id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a6 | Appalachian_Mountains | Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies ... | What did the law likely lead to? | {
"answer_start": [
732
],
"text": [
"the American Revolutionary War"
]
} |
5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a7 | Appalachian_Mountains | Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies ... | What did the backcountry settlers want to secure? | {
"answer_start": [
1059
],
"text": [
"their settlement of Kentucky"
]
} |
5729a2163f37b31900478525 | Appalachian_Mountains | In eastern Pennsylvania the Great Appalachian Valley, or Great Valley, was accessible by reason of a broad gateway between the end of South Mountain and the Highlands, and many Germans and Moravians settled here between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers forming the Pennsylvania Dutch community, some of whom even now ... | Where did a lot of Germans settle? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers"
]
} |
5729a2163f37b31900478526 | Appalachian_Mountains | In eastern Pennsylvania the Great Appalachian Valley, or Great Valley, was accessible by reason of a broad gateway between the end of South Mountain and the Highlands, and many Germans and Moravians settled here between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers forming the Pennsylvania Dutch community, some of whom even now ... | What dialect was created because of this? | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"Pennsylvania German language"
]
} |
5729a2163f37b31900478527 | Appalachian_Mountains | In eastern Pennsylvania the Great Appalachian Valley, or Great Valley, was accessible by reason of a broad gateway between the end of South Mountain and the Highlands, and many Germans and Moravians settled here between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers forming the Pennsylvania Dutch community, some of whom even now ... | Where did these Germans eventually occupy? | {
"answer_start": [
632
],
"text": [
"all of the Shenandoah Valley"
]
} |
5729a24c1d0469140077959b | Appalachian_Mountains | Characteristic birds of the forest are wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), common raven (Corvus corax), wood duck (Aix sponsa), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), barred owl (Strix varia), screech owl (Megascops asio), red-tailed hawk (Buteo... | What is one typical bird found in the range? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"wild turkey"
]
} |
5729a2d53f37b31900478535 | Appalachian_Mountains | Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Gla... | How many species of tree squirrel are commonly found in the range? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"five species"
]
} |
5729a2d53f37b31900478536 | Appalachian_Mountains | Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Gla... | What is the most commonly seen species? | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"gray squirrel"
]
} |
5729a2d53f37b31900478537 | Appalachian_Mountains | Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Gla... | What does the squirrel share its habitat with? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"larger fox squirrel"
]
} |
5729a2d53f37b31900478538 | Appalachian_Mountains | Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Gla... | What is found more in the northern portions? | {
"answer_start": [
409
],
"text": [
"red squirrel"
]
} |
5729a2d53f37b31900478539 | Appalachian_Mountains | Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Gla... | Which species is commonly found more in spruce-fir forests? | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"Appalachian northern flying squirrel"
]
} |
5729a33c6aef051400155062 | Appalachian_Mountains | Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight ... | What trees are typically found in the dryer portions? | {
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"oak"
]
} |
5729a33c6aef051400155063 | Appalachian_Mountains | Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight ... | What species of tree was pretty much eliminated? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"The American chestnut"
]
} |
5729a33c6aef051400155064 | Appalachian_Mountains | Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight ... | What does the tree live on? | {
"answer_start": [
365
],
"text": [
"sapling-sized sprouts"
]
} |
5729a33c6aef051400155065 | Appalachian_Mountains | Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight ... | What trees replaced chestnut trees? | {
"answer_start": [
519
],
"text": [
"oaks"
]
} |
5729a3881d0469140077959d | Appalachian_Mountains | The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut (Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in... | What kind of oaks are in the central and southern portions? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks"
]
} |
5729a3881d0469140077959e | Appalachian_Mountains | The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut (Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in... | What other tree is common there? | {
"answer_start": [
199
],
"text": [
"hickories"
]
} |
5729a3881d0469140077959f | Appalachian_Mountains | The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut (Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in... | What trees are located in drier portions? | {
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"chestnut oak"
]
} |
5729e2ea6aef0514001550d8 | Energy | In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, ener... | What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"energy"
]
} |
5729e2ea6aef0514001550d9 | Energy | In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, ener... | In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement? | {
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"joules"
]
} |
5729e2ea6aef0514001550da | Energy | In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, ener... | Mechanically, one joule is defined as what? | {
"answer_start": [
393
],
"text": [
"the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton"
]
} |
5729e3631d0469140077964b | Energy | Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and t... | Common energy forms include what? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"kinetic energy of a moving object"
]
} |
5729e3631d0469140077964c | Energy | Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and t... | In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law that says energy can be neither created nor what? | {
"answer_start": [
570
],
"text": [
"destroyed"
]
} |
5729e3631d0469140077964d | Energy | Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and t... | What law states, in part, that energy can change from one form to another? | {
"answer_start": [
447
],
"text": [
"Newtonian physics"
]
} |
5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a7 | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | How can the total energy of a system be calculated? | {
"answer_start": [
875
],
"text": [
"by adding up all forms of energy in the system"
]
} |
5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a8 | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
685
],
"text": [
"available energy"
]
} |
5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a9 | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas? | {
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"heat"
]
} |
5729e3feaf94a219006aa6aa | Energy | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat? | {
"answer_start": [
475
],
"text": [
"second law of thermodynamics"
]
} |
5729e46baf94a219006aa6af | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | Give one example of energy transformation. | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine"
]
} |
5729e46baf94a219006aa6b0 | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy? | {
"answer_start": [
524
],
"text": [
"Sun"
]
} |
5729e46baf94a219006aa6b1 | Energy | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | What is another example of energy transformation? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor"
]
} |
5729e4e83f37b319004785a3 | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | What is determined by an object's movement through space? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"kinetic energy"
]
} |
5729e4e83f37b319004785a4 | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy? | {
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"thermal energy"
]
} |
5729e4e83f37b319004785a5 | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | What is a function of the position of an object within a field? | {
"answer_start": [
213
],
"text": [
"potential energy"
]
} |
5729e5501d0469140077965b | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | What is dependent upon electrical potential energy? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"Elastic energy in materials"
]
} |
5729e5501d0469140077965c | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | Where is chemical energy stored and released? | {
"answer_start": [
353
],
"text": [
"from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons"
]
} |
5729e5501d0469140077965d | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"kinetic"
]
} |
5729e5f76aef0514001550de | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | What is a term for living force? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"vis viva"
]
} |
5729e5f76aef0514001550df | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"vis viva"
]
} |
5729e5f76aef0514001550e0 | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"Gottfried Leibniz"
]
} |
5729e5f76aef0514001550e1 | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva? | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"late 17th century"
]
} |
5729e5f76aef0514001550e2 | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"Isaac Newton"
]
} |
5729e6923f37b319004785b3 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Thomas Young"
]
} |
5729e6923f37b319004785b4 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | When did Thomas Young use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1807"
]
} |
5729e6923f37b319004785b5 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who coined the term "potential energy?" | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"William Rankine"
]
} |
5729e6923f37b319004785b6 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat? | {
"answer_start": [
526
],
"text": [
"James Prescott Joule"
]
} |
5729e6923f37b319004785b7 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated? | {
"answer_start": [
331
],
"text": [
"19th century"
]
} |
5729e73c6aef0514001550e8 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"William Thomson"
]
} |
5729e73c6aef0514001550e9 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"Thermodynamics"
]
} |
5729e73c6aef0514001550ea | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"Jožef Stefan"
]
} |
5729e73c6aef0514001550eb | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time? | {
"answer_start": [
451
],
"text": [
"Noether's theorem"
]
} |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f0 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | What is another energy-related concept? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"Lagrangian"
]
} |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f1 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | Who is the Lagrangian named after? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"Joseph-Louis Lagrange"
]
} |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f2 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy? | {
"answer_start": [
321
],
"text": [
"Lagrangian"
]
} |
5729e7a86aef0514001550f3 | Energy | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems? | {
"answer_start": [
406
],
"text": [
"Lagrange formalism"
]
} |
5729e83f6aef0514001550f8 | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | When was Noether's theorem created? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"1918"
]
} |
5729e83f6aef0514001550f9 | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Noether's theorem"
]
} |
5729e83f6aef0514001550fa | Energy | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"Noether's theorem"
]
} |
5729f2b16aef05140015513a | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"energy"
]
} |
5729f2b16aef05140015513b | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy? | {
"answer_start": [
700
],
"text": [
"Chemical reactions"
]
} |
5729f2b16aef05140015513c | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T? | {
"answer_start": [
961
],
"text": [
"e−E/kT"
]
} |
5729f2b16aef05140015513d | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | Who created the population factor e-E/kT? | {
"answer_start": [
931
],
"text": [
"Boltzmann's"
]
} |
5729f2b16aef05140015513e | Energy | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature? | {
"answer_start": [
1154
],
"text": [
"Arrhenius equation"
]
} |
5729f3426aef051400155144 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"energy"
]
} |
5729f3426aef051400155145 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"Energy"
]
} |
5729f3426aef051400155146 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | What does H-e stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
503
],
"text": [
"Human energy conversion"
]
} |
5729f3426aef051400155147 | Energy | In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules o... | How many watts is in one official horsepower? | {
"answer_start": [
1017
],
"text": [
"746 watts"
]
} |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e7 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Sunlight"
]
} |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e8 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What do plants release during photosynthesis? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"oxygen"
]
} |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e9 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What may be triggered suddenly by a spark? | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis"
]
} |
5729f3c6af94a219006aa6ea | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What are two low-energy compounds? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"carbon dioxide and water"
]
} |
5729f4331d04691400779685 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"an external source of energy"
]
} |
5729f4331d04691400779686 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"1500–2000"
]
} |
5729f4331d04691400779687 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"mitochondria"
]
} |
5729f51d6aef051400155160 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe? | {
"answer_start": [
411
],
"text": [
"The second law of thermodynamics"
]
} |
5729f51e6aef051400155161 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive? | {
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"living organisms"
]
} |
5729f51e6aef051400155162 | Energy | It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allo... | Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern? | {
"answer_start": [
845
],
"text": [
"ecological niches"
]
} |
5729f6063f37b31900478610 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. | {
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"Sunlight"
]
} |
5729f6063f37b3190047860f | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"after it strikes the Earth"
]
} |
5729f6063f37b31900478611 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"hurricane"
]
} |
5729f6063f37b31900478612 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"hurricane"
]
} |
5729f6b13f37b31900478617 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks? | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"Earthquakes"
]
} |
5729f6b13f37b31900478618 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release? | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"heat"
]
} |
5729f6b13f37b31900478619 | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"thermal energy"
]
} |
5729f6b13f37b3190047861a | Energy | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | What is mechanical potential energy? | {
"answer_start": [
702
],
"text": [
"elastic strain"
]
} |
5729f781af94a219006aa6ff | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"stellar phenomena"
]
} |
5729f781af94a219006aa700 | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang? | {
"answer_start": [
520
],
"text": [
"nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun"
]
} |
5729f781af94a219006aa701 | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements? | {
"answer_start": [
643
],
"text": [
"Big Bang"
]
} |
5729f781af94a219006aa702 | Energy | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what? | {
"answer_start": [
882
],
"text": [
"fusion"
]
} |
5729f80c6aef051400155166 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"energy"
]
} |
5729f80c6aef051400155167 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"The Schrödinger equation"
]
} |
5729f80c6aef051400155168 | Energy | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems? | {
"answer_start": [
307
],
"text": [
"The Schrödinger equation"
]
} |
5729f8db6aef051400155174 | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"electron–positron annihilation"
]
} |
5729f8db6aef051400155175 | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is the inverse process called? | {
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"pair creation"
]
} |
5729f8db6aef051400155176 | Energy | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons? | {
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"pair creation"
]
} |
5729f9511d04691400779695 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"Carnot's theorem"
]
} |
5729f9511d04691400779696 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What is the direction of transformations in energy? | {
"answer_start": [
295
],
"text": [
"what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind"
]
} |
5729f9511d04691400779697 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | What is often determined by entropy considerations? | {
"answer_start": [
255
],
"text": [
"direction of transformations in energy"
]
} |
5729f9511d04691400779698 | Energy | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | Why are certain larger transformations not permitted? | {
"answer_start": [
582
],
"text": [
"because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces"
]
} |
5729fc3caf94a219006aa71d | Energy | Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such pro... | Name an example of a heavy isotope? | {
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"uranium"
]
} |
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