | The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record–with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s–by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact ... | Which year did vinyl records leave the main steam media market? | {
"answer_start": [
494
],
"text": [
"1991"
]
} |
57277777f1498d1400e8f8e8 | Gramophone_record | The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record–with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s–by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact ... | From the 1990s to 2010s who was the primary consumer of vinyl records? | {
"answer_start": [
628
],
"text": [
"disc jockeys (DJ)s"
]
} |
57277777f1498d1400e8f8e9 | Gramophone_record | The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record–with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s–by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact ... | Approximately how many phonograph records were sold in 2014? | {
"answer_start": [
812
],
"text": [
"9.2 million"
]
} |
57277777f1498d1400e8f8ea | Gramophone_record | The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record–with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s–by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact ... | What is the niche market of phonograph record fans known as? | {
"answer_start": [
721
],
"text": [
"audiophiles"
]
} |
572778755951b619008f8ab7 | Gramophone_record | The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted in... | What was the original intent of the phonautograph? | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"visual analysis"
]
} |
572778755951b619008f8ab8 | Gramophone_record | The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted in... | In what years where phonautograms converted to audible sound? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"2000s"
]
} |
572778755951b619008f8ab9 | Gramophone_record | The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted in... | What year were the earliest known recordings of sound? | {
"answer_start": [
529
],
"text": [
"1857"
]
} |
572778755951b619008f8aba | Gramophone_record | The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted in... | By whom was the phonautograms patented? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"Léon Scott"
]
} |
572778755951b619008f8abb | Gramophone_record | The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted in... | In what year was phonautograms patented? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"1857"
]
} |
57277b12708984140094decb | Gramophone_record | In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no documentary evidence that Edison's phonograph was based on Scott's phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a wax-impregnated paper ta... | In what year did Thomas Edison invent the phonograph? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1877"
]
} |
57277b12708984140094decc | Gramophone_record | In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no documentary evidence that Edison's phonograph was based on Scott's phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a wax-impregnated paper ta... | How did the phonograph differ from the phonautograph? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"capable of both recording and reproducing sound"
]
} |
57277b12708984140094decd | Gramophone_record | In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no documentary evidence that Edison's phonograph was based on Scott's phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a wax-impregnated paper ta... | What was unique about Einsteins invention? | {
"answer_start": [
1078
],
"text": [
"reproducing sound"
]
} |
57277b12708984140094dece | Gramophone_record | In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no documentary evidence that Edison's phonograph was based on Scott's phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a wax-impregnated paper ta... | At what era was the recorded sound market introduced? | {
"answer_start": [
1678
],
"text": [
"1880s"
]
} |
572789cd708984140094e043 | Gramophone_record | Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner, who named his system the "gramophone", distinguishing it from Edison's wax cylinder "phonograph" and Columbia's wax cylinder "graphophone". Berliner's earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 5 inches (13 cm) in diam... | What is the name of lateral cut disc records? | {
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"gramophone"
]
} |
572789cd708984140094e044 | Gramophone_record | Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner, who named his system the "gramophone", distinguishing it from Edison's wax cylinder "phonograph" and Columbia's wax cylinder "graphophone". Berliner's earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 5 inches (13 cm) in diam... | What was an issue found with Berliner's records initially? | {
"answer_start": [
740
],
"text": [
"poor sound quality"
]
} |
572789cd708984140094e045 | Gramophone_record | Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner, who named his system the "gramophone", distinguishing it from Edison's wax cylinder "phonograph" and Columbia's wax cylinder "graphophone". Berliner's earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 5 inches (13 cm) in diam... | Where were lateral cut disc records developed? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"United States"
]
} |
572789cd708984140094e046 | Gramophone_record | Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner, who named his system the "gramophone", distinguishing it from Edison's wax cylinder "phonograph" and Columbia's wax cylinder "graphophone". Berliner's earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 5 inches (13 cm) in diam... | What is 'Victor Talking Machine now known as? | {
"answer_start": [
1193
],
"text": [
"RCA Victor"
]
} |
572789cd708984140094e047 | Gramophone_record | Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner, who named his system the "gramophone", distinguishing it from Edison's wax cylinder "phonograph" and Columbia's wax cylinder "graphophone". Berliner's earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 5 inches (13 cm) in diam... | Where is the museum dedicated to Berliner located? | {
"answer_start": [
1250
],
"text": [
"Montreal"
]
} |
57278b575951b619008f8cf7 | Gramophone_record | In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, while contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a... | What was the name of the discs Edison introduced in 1909? | {
"answer_start": [
641
],
"text": [
"Blue Amberol cylinders"
]
} |
57278b575951b619008f8cf8 | Gramophone_record | In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, while contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a... | What year did the patent for lateral cut discs expire? | {
"answer_start": [
723
],
"text": [
"1919"
]
} |
57278b575951b619008f8cf9 | Gramophone_record | In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, while contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a... | What format dominated the market in the late 1980s? | {
"answer_start": [
962
],
"text": [
"digital compact disc"
]
} |
57278b575951b619008f8cfa | Gramophone_record | In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, while contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a... | What disc format was the least fragile prior to 1919? | {
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"Amberol cylinder"
]
} |
57278b575951b619008f8cfb | Gramophone_record | In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, while contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a... | What was the playing surface of the blue amerbol cylinder discs made of? | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"celluloid"
]
} |
57278ca1708984140094e099 | Gramophone_record | Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound being collected by a horn and piped to a diaphragm, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer practicall... | What were two drawback of early recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"Sensitivity and frequency range were poor"
]
} |
57278ca1708984140094e09a | Gramophone_record | Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound being collected by a horn and piped to a diaphragm, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer practicall... | How would one make to early recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"face in the recording horn"
]
} |
57278ca1708984140094e09b | Gramophone_record | Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound being collected by a horn and piped to a diaphragm, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer practicall... | What types of violins worked best with early recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
585
],
"text": [
"Stroh violins"
]
} |
57278ca1708984140094e09c | Gramophone_record | Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound being collected by a horn and piped to a diaphragm, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer practicall... | What instruments did not record well? | {
"answer_start": [
372
],
"text": [
"Lower-pitched orchestral instruments"
]
} |
57278ca1708984140094e09d | Gramophone_record | Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound being collected by a horn and piped to a diaphragm, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer practicall... | How was the frequency response in early recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"very irregular"
]
} |
57278d8e5951b619008f8d4f | Gramophone_record | Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King... | What tool was used to improve sound quality in early recordings for special effects? | {
"answer_start": [
697
],
"text": [
"moveable platform"
]
} |
57278d8e5951b619008f8d50 | Gramophone_record | Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King... | Where were loud instruments best placed for good sound quality? | {
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"farthest away from the collecting horn"
]
} |
57278d8e5951b619008f8d51 | Gramophone_record | Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King... | How far away has a trumpeter been known to stand? | {
"answer_start": [
555
],
"text": [
"fifteen feet"
]
} |
57278d8e5951b619008f8d52 | Gramophone_record | Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King... | Were drums heard on early jazz recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"drums could be effectively used"
]
} |
57278d8e5951b619008f8d53 | Gramophone_record | Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King... | What was the item called that recorded the sounds? | {
"answer_start": [
261
],
"text": [
"collecting horn"
]
} |
57278ed7dd62a815002ea04e | Gramophone_record | During the first half of the 1920s, engineers at Western Electric, as well as independent inventors such as Orlando Marsh, developed technology for capturing sound with a microphone, amplifying it with vacuum tubes, then using the amplified signal to drive an electromagnetic recording head. Western Electric's innovatio... | What was an early took used to amplify sounds? | {
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"vacuum tubes"
]
} |
57278ed7dd62a815002ea04f | Gramophone_record | During the first half of the 1920s, engineers at Western Electric, as well as independent inventors such as Orlando Marsh, developed technology for capturing sound with a microphone, amplifying it with vacuum tubes, then using the amplified signal to drive an electromagnetic recording head. Western Electric's innovatio... | What company was vital in progression of quality sound recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
292
],
"text": [
"Western Electric"
]
} |
57278ed7dd62a815002ea050 | Gramophone_record | During the first half of the 1920s, engineers at Western Electric, as well as independent inventors such as Orlando Marsh, developed technology for capturing sound with a microphone, amplifying it with vacuum tubes, then using the amplified signal to drive an electromagnetic recording head. Western Electric's innovatio... | How early were electrically recorded discs made available for purchase? | {
"answer_start": [
811
],
"text": [
"1925"
]
} |
57278ed7dd62a815002ea051 | Gramophone_record | During the first half of the 1920s, engineers at Western Electric, as well as independent inventors such as Orlando Marsh, developed technology for capturing sound with a microphone, amplifying it with vacuum tubes, then using the amplified signal to drive an electromagnetic recording head. Western Electric's innovatio... | What was new about the way Western Electrics method of capturing sound? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"microphone"
]
} |
57278ed7dd62a815002ea052 | Gramophone_record | During the first half of the 1920s, engineers at Western Electric, as well as independent inventors such as Orlando Marsh, developed technology for capturing sound with a microphone, amplifying it with vacuum tubes, then using the amplified signal to drive an electromagnetic recording head. Western Electric's innovatio... | How could the sounds produced by Western Electric be described? | {
"answer_start": [
412
],
"text": [
"fuller, clearer and more natural"
]
} |
5727903ddd62a815002ea084 | Gramophone_record | Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included elec... | What was a drawback of early home recording systems? | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"high cost"
]
} |
5727903ddd62a815002ea085 | Gramophone_record | Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included elec... | What was the initial cost range of early recording devices? | {
"answer_start": [
402
],
"text": [
"US$95 to US$300"
]
} |
5727903ddd62a815002ea086 | Gramophone_record | Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included elec... | What year was the Victor Orthophonic Victrola released? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"1925"
]
} |
5727903ddd62a815002ea087 | Gramophone_record | Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included elec... | What was the typical weekly pay of a worker in 1925? | {
"answer_start": [
569
],
"text": [
"$20"
]
} |
5727903ddd62a815002ea088 | Gramophone_record | Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included elec... | What options were available that effected the cost of the Victor Orthophonic Victorla? | {
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"cabinetry"
]
} |
572792d6dd62a815002ea0c6 | Gramophone_record | The earliest disc records (1889–1894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about tw... | What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"hard rubber"
]
} |
572792d6dd62a815002ea0c7 | Gramophone_record | The earliest disc records (1889–1894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about tw... | What was the standard material for discs around 1895? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"a shellac-based compound"
]
} |
572792d6dd62a815002ea0c8 | Gramophone_record | The earliest disc records (1889–1894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about tw... | What company was known for laminate construction of discs? | {
"answer_start": [
714
],
"text": [
"Columbia Records"
]
} |
572792d6dd62a815002ea0c9 | Gramophone_record | The earliest disc records (1889–1894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about tw... | What material give the vinyl records their known black color? | {
"answer_start": [
470
],
"text": [
"carbon"
]
} |
572792d6dd62a815002ea0ca | Gramophone_record | The earliest disc records (1889–1894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about tw... | What material is used in order to release the vinyl records from their molds? | {
"answer_start": [
636
],
"text": [
"lubricant"
]
} |
57279468dd62a815002ea106 | Gramophone_record | Flexible or so-called "unbreakable" records made of unusual materials were introduced by a number of manufacturers at various times during the 78 rpm era. In the UK, Nicole records, made of celluloid or a similar substance coated onto a cardboard core disc, were produced for a few years beginning in 1904, but they suff... | What was a major downfall of the success of Durium records? | {
"answer_start": [
1356
],
"text": [
"Great Depression"
]
} |
57279468dd62a815002ea107 | Gramophone_record | Flexible or so-called "unbreakable" records made of unusual materials were introduced by a number of manufacturers at various times during the 78 rpm era. In the UK, Nicole records, made of celluloid or a similar substance coated onto a cardboard core disc, were produced for a few years beginning in 1904, but they suff... | What year were Durium records no longer released in the US? | {
"answer_start": [
1407
],
"text": [
"1932"
]
} |
57279468dd62a815002ea108 | Gramophone_record | Flexible or so-called "unbreakable" records made of unusual materials were introduced by a number of manufacturers at various times during the 78 rpm era. In the UK, Nicole records, made of celluloid or a similar substance coated onto a cardboard core disc, were produced for a few years beginning in 1904, but they suff... | What are most 78 rpm records made of? | {
"answer_start": [
1675
],
"text": [
"shellac compounds"
]
} |
57279468dd62a815002ea109 | Gramophone_record | Flexible or so-called "unbreakable" records made of unusual materials were introduced by a number of manufacturers at various times during the 78 rpm era. In the UK, Nicole records, made of celluloid or a similar substance coated onto a cardboard core disc, were produced for a few years beginning in 1904, but they suff... | What was a common problem found in early flexible records? | {
"answer_start": [
361
],
"text": [
"surface noise"
]
} |
57279468dd62a815002ea10a | Gramophone_record | Flexible or so-called "unbreakable" records made of unusual materials were introduced by a number of manufacturers at various times during the 78 rpm era. In the UK, Nicole records, made of celluloid or a similar substance coated onto a cardboard core disc, were produced for a few years beginning in 1904, but they suff... | What was the thin translucent plastic most successfully used to make discs called? | {
"answer_start": [
1105
],
"text": [
"Durium"
]
} |
5727973bf1498d1400e8fcfe | Gramophone_record | In 1931, RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records. By the end of the 1930s vinyl's advantages of light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other ... | What material was used by RCA Victor for special purpose records? | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"vinyl-based Victrolac compound"
]
} |
5727973bf1498d1400e8fcff | Gramophone_record | In 1931, RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records. By the end of the 1930s vinyl's advantages of light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other ... | What was Metrolite and Sav-o-flex materials primarily used for? | {
"answer_start": [
1335
],
"text": [
"children's records"
]
} |
5727973bf1498d1400e8fd00 | Gramophone_record | In 1931, RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records. By the end of the 1930s vinyl's advantages of light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other ... | What year was the Victrolac compound released? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1931"
]
} |
5727973bf1498d1400e8fd01 | Gramophone_record | In 1931, RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records. By the end of the 1930s vinyl's advantages of light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other ... | What were advantages of vinyl in the 1930's? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise"
]
} |
5727973bf1498d1400e8fd02 | Gramophone_record | In 1931, RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records. By the end of the 1930s vinyl's advantages of light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other ... | What was a downfall of ordinary 78 rpm vinyls in household house? | {
"answer_start": [
402
],
"text": [
"higher cost"
]
} |
572798b8dd62a815002ea17e | Gramophone_record | In the 1890s, the recording formats of the earliest (toy) discs were mainly 12.5 cm (nominally five inches) in diameter; by the mid-1890s, the discs were usually 7 in (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4 cm) record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or other... | What was the most popular sized disc by 1910? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"10-inch"
]
} |
572798b8dd62a815002ea17f | Gramophone_record | In the 1890s, the recording formats of the earliest (toy) discs were mainly 12.5 cm (nominally five inches) in diameter; by the mid-1890s, the discs were usually 7 in (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4 cm) record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or other... | How long could a recording be on a 10 inch disc in the 1903? | {
"answer_start": [
475
],
"text": [
"four to five minutes of music per side"
]
} |
572798b8dd62a815002ea180 | Gramophone_record | In the 1890s, the recording formats of the earliest (toy) discs were mainly 12.5 cm (nominally five inches) in diameter; by the mid-1890s, the discs were usually 7 in (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4 cm) record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or other... | How small were the earliest discs released? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"12.5 cm"
]
} |
572798b8dd62a815002ea181 | Gramophone_record | In the 1890s, the recording formats of the earliest (toy) discs were mainly 12.5 cm (nominally five inches) in diameter; by the mid-1890s, the discs were usually 7 in (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4 cm) record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or other... | What was one requirement issue with discs popular in Britain? | {
"answer_start": [
897
],
"text": [
"modification of the equipment"
]
} |
572798b8dd62a815002ea182 | Gramophone_record | In the 1890s, the recording formats of the earliest (toy) discs were mainly 12.5 cm (nominally five inches) in diameter; by the mid-1890s, the discs were usually 7 in (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4 cm) record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or other... | Which disc could hold about three minutes of recording on either side? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"10-inch"
]
} |
572799a9dd62a815002ea1ae | Gramophone_record | The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as early cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Becaus... | What factors would effect playing time of a phonograph? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"turntable speed and the groove spacing"
]
} |
572799a9dd62a815002ea1af | Gramophone_record | The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as early cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Becaus... | What was the playing time common in the early 20th century? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"two minutes"
]
} |
572799a9dd62a815002ea1b0 | Gramophone_record | The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as early cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Becaus... | How many recordings did Kind Oliver's Creole Jazz band require? | {
"answer_start": [
645
],
"text": [
"13"
]
} |
572799a9dd62a815002ea1b1 | Gramophone_record | The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as early cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Becaus... | What was the normal size disc for popular music? | {
"answer_start": [
324
],
"text": [
"10-inch"
]
} |
572799a9dd62a815002ea1b2 | Gramophone_record | The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as early cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Becaus... | What was the recording time available on a 12 inch disc? | {
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"three and a half minutes"
]
} |
57279b65ff5b5019007d90da | Gramophone_record | In January 1938, Milt Gabler started recording for his new label, Commodore Records, and to allow for longer continuous performances, he recorded some 12-inch records. Eddie Condon explained: "Gabler realized that a jam session needs room for development." The first two 12-inch recordings did not take advantage of the ... | On which label did Frank Sinatra release his recording of Soliloquy? | {
"answer_start": [
1645
],
"text": [
"Columbia's Masterwork label"
]
} |
57279b65ff5b5019007d90db | Gramophone_record | In January 1938, Milt Gabler started recording for his new label, Commodore Records, and to allow for longer continuous performances, he recorded some 12-inch records. Eddie Condon explained: "Gabler realized that a jam session needs room for development." The first two 12-inch recordings did not take advantage of the ... | What was a typical recording time of a song in 1948? | {
"answer_start": [
1319
],
"text": [
"about 3:30"
]
} |
57279b65ff5b5019007d90dc | Gramophone_record | In January 1938, Milt Gabler started recording for his new label, Commodore Records, and to allow for longer continuous performances, he recorded some 12-inch records. Eddie Condon explained: "Gabler realized that a jam session needs room for development." The first two 12-inch recordings did not take advantage of the ... | What was a way musicians got sounds such short recording times? | {
"answer_start": [
832
],
"text": [
"release a set of records"
]
} |
57279b65ff5b5019007d90dd | Gramophone_record | In January 1938, Milt Gabler started recording for his new label, Commodore Records, and to allow for longer continuous performances, he recorded some 12-inch records. Eddie Condon explained: "Gabler realized that a jam session needs room for development." The first two 12-inch recordings did not take advantage of the ... | How many sides of a disc commonly held a recording? | {
"answer_start": [
736
],
"text": [
"two sides"
]
} |
57279cc0708984140094e23d | Gramophone_record | German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package. (It is not indicated what size the records are.) However, Deutsche Grammophon had produced an album for its complete recording of th... | What was unique about Odeon's 1909 release of the Nutcracker Suite? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package"
]
} |
57279cc0708984140094e23e | Gramophone_record | German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package. (It is not indicated what size the records are.) However, Deutsche Grammophon had produced an album for its complete recording of th... | What was one of the first releases with a photo on the cover? | {
"answer_start": [
555
],
"text": [
"The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan)"
]
} |
57279cc0708984140094e23f | Gramophone_record | German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package. (It is not indicated what size the records are.) However, Deutsche Grammophon had produced an album for its complete recording of th... | When were albums said to be pioneered? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"1909"
]
} |
57279cc0708984140094e240 | Gramophone_record | German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package. (It is not indicated what size the records are.) However, Deutsche Grammophon had produced an album for its complete recording of th... | What was one of the very first albums released? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky"
]
} |
57279d66ff5b5019007d9118 | Gramophone_record | By about 1910,[note 1] bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover, similar to a photograph album, were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records (the term "record album" was printed on some covers). These albums came in both 10-inch and 12-inch sizes. The covers of... | When could record album covers first be found? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"1910"
]
} |
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