id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572822da3acd2414000df563 | Annelid | The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has r... | Since 1997, what are leeches seen as a subgroup of? | {
"answer_start": [
384
],
"text": [
"oligochaetes"
]
} |
5728240b4b864d1900164560 | Annelid | The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs ... | What separates many annelids' segments? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"Septa"
]
} |
5728240b4b864d1900164561 | Annelid | The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs ... | Which annelids show no segmentation? | {
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"Echiura and Sipuncula"
]
} |
5728240b4b864d1900164562 | Annelid | The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs ... | What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like hearts? | {
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"front"
]
} |
5728240b4b864d1900164563 | Annelid | The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs ... | What is movement by ripples called? | {
"answer_start": [
662
],
"text": [
"peristalsis"
]
} |
5728240b4b864d1900164564 | Annelid | The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs ... | What movement method do some burrowing annelids use? | {
"answer_start": [
972
],
"text": [
"turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves"
]
} |
5728247c4b864d1900164574 | Annelid | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | How do annelids normally reproduce? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"sexual reproduction"
]
} |
5728247c4b864d1900164575 | Annelid | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | What can asexual reproduction techniques help annelids do? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"regenerate after severe injuries"
]
} |
5728247c4b864d1900164576 | Annelid | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | What larvae live like plankton? | {
"answer_start": [
286
],
"text": [
"trochophore"
]
} |
5728247c4b864d1900164577 | Annelid | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | What annelids are hermaphrodites? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"Oligochaetes"
]
} |
5728247c4b864d1900164578 | Annelid | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | What annelids make a cocoon in a ring around themselves? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"Oligochaetes"
]
} |
572825042ca10214002d9eea | Annelid | Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water... | How do earthworms help the soil they live in? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"aeration and enriching"
]
} |
572825042ca10214002d9eeb | Annelid | Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water... | How much of near-shore marine annelids are burrowing? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"up to a third"
]
} |
572825042ca10214002d9eec | Annelid | Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water... | How do burrowing marine annelids help ocean ecosystems? | {
"answer_start": [
306
],
"text": [
"enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor"
]
} |
572825042ca10214002d9eed | Annelid | Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water... | What annelids' jaws are being studied by engineers? | {
"answer_start": [
717
],
"text": [
"Ragworms"
]
} |
572825042ca10214002d9eee | Annelid | Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water... | Why are some leeches endangered? | {
"answer_start": [
643
],
"text": [
"they have been over-harvested"
]
} |
572825ad4b864d190016459a | Annelid | Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. F... | Why are annelid fossils rare? | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"annelids are soft-bodied"
]
} |
572825ad4b864d190016459b | Annelid | Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. F... | What fossil signs of annelids are found? | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted"
]
} |
572825ad4b864d190016459c | Annelid | Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. F... | How old is the earliest annelid fossil? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"518 million years ago"
]
} |
572825ad4b864d190016459d | Annelid | Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. F... | What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago? | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"modern mobile polychaete groups"
]
} |
572825ad4b864d190016459e | Annelid | Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. F... | What period started around 472 million years ago? | {
"answer_start": [
501
],
"text": [
"the mid Ordovician"
]
} |
572826494b864d19001645b4 | Annelid | No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some speci... | What externally divides annelids' segments? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli"
]
} |
572826494b864d19001645b5 | Annelid | No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some speci... | What divides annelids' segments internally? | {
"answer_start": [
257
],
"text": [
"septa (\"partitions\")"
]
} |
572826494b864d19001645b6 | Annelid | No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some speci... | What do the segments of an annelid share? | {
"answer_start": [
447
],
"text": [
"a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system"
]
} |
572826494b864d19001645b7 | Annelid | No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some speci... | What covers an annelid's exterior? | {
"answer_start": [
555
],
"text": [
"a cuticle"
]
} |
572826494b864d19001645b8 | Annelid | No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some speci... | What is an annelid's cuticle made of? | {
"answer_start": [
689
],
"text": [
"collagen"
]
} |
572826b34b864d19001645d0 | Annelid | Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard s... | What language does the term 'chaetae' come from? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"Greek"
]
} |
572826b34b864d19001645d1 | Annelid | Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard s... | What does 'chaetae' mean? | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"hair"
]
} |
572826b34b864d19001645d2 | Annelid | Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard s... | Which parts of annelids are different from true segments? | {
"answer_start": [
213
],
"text": [
"the frontmost and rearmost sections"
]
} |
572826b34b864d19001645d3 | Annelid | Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard s... | What language does 'prostomium' come from? | {
"answer_start": [
575
],
"text": [
"Greek"
]
} |
572826b34b864d19001645d4 | Annelid | Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard s... | What does 'pygidium' mean? | {
"answer_start": [
600
],
"text": [
"little tail"
]
} |
572827192ca10214002d9f52 | Annelid | Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and muc... | How are the layers arranged in annelids' cuticles? | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"spiral in alternating directions"
]
} |
572827192ca10214002d9f53 | Annelid | Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and muc... | What are annelids' cuticles made out of? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"collagen fibers"
]
} |
572827192ca10214002d9f54 | Annelid | Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and muc... | What do non-cuticle annelids use to protect their skin? | {
"answer_start": [
317
],
"text": [
"mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis"
]
} |
572827192ca10214002d9f55 | Annelid | Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and muc... | What layer is under the epidermis? | {
"answer_start": [
401
],
"text": [
"the dermis"
]
} |
572827192ca10214002d9f56 | Annelid | Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and muc... | What does 'coelom' mean? | {
"answer_start": [
614
],
"text": [
"(body cavity"
]
} |
572827843acd2414000df5ad | Annelid | The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for exampl... | What are parapodia? | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"limbs"
]
} |
572827843acd2414000df5ae | Annelid | The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for exampl... | What do chetoblast cells do? | {
"answer_start": [
462
],
"text": [
"hair-forming"
]
} |
572827843acd2414000df5af | Annelid | The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for exampl... | What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make? | {
"answer_start": [
588
],
"text": [
"microvilli"
]
} |
572827843acd2414000df5b0 | Annelid | The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for exampl... | What are setae? | {
"answer_start": [
895
],
"text": [
"bristles"
]
} |
5728283a2ca10214002d9f70 | Annelid | Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia... | What are cirri? | {
"answer_start": [
615
],
"text": [
"fused bundles of cilia"
]
} |
5728283a2ca10214002d9f71 | Annelid | Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia... | What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have? | {
"answer_start": [
379
],
"text": [
"ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae"
]
} |
5728283a2ca10214002d9f72 | Annelid | Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia... | What type of annelids have limb-like parapodia? | {
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"polychaetes"
]
} |
5728283a2ca10214002d9f73 | Annelid | Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia... | What are parapodia? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"unjointed paired extensions of the body wall"
]
} |
572828b12ca10214002d9f7e | Annelid | The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while t... | What are ganglia? | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"local control centers"
]
} |
572828b12ca10214002d9f7f | Annelid | The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while t... | What is an annelid's brain in a ring around? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"the pharynx"
]
} |
572828b12ca10214002d9f80 | Annelid | The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while t... | What is a pharynx? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"throat"
]
} |
572828b12ca10214002d9f81 | Annelid | The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while t... | Where are clitellates' brains? | {
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium"
]
} |
572828b12ca10214002d9f82 | Annelid | The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while t... | Where are polychaetes' brains? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"in the prostomium"
]
} |
5728293c4b864d1900164618 | Annelid | As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks i... | What species group are annelids' muscle control similar to? | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"arthropods"
]
} |
5728293c4b864d1900164619 | Annelid | As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks i... | What are giant axons? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"the output signal lines of nerve cells"
]
} |
5728293c4b864d190016461a | Annelid | As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks i... | How do annelids withdraw from danger? | {
"answer_start": [
548
],
"text": [
"shortening their bodies"
]
} |
57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb6 | Annelid | The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes als... | What kind of things can annelids' sensors detect? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact"
]
} |
57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb7 | Annelid | The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes als... | What does 'nuchal' mean? | {
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"on the neck"
]
} |
57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb8 | Annelid | The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes als... | What type of annelids have nuchal organs? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"polychaetes"
]
} |
57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb9 | Annelid | The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes als... | What are the nuchal organs thought to do? | {
"answer_start": [
286
],
"text": [
"chemosensors"
]
} |
57282a2e2ca10214002d9fba | Annelid | The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes als... | What term means 'little eyes'? | {
"answer_start": [
351
],
"text": [
"ocelli"
]
} |
57282a944b864d1900164638 | Annelid | Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on ei... | What are coelomata? | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"body cavities"
]
} |
57282a944b864d1900164639 | Annelid | Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on ei... | What are annelids' body cavities separated from other segments by? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"septa"
]
} |
57282a944b864d190016463a | Annelid | Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on ei... | What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"vertical mesenteries"
]
} |
57282a944b864d190016463b | Annelid | Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on ei... | What is the mesothelium made of? | {
"answer_start": [
544
],
"text": [
"modified epitheliomuscular cells"
]
} |
57282af73acd2414000df5fd | Annelid | Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "b... | How does peristalsis work? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body"
]
} |
57282af73acd2414000df5fe | Annelid | Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "b... | Why are annelids' segments like water-balloons? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments"
]
} |
57282af73acd2414000df5ff | Annelid | Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "b... | What are phrynges? | {
"answer_start": [
644
],
"text": [
"throats"
]
} |
57282af73acd2414000df600 | Annelid | Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "b... | What are cilia? | {
"answer_start": [
576
],
"text": [
"fine muscle-powered hairs"
]
} |
57282b9b3acd2414000df617 | Annelid | The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segmen... | What can coelomocyte cells defend against? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"parasites and infections"
]
} |
57282b9b3acd2414000df618 | Annelid | The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segmen... | What type of pigment is dissolved in annelids' blood? | {
"answer_start": [
324
],
"text": [
"Respiratory"
]
} |
57282b9b3acd2414000df619 | Annelid | The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segmen... | What runs the length of annelids' bodies with well-developed septa? | {
"answer_start": [
437
],
"text": [
"blood vessels"
]
} |
57282b9b3acd2414000df61a | Annelid | The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segmen... | What do annelids without septa have to use for circulation? | {
"answer_start": [
1158
],
"text": [
"circulation within the coelom"
]
} |
57282c162ca10214002d9fdc | Annelid | However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of th... | What type of annelids are very different from others? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"leeches and their closest relatives"
]
} |
57282c162ca10214002d9fdd | Annelid | However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of th... | What type of tissue takes up most of the body of a leech? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"connective tissue layer of the body wall"
]
} |
57282c162ca10214002d9fde | Annelid | However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of th... | How many coelomata do leeches have? | {
"answer_start": [
336
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
57282c162ca10214002d9fdf | Annelid | However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of th... | What lines the coelomata of leeches? | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"mesothelium"
]
} |
57282c162ca10214002d9fe0 | Annelid | However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of th... | What do leeches use to move? | {
"answer_start": [
635
],
"text": [
"suckers at their front and rear ends"
]
} |
57282c833acd2414000df63d | Annelid | Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sh... | What does 'everted' mean? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"turned inside out to extend"
]
} |
57282c833acd2414000df63e | Annelid | Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sh... | What part of a polychaete can be everted? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"pharynx"
]
} |
57282c833acd2414000df63f | Annelid | Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sh... | What types of annelids have evolved jaws? | {
"answer_start": [
426
],
"text": [
"Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae"
]
} |
57282c833acd2414000df640 | Annelid | Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sh... | What do annelids use jaws for? | {
"answer_start": [
496
],
"text": [
"seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter"
]
} |
57282c833acd2414000df641 | Annelid | Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sh... | What do some annelids have 'crowns' of? | {
"answer_start": [
859
],
"text": [
"palps covered in cilia"
]
} |
57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e8e | Annelid | The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up ... | What type of annelids are tube-dwelling? | {
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"Siboglinidae"
]
} |
57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e8f | Annelid | The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up ... | What blocks the Siboglinidae's gut? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"a swollen lining"
]
} |
57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e90 | Annelid | The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up ... | How much of a Siboglinidae's weight is symbiotic bacteria? | {
"answer_start": [
320
],
"text": [
"15%"
]
} |
57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e91 | Annelid | The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up ... | What gases come from hydrothermal vents? | {
"answer_start": [
400
],
"text": [
"hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide"
]
} |
57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e92 | Annelid | The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up ... | What gases come from seeps? | {
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"methane"
]
} |
57282ddd3acd2414000df663 | Annelid | Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic an... | What do metanephridia remove? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"soluble waste products"
]
} |
57282ddd3acd2414000df664 | Annelid | Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic an... | What do annelids without blood vessels do to remove waste? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"protonephridia"
]
} |
57282ddd3acd2414000df665 | Annelid | Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic an... | How many stages are there in annelids' waste filtration? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
57282ddd3acd2414000df666 | Annelid | Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic an... | What annelid system combines both filtration states in one organ? | {
"answer_start": [
371
],
"text": [
"protonephridia"
]
} |
57282e373acd2414000df66b | Annelid | It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore ... | How many sexes of annelids were there originally? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
57282e373acd2414000df66c | Annelid | It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore ... | What releases sperm from annelids? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"nephridia"
]
} |
57282e373acd2414000df66d | Annelid | It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore ... | What do annelid eggs become? | {
"answer_start": [
175
],
"text": [
"trochophore larvae"
]
} |
57282e373acd2414000df66e | Annelid | It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore ... | What do annelids' larvae live like? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"plankton"
]
} |
57282e373acd2414000df66f | Annelid | It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore ... | What does the trochophore become when annelids mature? | {
"answer_start": [
371
],
"text": [
"the prostomium (head)"
]
} |
57282ee62ca10214002da010 | Annelid | However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the... | How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"about 25%"
]
} |
57282ee62ca10214002da011 | Annelid | However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the... | What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"14%"
]
} |
57282ee62ca10214002da012 | Annelid | However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the... | What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs? | {
"answer_start": [
270
],
"text": [
"reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton"
]
} |
57282ee62ca10214002da013 | Annelid | However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the... | What are most polychaetes' eggs covered in? | {
"answer_start": [
469
],
"text": [
"jelly"
]
} |
57282f6c2ca10214002da018 | Annelid | Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose reproduction has bee... | What do some non-single-sex polychaetes do? | {
"answer_start": [
246
],
"text": [
"change sex"
]
} |
57282f6c2ca10214002da019 | Annelid | Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose reproduction has bee... | What are most polychaetes lacking for reproduction? | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"permanent gonads"
]
} |
57282f6c2ca10214002da01a | Annelid | Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose reproduction has bee... | How do some annelids get a one-time chance at a better spawning spot? | {
"answer_start": [
422
],
"text": [
"the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual"
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.