id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5728249e4b864d1900164580 | Central_African_Republic | The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, torture, beatings and rape of suspe... | What punishment is a human rights violation per the US state Dept? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"extrajudicial executions"
]
} |
5728249e4b864d1900164581 | Central_African_Republic | The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, torture, beatings and rape of suspe... | How is the prison quality in the CAR? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"harsh and life-threatening conditions"
]
} |
5728249e4b864d1900164582 | Central_African_Republic | The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, torture, beatings and rape of suspe... | What right in a court is denied and considered a human right violation? | {
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial"
]
} |
572808852ca10214002d9c08 | Asthma | Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over tim... | What two factors cause asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"genetic and environmental factors"
]
} |
572808852ca10214002d9c09 | Asthma | Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over tim... | What are two enviromental factors? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"exposure to air pollution and allergens"
]
} |
572808852ca10214002d9c0a | Asthma | Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over tim... | What medications can also trigger asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"aspirin and beta blockers"
]
} |
572808852ca10214002d9c0b | Asthma | Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over tim... | What patterns are used to diagnose asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry"
]
} |
572808852ca10214002d9c0c | Asthma | Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over tim... | How is asthma classified? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate"
]
} |
5728098f2ca10214002d9c30 | Asthma | There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapi... | Is there a cure for asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"There is no cure for asthma"
]
} |
5728098f2ca10214002d9c31 | Asthma | There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapi... | How can symptoms be prevented? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids"
]
} |
5728098f2ca10214002d9c32 | Asthma | There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapi... | What is taken by mouth to treat rapidly worsening symptoms? | {
"answer_start": [
359
],
"text": [
"an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids"
]
} |
5728098f2ca10214002d9c33 | Asthma | There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapi... | What happens in very severe cases of asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
475
],
"text": [
"intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required"
]
} |
57280b532ca10214002d9c7a | Asthma | Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are u... | What are the characteristics of asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing"
]
} |
57280b532ca10214002d9c7b | Asthma | Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are u... | When are symptoms of asthma normally worse? | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air"
]
} |
57280b532ca10214002d9c7c | Asthma | Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are u... | What is produced in the lungs by coughing? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"Sputum"
]
} |
57280b532ca10214002d9c7d | Asthma | Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are u... | Is asthma worst during the day or at night time? | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"worse at night"
]
} |
57280b532ca10214002d9c7e | Asthma | Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are u... | Does everyone have horrible episodes of asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
407
],
"text": [
"Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, u"
]
} |
57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb2 | Asthma | A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. However, it is no... | Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"more frequently"
]
} |
57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb3 | Asthma | A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. However, it is no... | What are three of the other health conditions that occur more frequently with asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea"
]
} |
57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb4 | Asthma | A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. However, it is no... | What other type of disorders are frequent in asthma sufferers? | {
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"Psychological disorders"
]
} |
57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb5 | Asthma | A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. However, it is no... | What are those with asthma that is poorly controll more susceptable to? | {
"answer_start": [
492
],
"text": [
"radiocontrast reactions"
]
} |
57280e8c4b864d190016433e | Asthma | Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution ... | What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals"
]
} |
57280e8c4b864d190016433f | Asthma | Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution ... | What two things are associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery"
]
} |
57280e8c4b864d1900164340 | Asthma | Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution ... | What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change? | {
"answer_start": [
265
],
"text": [
"Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels"
]
} |
57280e8c4b864d1900164341 | Asthma | Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution ... | Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"indoor volatile organic compounds"
]
} |
57280f752ca10214002d9ce2 | Asthma | The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreas... | What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The hygiene hypothesis"
]
} |
57280f752ca10214002d9ce3 | Asthma | The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreas... | How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses"
]
} |
57280f752ca10214002d9ce4 | Asthma | The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreas... | What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood? | {
"answer_start": [
287
],
"text": [
"increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies"
]
} |
57280f752ca10214002d9ce5 | Asthma | The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreas... | What could prevent asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood"
]
} |
57280f752ca10214002d9ce6 | Asthma | The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreas... | What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis? | {
"answer_start": [
560
],
"text": [
"lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets."
]
} |
57281206ff5b5019007d9c62 | Asthma | Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4... | What else is a risk factor for asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Family history"
]
} |
57281206ff5b5019007d9c63 | Asthma | Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4... | If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"approximately 25%"
]
} |
57281206ff5b5019007d9c64 | Asthma | Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4... | How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005? | {
"answer_start": [
213
],
"text": [
"25 genes"
]
} |
57281206ff5b5019007d9c66 | Asthma | Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4... | How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006? | {
"answer_start": [
590
],
"text": [
"over 100 genes"
]
} |
57281206ff5b5019007d9c65 | Asthma | Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4... | What else are these genes closely related to? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"the immune system or modulating inflammation"
]
} |
5728a925ff5b5019007da3ce | Asthma | Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of whee... | What is asthma the result of? | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways"
]
} |
5728a925ff5b5019007da3cf | Asthma | Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of whee... | What two airways are most effected by asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"the bronchi and bronchioles"
]
} |
5728a925ff5b5019007da3d0 | Asthma | Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of whee... | In what ways do airways change? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis"
]
} |
5728a925ff5b5019007da3d1 | Asthma | Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of whee... | What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways? | {
"answer_start": [
694
],
"text": [
"T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils"
]
} |
5728a925ff5b5019007da3d2 | Asthma | Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of whee... | What other components of the immune systems are included? | {
"answer_start": [
821
],
"text": [
"cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others"
]
} |
5728abac3acd2414000dfc8f | Asthma | While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as "a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiven... | Is there a universal definition of astham? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"there is not one universal agreed upon definition"
]
} |
5728abac3acd2414000dfc90 | Asthma | While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as "a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiven... | What main components play a role in asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"many cells and cellular elements play a role"
]
} |
5728abac3acd2414000dfc91 | Asthma | While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as "a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiven... | What is the inflamation a result of? | {
"answer_start": [
296
],
"text": [
"airway hyper-responsiveness"
]
} |
5728abac3acd2414000dfc92 | Asthma | While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as "a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiven... | What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing"
]
} |
5728abac3acd2414000dfc93 | Asthma | While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as "a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiven... | What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack? | {
"answer_start": [
597
],
"text": [
"spontaneously or with treatment"
]
} |
5728ac5d2ca10214002da58c | Asthma | There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infection... | Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"There is currently no precise test"
]
} |
5728ac5d2ca10214002da58d | Asthma | There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infection... | What is diagnosis based on typically? | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time"
]
} |
5728ac5d2ca10214002da58e | Asthma | There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infection... | When should you suspect asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing"
]
} |
5728ac5d2ca10214002da58f | Asthma | There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infection... | What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
351
],
"text": [
"Spirometry"
]
} |
5728ac5d2ca10214002da590 | Asthma | There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infection... | What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
404
],
"text": [
"children under the age of six"
]
} |
5728ad4eff5b5019007da45e | Asthma | Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mil... | What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Spirometry"
]
} |
5728ad4eff5b5019007da45f | Asthma | Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mil... | Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"It is the single best test for asthma"
]
} |
5728ad4eff5b5019007da460 | Asthma | Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mil... | What helps support the evidence of asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator"
]
} |
5728ad4eff5b5019007da461 | Asthma | Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mil... | What substance can skew the results of an asthma test? | {
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"caffeine"
]
} |
5728ad4eff5b5019007da462 | Asthma | Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mil... | What test can tell the difference between asthma and COPD? | {
"answer_start": [
490
],
"text": [
"Single-breath diffusing capacity"
]
} |
5728bffb3acd2414000dfda3 | Asthma | Other supportive evidence includes: a ≥20% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a ≥20% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a ≥20% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger. ... | What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence? | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"≥20%"
]
} |
5728bffb3acd2414000dfda4 | Asthma | Other supportive evidence includes: a ≥20% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a ≥20% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a ≥20% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger. ... | What is more variable than spirometry but not recommended? | {
"answer_start": [
318
],
"text": [
". Testing peak expiratory flow"
]
} |
5728c5952ca10214002da776 | Asthma | Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While... | How is asthma clinically classified? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate"
]
} |
5728c5952ca10214002da777 | Asthma | Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While... | How else is asthma classified? | {
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)"
]
} |
5728c5952ca10214002da778 | Asthma | Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While... | When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what? | {
"answer_start": [
286
],
"text": [
"atopic"
]
} |
5728c5952ca10214002da779 | Asthma | Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While... | What is asthma usually classified based on? | {
"answer_start": [
351
],
"text": [
"severity"
]
} |
5728c5952ca10214002da77a | Asthma | Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While... | What is a important goal of asthma research? | {
"answer_start": [
466
],
"text": [
"Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments"
]
} |
5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b6 | Asthma | Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma... | What kind of condition is asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"a chronic obstructive condition"
]
} |
5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b7 | Asthma | Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma... | What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema"
]
} |
5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b8 | Asthma | Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma... | Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"asthma is usually reversible"
]
} |
5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b9 | Asthma | Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma... | What part of the airway does emphysema affect? | {
"answer_start": [
550
],
"text": [
"alveoli"
]
} |
5728cb54ff5b5019007da6ba | Asthma | Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma... | What part of the airway does asthma affect? | {
"answer_start": [
529
],
"text": [
"the bronchi"
]
} |
5728cc524b864d1900164e42 | Asthma | Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. Whil... | Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"professional athletes"
]
} |
5728cc524b864d1900164e43 | Asthma | Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. Whil... | What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers"
]
} |
5728cc524b864d1900164e44 | Asthma | Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. Whil... | What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction? | {
"answer_start": [
381
],
"text": [
"when it is dry and cold"
]
} |
5728cc524b864d1900164e45 | Asthma | Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. Whil... | What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
406
],
"text": [
"Inhaled beta2-agonists"
]
} |
5728ccd02ca10214002da80c | Asthma | Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocy... | Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"occupational disease"
]
} |
5728ccd02ca10214002da80d | Asthma | Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocy... | What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related? | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"It is estimated that 5–25%"
]
} |
5728ccd02ca10214002da80e | Asthma | Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocy... | What are some of the most common agents? | {
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes"
]
} |
5728ccd02ca10214002da80f | Asthma | Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocy... | What professions normally have the highest risk of problems? | {
"answer_start": [
476
],
"text": [
"those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers"
]
} |
5728cd713acd2414000dfee3 | Asthma | Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarge... | What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"allergic rhinitis and sinusitis"
]
} |
5728cd713acd2414000dfee4 | Asthma | Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarge... | What are some other causes of airway obstruction? | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses"
]
} |
5728cd713acd2414000dfee5 | Asthma | Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarge... | What other conditions can cause wheezing? | {
"answer_start": [
350
],
"text": [
"Bronchiolitis and other viral infections"
]
} |
5728cd713acd2414000dfee6 | Asthma | Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarge... | In adults, what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
429
],
"text": [
"COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors"
]
} |
5728ce573acd2414000dfef5 | Asthma | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, an... | What is a complication of chronic asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
]
} |
5728ce573acd2414000dfef6 | Asthma | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, an... | If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"asthma and COPD"
]
} |
5728ce573acd2414000dfef7 | Asthma | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, an... | How is COPD differentiated? | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi"
]
} |
5728ce573acd2414000dfef8 | Asthma | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, an... | Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD? | {
"answer_start": [
416
],
"text": [
"due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management"
]
} |
5728ce573acd2414000dfef9 | Asthma | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, an... | What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD? | {
"answer_start": [
481
],
"text": [
"corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation"
]
} |
5728cf512ca10214002da860 | Asthma | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.... | What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent"
]
} |
5728cf512ca10214002da861 | Asthma | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.... | What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication"
]
} |
5728cf512ca10214002da862 | Asthma | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.... | What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding? | {
"answer_start": [
587
],
"text": [
"have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended"
]
} |
5728cf512ca10214002da863 | Asthma | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.... | Why are smoking bans in place? | {
"answer_start": [
924
],
"text": [
"effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma"
]
} |
5728cf512ca10214002da864 | Asthma | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.... | Who recoomends immunizations? | {
"answer_start": [
880
],
"text": [
"World Health Organization"
]
} |
5728d079ff5b5019007da71e | Asthma | Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of m... | What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Avoidance of triggers"
]
} |
5728d079ff5b5019007da71f | Asthma | Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of m... | What are some of the more common triggers? | {
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods"
]
} |
5728d079ff5b5019007da720 | Asthma | Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of m... | What can reduce the effectiveness of medications? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke"
]
} |
5728d079ff5b5019007da721 | Asthma | Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of m... | What did law that limit smoking accomplish? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma"
]
} |
5728d079ff5b5019007da722 | Asthma | Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of m... | What type of exercise can provide small improvements? | {
"answer_start": [
656
],
"text": [
"Yoga"
]
} |
5728d1664b864d1900164eb4 | Asthma | For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs, bronchial thermoplasty may be an option. It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies. While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appear... | What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs"
]
} |
5728d1664b864d1900164eb5 | Asthma | For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs, bronchial thermoplasty may be an option. It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies. While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appear... | What does bronchial thermoplasty consist of? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies"
]
} |
5728d1664b864d1900164eb6 | Asthma | For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs, bronchial thermoplasty may be an option. It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies. While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appear... | What effect does bronchial thermoplasty have? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"it appears to decrease the subsequent rate."
]
} |
5728d1664b864d1900164eb7 | Asthma | For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs, bronchial thermoplasty may be an option. It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies. While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appear... | What treatment helps improve those with allergic rhinitis and asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"sublingual immunotherapy"
]
} |
5728d2b3ff5b5019007da772 | Asthma | The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income... | What is the prognosis for asthma? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"generally good"
]
} |
5728d2b3ff5b5019007da773 | Asthma | The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income... | What has caused the mortality rate to decrease? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"due to better recognition and improvement in care"
]
} |
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