id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5728e2104b864d190016500f | Detroit | I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, prov... | What is I-696 called? | {
"answer_start": [
247
],
"text": [
"Reuther Freeway"
]
} |
5728e2104b864d1900165010 | Detroit | I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, prov... | Which highway runs through the northern suburbs of Detroit? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"I-696"
]
} |
5728e2104b864d1900165011 | Detroit | I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, prov... | Michigan uses what letter to designate roads that connect major highways? | {
"answer_start": [
492
],
"text": [
"M"
]
} |
5728e2104b864d1900165012 | Detroit | I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, prov... | Which highway runs north from I-75 to the junction of I-96 and I-696? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"I-275"
]
} |
5727b6064b864d1900163b0a | Culture | Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of va... | How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define "Culture" in short? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"the way of life"
]
} |
5727b6064b864d1900163b0b | Culture | Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of va... | What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views? | {
"answer_start": [
170
],
"text": [
"Terror Management Theory"
]
} |
5727b6064b864d1900163b0c | Culture | Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of va... | What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture? | {
"answer_start": [
518
],
"text": [
"larger brain"
]
} |
5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9c | Culture | As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act... | Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant? | {
"answer_start": [
430
],
"text": [
"50,000 years ago"
]
} |
5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9d | Culture | As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act... | Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today. | {
"answer_start": [
921
],
"text": [
"kinship, gender and marriage"
]
} |
5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9e | Culture | As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act... | What does the term "concept material culture" cover? | {
"answer_start": [
1212
],
"text": [
"technology, architecture and art"
]
} |
5727bf163acd2414000deb55 | Culture | In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less compl... | What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly? | {
"answer_start": [
763
],
"text": [
"body modification, clothing or jewelry"
]
} |
5727bf163acd2414000deb56 | Culture | In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less compl... | Around what time did Mass Culture emerge? | {
"answer_start": [
927
],
"text": [
"20th century"
]
} |
5727bf163acd2414000deb57 | Culture | In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less compl... | What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for? | {
"answer_start": [
1057
],
"text": [
"as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness"
]
} |
5727c37eff5b5019007d94a0 | Culture | When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "cult... | What does the term "Count Noun" mean? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"a culture"
]
} |
5727c37eff5b5019007d94a1 | Culture | When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "cult... | What cultural traits fall under the term count noun? | {
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"customs, traditions and values of a society or community"
]
} |
5727c37eff5b5019007d94a2 | Culture | When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "cult... | What falls within the term "cultural anthropology"? | {
"answer_start": [
488
],
"text": [
"the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism"
]
} |
5727c8104b864d1900163cfc | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | What is the modern term "culture" based on? | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero"
]
} |
5727c8104b864d1900163cfd | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero? | {
"answer_start": [
337
],
"text": [
"Samuel Pufendorf"
]
} |
5727c8104b864d1900163cfe | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it? | {
"answer_start": [
430
],
"text": [
"no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection"
]
} |
5727f325ff5b5019007d9914 | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"social dynamics and promoting new cultural models"
]
} |
5727f325ff5b5019007d9915 | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"U.S. feminist movement"
]
} |
5727f325ff5b5019007d9916 | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics? | {
"answer_start": [
557
],
"text": [
"ice age"
]
} |
5727f460ff5b5019007d991a | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | What may impact social dynamics and technical development? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"War or competition over resources"
]
} |
5727f460ff5b5019007d991b | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
478
],
"text": [
"fast food"
]
} |
5727f460ff5b5019007d991c | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean? | {
"answer_start": [
574
],
"text": [
"the sharing of ideas"
]
} |
5727f460ff5b5019007d991d | Culture | Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through dif... | Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products? | {
"answer_start": [
803
],
"text": [
"Diffusion of innovations"
]
} |
5727f60f3acd2414000df0e1 | Culture | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Again... | Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity". | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Immanuel Kant"
]
} |
5727f60f3acd2414000df0e2 | Culture | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Again... | What does the term Sapere aude mean? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"Dare to be wise"
]
} |
5727f60f3acd2414000df0e3 | Culture | Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Again... | Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality? | {
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"Johann Gottfried Herder"
]
} |
5727f7802ca10214002d9a5e | Culture | In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out o... | Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"Wilhelm von Humboldt"
]
} |
5727f7802ca10214002d9a5f | Culture | In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out o... | During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"Romantic era"
]
} |
5727f7802ca10214002d9a60 | Culture | In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out o... | What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era? | {
"answer_start": [
494
],
"text": [
"Weltanschauung"
]
} |
5727f88a4b864d19001640f2 | Culture | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared? | {
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"elementary ideas"
]
} |
5727f88a4b864d19001640f3 | Culture | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Adolf Bastian"
]
} |
5727f88a4b864d19001640f4 | Culture | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture? | {
"answer_start": [
493
],
"text": [
"Franz Boas"
]
} |
5727fa303acd2414000df137 | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | What did culture refer to in practice? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"élite ideal"
]
} |
5727fa303acd2414000df138 | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | What was associated with culture during this German practice? | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"art, classical music, and haute cuisine"
]
} |
5727fa303acd2414000df139 | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | Art and music were some of these forms of cultural related to what type of living? | {
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"urban life"
]
} |
5727fa303acd2414000df13a | Culture | In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, ... | The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period? | {
"answer_start": [
616
],
"text": [
"inequalities within European societies."
]
} |
5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad2 | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"anarchy"
]
} |
5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad3 | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | Which two philosophers contrasted "culture" with the state of nature? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau"
]
} |
5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad4 | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | Which race was considered living "in a state of nature" by the Europeans? | {
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"Native Americans"
]
} |
5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad5 | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | "In a state of nature" was divided into two groups, what where they? | {
"answer_start": [
393
],
"text": [
"\"civilized\" and \"uncivilized.\""
]
} |
5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a72 | Culture | Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produce... | What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture? | {
"answer_start": [
298
],
"text": [
"folk music"
]
} |
5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a73 | Culture | Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produce... | Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent? | {
"answer_start": [
421
],
"text": [
"classical music"
]
} |
5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a74 | Culture | Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produce... | What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people? | {
"answer_start": [
528
],
"text": [
"noble savages"
]
} |
5728004a3acd2414000df1e1 | Culture | Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolica... | Who's definition of culture did anthropologist accept? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"Tylor's"
]
} |
5728004a3acd2414000df1e2 | Culture | Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolica... | What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture? | {
"answer_start": [
486
],
"text": [
"biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology."
]
} |
5728004a3acd2414000df1e3 | Culture | Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolica... | In which century did "culture" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge? | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"20th century"
]
} |
572802a8ff5b5019007d9adc | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals? | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"Georg Simmel"
]
} |
572802a8ff5b5019007d9add | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel? | {
"answer_start": [
369
],
"text": [
"ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects"
]
} |
572802a8ff5b5019007d9ade | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | What does non-material culture refer to? | {
"answer_start": [
586
],
"text": [
"non physical ideas"
]
} |
572802a8ff5b5019007d9adf | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | The term material culture is only relevant to what? | {
"answer_start": [
902
],
"text": [
"archeological and anthropological studies"
]
} |
5728040b4b864d1900164234 | Culture | Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmod... | Where did sociology culture stem from? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"Weimar Germany"
]
} |
5728040b4b864d1900164235 | Culture | Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmod... | Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology? | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"Alfred Weber"
]
} |
5728040b4b864d1900164236 | Culture | Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmod... | What do cultural sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture? | {
"answer_start": [
515
],
"text": [
"scientific methods"
]
} |
5728071d4b864d190016427c | Culture | The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy ... | Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"Marx, Durkheim, and Weber"
]
} |
5728071d4b864d190016427d | Culture | The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy ... | What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture? | {
"answer_start": [
626
],
"text": [
"popular culture, political control, and social class"
]
} |
5728071d4b864d190016427e | Culture | The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy ... | What is most of the research into sociological culture ? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"qualitative"
]
} |
572808a2ff5b5019007d9b72 | Culture | In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, spo... | Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988)"
]
} |
572808a2ff5b5019007d9b73 | Culture | In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, spo... | What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams they identify culture as? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"consumption goods and leisure activities"
]
} |
572808a2ff5b5019007d9b74 | Culture | In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, spo... | What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing"
]
} |
572808a2ff5b5019007d9b75 | Culture | In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, spo... | What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production? | {
"answer_start": [
359
],
"text": [
"saw patterns of consumption and leisure"
]
} |
572809bfff5b5019007d9b8e | Culture | In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly ass... | In the U.S what does "Cultural Studies" focus largely on in this field? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"popular culture"
]
} |
572809bfff5b5019007d9b8f | Culture | In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly ass... | Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Richard Hoggart"
]
} |
572809bfff5b5019007d9b90 | Culture | In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly ass... | What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964? | {
"answer_start": [
227
],
"text": [
"Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS"
]
} |
572809bfff5b5019007d9b91 | Culture | In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly ass... | The CCCS has since been associated with who? | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"Stuart Hall"
]
} |
57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc4 | Culture | From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, ... | Who did Stuart Hall work along side with? | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie"
]
} |
57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc5 | Culture | From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, ... | What did Stuart and his colleagues create? | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"international intellectual movement."
]
} |
57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc6 | Culture | From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, ... | In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on? | {
"answer_start": [
549
],
"text": [
"matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender"
]
} |
57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc7 | Culture | From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, ... | Capitalism can be referred to as what process? | {
"answer_start": [
1491
],
"text": [
"a process called globalization"
]
} |
57280ddfff5b5019007d9be6 | Culture | In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultu... | The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles"
]
} |
57280ddfff5b5019007d9be7 | Culture | In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultu... | Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies? | {
"answer_start": [
373
],
"text": [
"high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture"
]
} |
57280ddfff5b5019007d9be8 | Culture | In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultu... | What makes up cooperative cultural studies? | {
"answer_start": [
621
],
"text": [
"based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies"
]
} |
57280eea3acd2414000df353 | Culture | Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of... | Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies? | {
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"late 1970s"
]
} |
57280eea3acd2414000df354 | Culture | Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of... | When did the British version of cultural studies emerge? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"1950s and 1960s"
]
} |
57280eea3acd2414000df355 | Culture | Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of... | Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K? | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall"
]
} |
57280eea3acd2414000df356 | Culture | Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of... | Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS? | {
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"the University of Birmingham"
]
} |
57281099ff5b5019007d9c42 | Culture | In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for examp... | Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"Lindlof and Taylor"
]
} |
57281099ff5b5019007d9c43 | Culture | In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for examp... | From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled to essentially control a culture? | {
"answer_start": [
1035
],
"text": [
"the economic base"
]
} |
572818dfff5b5019007d9d2a | Culture | Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenizatio... | How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"29 ways"
]
} |
572818dfff5b5019007d9d2b | Culture | Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenizatio... | What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to? | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"enlightenment"
]
} |
572818dfff5b5019007d9d2c | Culture | Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenizatio... | What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways? | {
"answer_start": [
532
],
"text": [
"secular society"
]
} |
5727b786ff5b5019007d9346 | Sahara | The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the res... | What is the third hottest desert in the world? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Sahara"
]
} |
5727ba822ca10214002d94dc | Sahara | The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the res... | What is the third largest desert in the world? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Sahara"
]
} |
5727ba822ca10214002d94dd | Sahara | The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the res... | What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)"
]
} |
5727ba822ca10214002d94de | Sahara | The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the res... | What is the hottest desert in the world? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Sahara"
]
} |
5727cb242ca10214002d9666 | Sahara | The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivision... | What is the central part of the Sahara Desert? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"hyperarid"
]
} |
5727cb242ca10214002d9667 | Sahara | The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivision... | What does the Sahara have little to none of? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"The northern and southern reaches of the desert"
]
} |
5727cb242ca10214002d9668 | Sahara | The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivision... | The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"grassland and desert shrub"
]
} |
5727cbd8ff5b5019007d956f | Sahara | The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivision... | What does the Sahara have little of? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"The northern and southern reaches of the desert"
]
} |
5727cbd8ff5b5019007d9571 | Sahara | The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivision... | How often does the Sahara go without rainfall? | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"years"
]
} |
5727d3f54b864d1900163e0a | Sahara | To the north, the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya, but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb, the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub ecoregions of northern Africa, all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters. Accor... | What sea is North of the Sahara Desert? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"Mediterranean Sea"
]
} |
5727d9374b864d1900163e78 | Sahara | To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern... | What is to the south of the Sahara? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Sahel"
]
} |
5727d9374b864d1900163e79 | Sahara | To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern... | What kind of climate does the Sahel have? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"dry tropical"
]
} |
5727d9374b864d1900163e7a | Sahara | To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern... | What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara? | {
"answer_start": [
463
],
"text": [
"150 mm"
]
} |
5727dff64b864d1900163f02 | Sahara | The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow ... | What is the world's largest low latitude hot desert? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Sahara"
]
} |
5727dff64b864d1900163f03 | Sahara | The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow ... | What ares is the Sahara located in? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"horse latitudes"
]
} |
5727dff64b864d1900163f04 | Sahara | The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow ... | What makes it difficult for clouds to form? | {
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"sinking air"
]
} |
5727e65b4b864d1900163f8a | Sahara | The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding... | What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"dissolution of clouds"
]
} |
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