id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5727e65b4b864d1900163f8b | Sahara | The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding... | What weather is virtually non-existent? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"rainfall"
]
} |
5727e65b4b864d1900163f8c | Sahara | The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding... | Where is the air the strongest? | {
"answer_start": [
680
],
"text": [
"eastern part of the Great Desert"
]
} |
5728c1b12ca10214002da720 | Sahara | The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western. The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical (cT) air mass which is hot and dry. Hot, dry air masses primarily form over the North-African desert ... | What section of the Sahara's cloud cover are the most accentuated? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"eastern"
]
} |
5728c1b12ca10214002da721 | Sahara | The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western. The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical (cT) air mass which is hot and dry. Hot, dry air masses primarily form over the North-African desert ... | What is the air mass lying above the Sahara? | {
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"hot and dry"
]
} |
5728c1b12ca10214002da722 | Sahara | The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western. The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical (cT) air mass which is hot and dry. Hot, dry air masses primarily form over the North-African desert ... | What part of the country does the air masses primarily form over? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"North-African desert"
]
} |
5728c2302ca10214002da72c | Sahara | The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. ... | What is blocked due to local surface low pressure? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"air ascent"
]
} |
5728c2302ca10214002da72d | Sahara | The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. ... | What mountain helps enhance the aridity of the desert? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"Atlas Mountains"
]
} |
5728c2302ca10214002da72e | Sahara | The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. ... | Where are the Atlas Mountains located? | {
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"Algeria"
]
} |
5728c2f02ca10214002da732 | Sahara | The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara. The Sahara doesn't lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture, but due to the lack of a precipitat... | What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"low-pressure systems"
]
} |
5728c2f02ca10214002da733 | Sahara | The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara. The Sahara doesn't lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture, but due to the lack of a precipitat... | What is the reason the Sahara lacks moisture? | {
"answer_start": [
300
],
"text": [
"lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism"
]
} |
5728c2f02ca10214002da734 | Sahara | The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara. The Sahara doesn't lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture, but due to the lack of a precipitat... | What does the desert have to overcome? | {
"answer_start": [
421
],
"text": [
"barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation"
]
} |
5728c2f02ca10214002da735 | Sahara | The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara. The Sahara doesn't lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture, but due to the lack of a precipitat... | What is the temperature like year around in the desert? | {
"answer_start": [
630
],
"text": [
"high temperatures year-round"
]
} |
5728c4163acd2414000dfddf | Sahara | The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82% of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91% of th... | What is the largest hottest continuously large area worldwide? | {
"answer_start": [
602
],
"text": [
"the Great Desert"
]
} |
5728c4163acd2414000dfde0 | Sahara | The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82% of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91% of th... | What is the value temperature of most of the desert? | {
"answer_start": [
2601
],
"text": [
"25 °C"
]
} |
5728c4163acd2414000dfde1 | Sahara | The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82% of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91% of th... | What percent of time is the sun generally over most of the desert? | {
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"82% of the time"
]
} |
5728c4163acd2414000dfde2 | Sahara | The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82% of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91% of th... | What is the annual average direct solar irradiation? | {
"answer_start": [
572
],
"text": [
"around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year)"
]
} |
5728c4163acd2414000dfde3 | Sahara | The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82% of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91% of th... | During daytime how high can the temperatures reach? | {
"answer_start": [
2750
],
"text": [
"80 °C (176 °F)"
]
} |
5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfb | Sahara | The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea alon... | What is the reason the northern fringe receives more cloudiness and rainfall? | {
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"low pressure systems"
]
} |
5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfc | Sahara | The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea alon... | What is the average rainfall of the Sahara? | {
"answer_start": [
1156
],
"text": [
"less than 1 mm"
]
} |
5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfd | Sahara | The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea alon... | How much desert land is the Sahara? | {
"answer_start": [
1253
],
"text": [
"9,000,000 km2 of desert land"
]
} |
5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfe | Sahara | The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea alon... | What causes the southern fringe to receive cloudiness and rainfall? | {
"answer_start": [
699
],
"text": [
"Intertropical Convergence Zone"
]
} |
5728c5644b864d1900164dbe | Sahara | The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary grea... | Which directions does the South Saharan run? | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"east and west"
]
} |
5728c5644b864d1900164dbf | Sahara | The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary grea... | What months do the summer rains happen? | {
"answer_start": [
247
],
"text": [
"July and August"
]
} |
5728c5644b864d1900164dc0 | Sahara | The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary grea... | What is the average rainfall between the months of July and August? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"100 to 200 mm"
]
} |
5728c5644b864d1900164dc1 | Sahara | The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary grea... | How much land does the ecoregion cover? | {
"answer_start": [
486
],
"text": [
"1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)"
]
} |
5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0b | Sahara | The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water... | What is the number of plants in the Central Sahara? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"five hundred species"
]
} |
5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0c | Sahara | The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water... | What do plants do in order to avoid water loss? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"growing lower"
]
} |
5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0d | Sahara | The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water... | Where do plants store their water to avoid the conditions? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"thick stems"
]
} |
5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0e | Sahara | The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water... | What helps plants in order to get as much water as possible? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"long roots that travel horizontally"
]
} |
5728c608ff5b5019007da66a | Sahara | The Saharan cheetah (northwest African cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs, which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October, seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. T... | How many cheetahs remain in the Northwest Africa area? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"250"
]
} |
5728c608ff5b5019007da66b | Sahara | The Saharan cheetah (northwest African cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs, which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October, seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. T... | What months do the cheetah's avoid the sun? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"April to October"
]
} |
5728c608ff5b5019007da66c | Sahara | The Saharan cheetah (northwest African cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs, which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October, seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. T... | How many many cheetah's are left in the wild? | {
"answer_start": [
543
],
"text": [
"2,000"
]
} |
5728c675ff5b5019007da670 | Sahara | human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years dev... | What activities from these mammals will likely affect habitat areas? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"human activities"
]
} |
5728c675ff5b5019007da671 | Sahara | human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years dev... | What underground items have lead to soil degradation? | {
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"irrigated water pumped"
]
} |
5728c675ff5b5019007da672 | Sahara | human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years dev... | What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"natural resources"
]
} |
5728c6c4ff5b5019007da676 | Sahara | People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, J... | When did people start living on the edge of the desert? | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"ice age"
]
} |
5728c6c4ff5b5019007da677 | Sahara | People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, J... | How many river animals were thought to be found during the ice age era? | {
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"Over 30,000 petroglyphs"
]
} |
5728c6c4ff5b5019007da678 | Sahara | People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, J... | What area of the Sahara is full of vegetation? | {
"answer_start": [
436
],
"text": [
"the Nile Valley"
]
} |
5728c6c4ff5b5019007da679 | Sahara | People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, J... | What is believed to have increased temperatures in the Sahara? | {
"answer_start": [
652
],
"text": [
"shifts in the Earth's axis"
]
} |
5728c71f4b864d1900164dde | Sahara | During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participant... | During what era was the central Sudan rich in environment? | {
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Neolithic Era"
]
} |
5728c71f4b864d1900164ddf | Sahara | During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participant... | What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan? | {
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"cattle and herdsmen"
]
} |
5728c71f4b864d1900164de0 | Sahara | During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participant... | What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy found in Nabta Playa? | {
"answer_start": [
572
],
"text": [
"Megaliths"
]
} |
5728c7763acd2414000dfe35 | Sahara | By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and she... | What were Egyptians herding in the early BCE period? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"cattle"
]
} |
5728c7763acd2414000dfe36 | Sahara | By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and she... | By what time period were the Egyptians constructing large buildings? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"6000 BCE"
]
} |
5728c7763acd2414000dfe37 | Sahara | By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and she... | What items replaced previously items made of stone? | {
"answer_start": [
324
],
"text": [
"Metal objects"
]
} |
5728c7763acd2414000dfe38 | Sahara | By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and she... | In which direction were the dead facing when they were buried? | {
"answer_start": [
925
],
"text": [
"due west"
]
} |
5728c8fb3acd2414000dfe69 | Sahara | By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases t... | By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"3400 BCE"
]
} |
5728c8fb3acd2414000dfe6a | Sahara | By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases t... | What was the main reason that the Sahara became so dry? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"reduced precipitation and higher temperatures"
]
} |
5728c8fb3acd2414000dfe6b | Sahara | By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases t... | What area is known for having the majority of the trade? | {
"answer_start": [
467
],
"text": [
"the Nile Valley"
]
} |
5728c930ff5b5019007da6aa | Sahara | By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern... | Where did the Greeks established their trading colonies? | {
"answer_start": [
142
],
"text": [
"Red Sea"
]
} |
5728c930ff5b5019007da6ab | Sahara | By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern... | Which coast did the Carthaginians explore for trade? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"the Atlantic coast"
]
} |
5728c930ff5b5019007da6ac | Sahara | By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern... | Who would raid the desert leaving the people in constant fear? | {
"answer_start": [
463
],
"text": [
"nomadic Berber"
]
} |
5728c96d2ca10214002da7d0 | Sahara | An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamante... | What time period did the Garamantes arrive in? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"500 BCE"
]
} |
5728c96d2ca10214002da7d1 | Sahara | An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamante... | What did the Garamantes do in order to bring water to their crops? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"digging tunnels"
]
} |
5728c96d2ca10214002da7d2 | Sahara | An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamante... | How many towns are believed to be found by Archaeologists? | {
"answer_start": [
684
],
"text": [
"eight major towns"
]
} |
5728c96d2ca10214002da7d3 | Sahara | An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamante... | What was the reason for the collapse of the Garamantes civilization? | {
"answer_start": [
832
],
"text": [
"depleted available water"
]
} |
5728c9a54b864d1900164e28 | Sahara | The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in... | What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the Sahara? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Byzantine Empire"
]
} |
5728c9a54b864d1900164e29 | Sahara | The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in... | What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa take place? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"mid-7th to early 8th centuries"
]
} |
5728c9a54b864d1900164e2a | Sahara | The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in... | What is the estimated number of slaves that were transported each year? | {
"answer_start": [
486
],
"text": [
"6,000 to 7,000 slaves"
]
} |
5728ca094b864d1900164e2e | Sahara | In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of ... | During the 1500 who was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
260
],
"text": [
"Egypt"
]
} |
5728ca094b864d1900164e2f | Sahara | In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of ... | What did the Ottoman Empire provide to its people? | {
"answer_start": [
466
],
"text": [
"freedom of movement for citizens and goods"
]
} |
5728ca094b864d1900164e30 | Sahara | In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of ... | What was the local language during this time in Egypt? | {
"answer_start": [
671
],
"text": [
"Arabic"
]
} |
5728ca372ca10214002da7e0 | Sahara | European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco ... | What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"19th century"
]
} |
5728ca372ca10214002da7e1 | Sahara | European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco ... | What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"France"
]
} |
5728ca372ca10214002da7e2 | Sahara | European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco ... | During what time were good moved through more modern means? | {
"answer_start": [
379
],
"text": [
"20th century"
]
} |
5728ca834b864d1900164e34 | Sahara | Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara. The live in the Red Sea Hills of southeastern Egypt and eastern Sudan. Arabic, Berber and its variants now regrouped under the term Amazigh (which includes the Guanche language spoken by the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands) and Beja l... | What is the most common dialect spoken in the Sahara? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Arabic"
]
} |
5728ca834b864d1900164e35 | Sahara | Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara. The live in the Red Sea Hills of southeastern Egypt and eastern Sudan. Arabic, Berber and its variants now regrouped under the term Amazigh (which includes the Guanche language spoken by the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands) and Beja l... | What language is mainly spoken in West Africa? | {
"answer_start": [
728
],
"text": [
"French"
]
} |
5728ca834b864d1900164e36 | Sahara | Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara. The live in the Red Sea Hills of southeastern Egypt and eastern Sudan. Arabic, Berber and its variants now regrouped under the term Amazigh (which includes the Guanche language spoken by the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands) and Beja l... | What was the traditional language of Bureaucratic affairs? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Arabic"
]
} |
5727b808ff5b5019007d9358 | Rule_of_law | The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officia... | Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase "rule of law"? | {
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"Samuel Rutherford"
]
} |
5727b808ff5b5019007d9359 | Rule_of_law | The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officia... | Which British jurist later made the phrase "rule of law" popular in the 1800s? | {
"answer_start": [
595
],
"text": [
"A. V. Dicey"
]
} |
5727b808ff5b5019007d935a | Rule_of_law | The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officia... | What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to "the rule of law"? | {
"answer_start": [
707
],
"text": [
"Law should govern"
]
} |
5727b808ff5b5019007d935b | Rule_of_law | The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officia... | Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point? | {
"answer_start": [
482
],
"text": [
"against the divine right of kings"
]
} |
5727b808ff5b5019007d935c | Rule_of_law | The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officia... | According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"law"
]
} |
5727ba02ff5b5019007d9384 | Rule_of_law | Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of negl... | In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy"
]
} |
5727ba02ff5b5019007d9385 | Rule_of_law | Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of negl... | According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"every citizen"
]
} |
5727ba02ff5b5019007d9386 | Rule_of_law | Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of negl... | What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind? | {
"answer_start": [
511
],
"text": [
"nomocracy"
]
} |
5727ba02ff5b5019007d9387 | Rule_of_law | Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of negl... | What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration? | {
"answer_start": [
384
],
"text": [
"decay"
]
} |
5727ba02ff5b5019007d9388 | Rule_of_law | Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of negl... | For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law? | {
"answer_start": [
316
],
"text": [
"neglect or ignorance of the law"
]
} |
5727bbc63acd2414000deadd | Rule_of_law | In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the... | On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance? | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"rule by the best men"
]
} |
5727bbc63acd2414000deade | Rule_of_law | In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the... | According to Plato, who was above the law? | {
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"king"
]
} |
5727bbc63acd2414000deadf | Rule_of_law | In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the... | What type of kingdom was purported by Plato? | {
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"benevolent monarchy"
]
} |
5727bbc63acd2414000deae0 | Rule_of_law | In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the... | Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led? | {
"answer_start": [
798
],
"text": [
"rule of law"
]
} |
5727bbc63acd2414000deae1 | Rule_of_law | In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the... | To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws? | {
"answer_start": [
509
],
"text": [
"slave"
]
} |
5727bec13acd2414000deb41 | Rule_of_law | There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. A... | In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"Deuteronomy"
]
} |
5727bec13acd2414000deb42 | Rule_of_law | There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. A... | Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s? | {
"answer_start": [
563
],
"text": [
"Bishop John Ponet"
]
} |
5727bec13acd2414000deb43 | Rule_of_law | There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. A... | What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition? | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"divine right of kings"
]
} |
5727bec13acd2414000deb44 | Rule_of_law | There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. A... | What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"Bible"
]
} |
5727bec13acd2414000deb45 | Rule_of_law | There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. A... | According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"horses"
]
} |
5727c05f3acd2414000deb83 | Rule_of_law | In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) "that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should ... | To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"golden met-wand"
]
} |
5727c05f3acd2414000deb84 | Rule_of_law | In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) "that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should ... | According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow? | {
"answer_start": [
527
],
"text": [
"God and the law"
]
} |
5727c05f3acd2414000deb85 | Rule_of_law | In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) "that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should ... | When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1607"
]
} |
5727c05f3acd2414000deb86 | Rule_of_law | In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) "that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should ... | How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions? | {
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"greatly offended"
]
} |
5727c05f3acd2414000deb87 | Rule_of_law | In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) "that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should ... | What was Edward Coke's official title? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"Chief Justice Sir"
]
} |
5727c25f2ca10214002d9592 | Rule_of_law | Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition; o... | What is another word for a thin definition? | {
"answer_start": [
246
],
"text": [
"formalist"
]
} |
5727c25f2ca10214002d9593 | Rule_of_law | Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition; o... | What is another word for a thick definition? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"substantive"
]
} |
5727c25f2ca10214002d9594 | Rule_of_law | Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition; o... | Who commonly, or at least attempt to, abide by the rule of law? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"politicians, judges and academics"
]
} |
5727c25f2ca10214002d9595 | Rule_of_law | Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition; o... | On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus? | {
"answer_start": [
491
],
"text": [
"specific procedural attributes"
]
} |
5727c25f2ca10214002d9596 | Rule_of_law | Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition; o... | What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law? | {
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"functional"
]
} |
5727c3d12ca10214002d95c0 | Rule_of_law | Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared, with prospective application, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, includin... | According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"generality, equality, and certainty"
]
} |
5727c3d12ca10214002d95c1 | Rule_of_law | Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared, with prospective application, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, includin... | According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect? | {
"answer_start": [
408
],
"text": [
"individual rights"
]
} |
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