id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572a661dfed8de19000d5bed | Madrasa | During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to thei... | What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"former slaves"
]
} |
572a661dfed8de19000d5bee | Madrasa | During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to thei... | What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period? | {
"answer_start": [
476
],
"text": [
"Guaranteed positions within the new madaris"
]
} |
572a661dfed8de19000d5bef | Madrasa | During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to thei... | In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan? | {
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"Cairo"
]
} |
572a6788fed8de19000d5bf5 | Madrasa | At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and... | Who traditionally paid for scholars to study natural sciences? | {
"answer_start": [
800
],
"text": [
"royal courts"
]
} |
572a6788fed8de19000d5bf6 | Madrasa | At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and... | What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages? | {
"answer_start": [
843
],
"text": [
"Caliphate"
]
} |
572a6788fed8de19000d5bf7 | Madrasa | At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and... | What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate? | {
"answer_start": [
1043
],
"text": [
"maktab and madrasa institutions"
]
} |
572a6788fed8de19000d5bf8 | Madrasa | At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and... | How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"several centuries"
]
} |
572a69757a1753140016af18 | Madrasa | In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicen... | When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"10th century"
]
} |
572a69757a1753140016af19 | Madrasa | In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicen... | What term refers to Islamic elementary schools? | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"maktab"
]
} |
572a69757a1753140016af1a | Madrasa | In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicen... | Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers? | {
"answer_start": [
295
],
"text": [
"Ibn Sīnā"
]
} |
572a69757a1753140016af1b | Madrasa | In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicen... | What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors? | {
"answer_start": [
573
],
"text": [
"classes"
]
} |
572a69757a1753140016af1c | Madrasa | In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicen... | How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings? | {
"answer_start": [
908
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
572a6ac17a1753140016af22 | Madrasa | Ibn Sīnā refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it... | What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in secondary education? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"manual skills"
]
} |
572a6ac17a1753140016af23 | Madrasa | Ibn Sīnā refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it... | According to Ibn Sina, at what age should children choose a direction for their education? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"14"
]
} |
572a6ac17a1753140016af24 | Madrasa | Ibn Sīnā refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it... | According to Ibn Sina, what is needed to support transition at the secondary stage of education? | {
"answer_start": [
591
],
"text": [
"flexibility"
]
} |
572a6ac17a1753140016af25 | Madrasa | Ibn Sīnā refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it... | What should secondary training provide a student in the secondary stage of school? | {
"answer_start": [
505
],
"text": [
"future career"
]
} |
572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c03 | Madrasa | During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and ... | What discipline was studied in traditional madrasah? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"religious sciences"
]
} |
572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c04 | Madrasa | During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and ... | What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum? | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"philosophy and the secular sciences"
]
} |
572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c05 | Madrasa | During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and ... | Who decided the content that would be delivered in a particular madrasah? | {
"answer_start": [
567
],
"text": [
"its founder"
]
} |
572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c06 | Madrasa | During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and ... | What is the most widely known madrasah? | {
"answer_start": [
793
],
"text": [
"al-Azhar University"
]
} |
572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c07 | Madrasa | During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and ... | How many madaris have been founded in Cairo? | {
"answer_start": [
871
],
"text": [
"75"
]
} |
572a6d8a7a1753140016af3c | Madrasa | Madaris were largely centred on the study of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ ("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic legal education system had its origins in the 9th century after the formation of the madhāhib (schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi consi... | What term refers to Islamic law? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"fiqh"
]
} |
572a6d8a7a1753140016af3d | Madrasa | Madaris were largely centred on the study of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ ("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic legal education system had its origins in the 9th century after the formation of the madhāhib (schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi consi... | When did Islamic law school begin? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"9th century"
]
} |
572a6d8a7a1753140016af3e | Madrasa | Madaris were largely centred on the study of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ ("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic legal education system had its origins in the 9th century after the formation of the madhāhib (schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi consi... | How long did a student have to study law, in early Islamic law graduate schools, in order to graduate? | {
"answer_start": [
825
],
"text": [
"ten or more years"
]
} |
572a6d8a7a1753140016af3f | Madrasa | Madaris were largely centred on the study of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ ("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic legal education system had its origins in the 9th century after the formation of the madhāhib (schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi consi... | What traditional schooling has been considered modeled after the traditional Islamic graduate schools? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"European doctorate"
]
} |
572a6ea1d562191400bc86d1 | Madrasa | The Arabic term ijāzat al-tadrīs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between th... | What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"licence to teach"
]
} |
572a6ea1d562191400bc86d2 | Madrasa | The Arabic term ijāzat al-tadrīs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between th... | Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"individual scholar-teacher"
]
} |
572a6ea1d562191400bc86d3 | Madrasa | The Arabic term ijāzat al-tadrīs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between th... | Who awarded a teaching license in European schools? | {
"answer_start": [
467
],
"text": [
"chief official of the university"
]
} |
572a6ea1d562191400bc86d4 | Madrasa | The Arabic term ijāzat al-tadrīs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between th... | What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"licentia docendi"
]
} |
572a7282fed8de19000d5c17 | Madrasa | Much of the study in the madrasah college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity mustaftī, presented to a jurisconsult, called mufti, soliciting from him a response, calle... | What determination of the study of law was held to much debate? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"whether certain opinions of law were orthodox"
]
} |
572a7282fed8de19000d5c19 | Madrasa | Much of the study in the madrasah college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity mustaftī, presented to a jurisconsult, called mufti, soliciting from him a response, calle... | What type of matters are covered through Islamic law? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"civil as well as religious"
]
} |
572a7282fed8de19000d5c18 | Madrasa | Much of the study in the madrasah college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity mustaftī, presented to a jurisconsult, called mufti, soliciting from him a response, calle... | What is the Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"fatwa"
]
} |
572a7282fed8de19000d5c1a | Madrasa | Much of the study in the madrasah college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity mustaftī, presented to a jurisconsult, called mufti, soliciting from him a response, calle... | What is ijtihad? | {
"answer_start": [
581
],
"text": [
"process of scholarly research"
]
} |
572a73ae27b69114009ef5c6 | Madrasa | There is disagreement whether madaris ever became universities. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madaris indeed became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the med... | When did some madaris become considered like traditional colleges? | {
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"10th century"
]
} |
572a73ae27b69114009ef5c7 | Madrasa | There is disagreement whether madaris ever became universities. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madaris indeed became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the med... | What class of people founded both European universities and Islamic madaris | {
"answer_start": [
486
],
"text": [
"princely patrons"
]
} |
572a73ae27b69114009ef5c8 | Madrasa | There is disagreement whether madaris ever became universities. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madaris indeed became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the med... | What was considered to be the underlying purpose of madaris? | {
"answer_start": [
556
],
"text": [
"further the rulers' agenda"
]
} |
572a73ae27b69114009ef5c9 | Madrasa | There is disagreement whether madaris ever became universities. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madaris indeed became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the med... | Who argued that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"George Makdisi"
]
} |
572a74b727b69114009ef5ce | Madrasa | al-Qarawīyīn University in Fez, Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the jāmiʻahs (such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University) differed in the sen... | When was al-Qarawiyin University founded? | {
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"859"
]
} |
572a74b727b69114009ef5cf | Madrasa | al-Qarawīyīn University in Fez, Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the jāmiʻahs (such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University) differed in the sen... | Who founded al-Qarawiyin University? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"Fatima al-Fihri"
]
} |
572a74b727b69114009ef5d0 | Madrasa | al-Qarawīyīn University in Fez, Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the jāmiʻahs (such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University) differed in the sen... | What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University? | {
"answer_start": [
229
],
"text": [
"all levels"
]
} |
572a74b727b69114009ef5d1 | Madrasa | al-Qarawīyīn University in Fez, Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the jāmiʻahs (such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University) differed in the sen... | What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University? | {
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"mosques"
]
} |
572a74b727b69114009ef5d2 | Madrasa | al-Qarawīyīn University in Fez, Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the jāmiʻahs (such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University) differed in the sen... | What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"individual faculties for different subjects"
]
} |
572a75af74f2e11900503fbd | Madrasa | Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī Fatimid dynasty as a jāmiʻah, had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. The postgraduate doctorate in law was o... | When was Al-Azhar University founded? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"975"
]
} |
572a75af74f2e11900503fbe | Madrasa | Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī Fatimid dynasty as a jāmiʻah, had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. The postgraduate doctorate in law was o... | Where is Al-Azhar University located? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"Cairo, Egypt"
]
} |
572a75af74f2e11900503fbf | Madrasa | Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī Fatimid dynasty as a jāmiʻah, had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. The postgraduate doctorate in law was o... | What was required to earn a law degree at Al-Azhar University? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"an oral examination"
]
} |
572a75af74f2e11900503fc0 | Madrasa | Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī Fatimid dynasty as a jāmiʻah, had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. The postgraduate doctorate in law was o... | Who was an astronomy professor at Al-Azhar University? | {
"answer_start": [
621
],
"text": [
"Maimonides"
]
} |
572a75af74f2e11900503fc1 | Madrasa | Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī Fatimid dynasty as a jāmiʻah, had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. The postgraduate doctorate in law was o... | What is Nizamiyah of Baghdad most known for? | {
"answer_start": [
805
],
"text": [
"largest university of the Medieval world"
]
} |
572a775074f2e11900503fd1 | Madrasa | However, the classification of madaris as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ijāzahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of sharīʻah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural scie... | What field does the ijazah signify expertise in? | {
"answer_start": [
199
],
"text": [
"Islamic religious law of sharīʻah"
]
} |
572a775074f2e11900503fd2 | Madrasa | However, the classification of madaris as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ijāzahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of sharīʻah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural scie... | What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris? | {
"answer_start": [
495
],
"text": [
"supply religious needs"
]
} |
572a775074f2e11900503fd3 | Madrasa | However, the classification of madaris as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ijāzahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of sharīʻah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural scie... | Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris? | {
"answer_start": [
991
],
"text": [
"the teacher"
]
} |
572a775074f2e11900503fd4 | Madrasa | However, the classification of madaris as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ijāzahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of sharīʻah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural scie... | What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris? | {
"answer_start": [
557
],
"text": [
"Ptolemaic astronomy"
]
} |
572a775074f2e11900503fd5 | Madrasa | However, the classification of madaris as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ijāzahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of sharīʻah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural scie... | What is considered the most famous madrasa? | {
"answer_start": [
692
],
"text": [
"al-Azhar"
]
} |
572a790e74f2e11900503fdd | Madrasa | Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madaris and jāmi‘ahs because the medieval university (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like t... | Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Medievalist specialists"
]
} |
572a790e74f2e11900503fde | Madrasa | Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madaris and jāmi‘ahs because the medieval university (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like t... | What are two examples of waqfs? | {
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"madrasa and jāmiʻah"
]
} |
572a790d74f2e11900503fdc | Madrasa | Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madaris and jāmi‘ahs because the medieval university (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like t... | What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as? | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"Islamic college"
]
} |
572a790d74f2e11900503fdb | Madrasa | Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madaris and jāmi‘ahs because the medieval university (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like t... | What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities? | {
"answer_start": [
690
],
"text": [
"corporate element"
]
} |
572a7aff34ae481900deab39 | Madrasa | As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of waqf. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th ... | When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly? | {
"answer_start": [
306
],
"text": [
"11th and 12th centuries"
]
} |
572a7aff34ae481900deab3a | Madrasa | As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of waqf. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th ... | Where are madaris considered less desirable? | {
"answer_start": [
343
],
"text": [
"Western Islamic lands"
]
} |
572a7aff34ae481900deab3b | Madrasa | As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of waqf. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th ... | When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university? | {
"answer_start": [
943
],
"text": [
"1947"
]
} |
572a7aff34ae481900deab3c | Madrasa | As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of waqf. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th ... | When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the school? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"the donor"
]
} |
572a7aff34ae481900deab3d | Madrasa | As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of waqf. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th ... | What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961? | {
"answer_start": [
1178
],
"text": [
"economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture"
]
} |
572a7cac111d821400f38b5c | Madrasa | Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have Islamic origins, includ... | What institutions have been considered to take some its ideas from madaris? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"European university"
]
} |
572a7cac111d821400f38b5e | Madrasa | Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have Islamic origins, includ... | How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between Islamic language and European educational practices? | {
"answer_start": [
934
],
"text": [
"eighteen"
]
} |
572a7cac111d821400f38b5d | Madrasa | Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have Islamic origins, includ... | What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be adapted from madaris? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"degree and doctorate"
]
} |
572a7cac111d821400f38b5f | Madrasa | Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have Islamic origins, includ... | What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe European schools learned from Islamic traditions? | {
"answer_start": [
1294
],
"text": [
"academic"
]
} |
572a7cac111d821400f38b60 | Madrasa | Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have Islamic origins, includ... | What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools learned from madaris? | {
"answer_start": [
1205
],
"text": [
"wearing academic robes"
]
} |
572a7e1af75d5e190021faee | Madrasa | However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by standard scholarship to be independent medieval European developments with no tracable Islamic influence. Generally, some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation... | What other religion was considered to share parallels in teaching styles with the Muslim faith? | {
"answer_start": [
439
],
"text": [
"Christian"
]
} |
572a7e1af75d5e190021faef | Madrasa | However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by standard scholarship to be independent medieval European developments with no tracable Islamic influence. Generally, some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation... | What was Makdisi accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools? | {
"answer_start": [
261
],
"text": [
"overstating his case"
]
} |
572a7e1af75d5e190021faf0 | Madrasa | However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by standard scholarship to be independent medieval European developments with no tracable Islamic influence. Generally, some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation... | What is the European version of fiqh? | {
"answer_start": [
672
],
"text": [
"civil law"
]
} |
572a7e1af75d5e190021faf1 | Madrasa | However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by standard scholarship to be independent medieval European developments with no tracable Islamic influence. Generally, some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation... | What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools? | {
"answer_start": [
1513
],
"text": [
"parallel occurrence"
]
} |
572a7f2034ae481900deab4d | Madrasa | Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world’s Islamic scholars. However, al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ... | What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 1200s? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"less than one percent"
]
} |
572a7f2034ae481900deab4e | Madrasa | Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world’s Islamic scholars. However, al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ... | How many female Islamic scholars were on record after the 1400s? | {
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"over 8,000"
]
} |
572a7f2034ae481900deab4f | Madrasa | Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world’s Islamic scholars. However, al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ... | In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic female students? | {
"answer_start": [
304
],
"text": [
"al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ"
]
} |
572a7f2034ae481900deab50 | Madrasa | Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world’s Islamic scholars. However, al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ... | How many female students were discussed in the al-Daw' al-Iami? | {
"answer_start": [
363
],
"text": [
"1,075"
]
} |
572a8012be1ee31400cb8043 | Madrasa | From around 750, during the Abbasid Caliphate, women “became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty”. In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in music, dancing and poetry. Mahbuba was one of these. Another feminine figure to be remembered for her achievements was Tawaddud... | What disciplines were women trained in during the first century? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"music, dancing and poetry"
]
} |
572a8012be1ee31400cb8044 | Madrasa | From around 750, during the Abbasid Caliphate, women “became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty”. In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in music, dancing and poetry. Mahbuba was one of these. Another feminine figure to be remembered for her achievements was Tawaddud... | Who was the most well known female scholar in Islamic schools? | {
"answer_start": [
633
],
"text": [
"Shuhda"
]
} |
572a8012be1ee31400cb8045 | Madrasa | From around 750, during the Abbasid Caliphate, women “became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty”. In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in music, dancing and poetry. Mahbuba was one of these. Another feminine figure to be remembered for her achievements was Tawaddud... | Where did Shuhda attend school? | {
"answer_start": [
722
],
"text": [
"Baghdad"
]
} |
572a8012be1ee31400cb8046 | Madrasa | From around 750, during the Abbasid Caliphate, women “became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty”. In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in music, dancing and poetry. Mahbuba was one of these. Another feminine figure to be remembered for her achievements was Tawaddud... | When was formal education for Islamic women halted? | {
"answer_start": [
865
],
"text": [
"1258"
]
} |
572a8012be1ee31400cb8047 | Madrasa | From around 750, during the Abbasid Caliphate, women “became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty”. In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in music, dancing and poetry. Mahbuba was one of these. Another feminine figure to be remembered for her achievements was Tawaddud... | During which Caliphate did Islamic women begin attending formal school? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"Abbasid"
]
} |
572a8196be1ee31400cb8057 | Madrasa | According to the Sunni scholar Ibn ʻAsākir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women could study, earn ijazahs (academic degrees), and qualify as scholars and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted ... | What titles could women earn by going to Islamic schools? | {
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"scholars and teachers"
]
} |
572a8196be1ee31400cb8058 | Madrasa | According to the Sunni scholar Ibn ʻAsākir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women could study, earn ijazahs (academic degrees), and qualify as scholars and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted ... | Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were educated in Islamic schools? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"learned and scholarly families"
]
} |
572a8196be1ee31400cb8059 | Madrasa | According to the Sunni scholar Ibn ʻAsākir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women could study, earn ijazahs (academic degrees), and qualify as scholars and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted ... | Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem women in Medina? | {
"answer_start": [
682
],
"text": [
"their desire for religious knowledge"
]
} |
572a8196be1ee31400cb805a | Madrasa | According to the Sunni scholar Ibn ʻAsākir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women could study, earn ijazahs (academic degrees), and qualify as scholars and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted ... | Who created a pathway for education for women in the Islamic world? | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"Muhammad's wives"
]
} |
572a8196be1ee31400cb805b | Madrasa | According to the Sunni scholar Ibn ʻAsākir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women could study, earn ijazahs (academic degrees), and qualify as scholars and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted ... | Which one of Muhammad's wives had a particular impact on his view of women and education? | {
"answer_start": [
556
],
"text": [
"Khadijah"
]
} |
572a84d3f75d5e190021fb38 | Madrasa | "The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who help... | Who traveled abroad to get an education at madaris? | {
"answer_start": [
941
],
"text": [
"Ottomans"
]
} |
572a84d3f75d5e190021fb39 | Madrasa | "The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who help... | How many madaris were started by Mehmed the Conqueror? | {
"answer_start": [
1514
],
"text": [
"eight"
]
} |
572a84d3f75d5e190021fb3a | Madrasa | "The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who help... | How would a student matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
2276
],
"text": [
"complete the classes in the lower one"
]
} |
572a84d3f75d5e190021fb3b | Madrasa | "The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who help... | Where were Ottoman madaris built? | {
"answer_start": [
1739
],
"text": [
"near mosques"
]
} |
572a84d3f75d5e190021fb3c | Madrasa | "The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who help... | When was the first Ottoman madrasa built? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"1331"
]
} |
572a85df111d821400f38bac | Madrasa | Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Rel... | What was the essential mission of Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"spiritual learning"
]
} |
572a85df111d821400f38bad | Madrasa | Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Rel... | Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris? | {
"answer_start": [
1010
],
"text": [
"confirm the doctrines of Islam"
]
} |
572a85df111d821400f38bae | Madrasa | Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Rel... | What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have? | {
"answer_start": [
1260
],
"text": [
"pluralistic"
]
} |
572a85df111d821400f38baf | Madrasa | Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Rel... | What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
1431
],
"text": [
"Islam"
]
} |
572a85df111d821400f38bb0 | Madrasa | Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Rel... | What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools? | {
"answer_start": [
1976
],
"text": [
"wide range of studies"
]
} |
572a875f111d821400f38bca | Madrasa | As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the infrastructure of a mosqu... | What kind of social service was provided through the madaris? | {
"answer_start": [
236
],
"text": [
"aid to the poor through soup kitchens"
]
} |
572a875f111d821400f38bcb | Madrasa | As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the infrastructure of a mosqu... | What had a hold over social life in the Ottoman Empire as well as other cultures? | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"religion"
]
} |
572a875f111d821400f38bcc | Madrasa | As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the infrastructure of a mosqu... | Where did students learn about religious and social norms? | {
"answer_start": [
1336
],
"text": [
"medreses"
]
} |
572a875f111d821400f38bcd | Madrasa | As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the infrastructure of a mosqu... | What practice was desired through connecting religion and schools? | {
"answer_start": [
1047
],
"text": [
"Islamic orthodoxy"
]
} |
572a8990f75d5e190021fb56 | Madrasa | In India the majority of these schools follow the Hanafi school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the Darul Uloom Deoband constitutes one of the biggest madaris) and the Barelvis, who also make ... | What group makes up a larger percentage of people in India? | {
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"Deobandis"
]
} |
572a8990f75d5e190021fb5a | Madrasa | In India the majority of these schools follow the Hanafi school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the Darul Uloom Deoband constitutes one of the biggest madaris) and the Barelvis, who also make ... | What problems are arising due to the political conflicts over schools? | {
"answer_start": [
1098
],
"text": [
"Hindu-Muslim friction"
]
} |
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