Split (3)

train · 87.6k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 270	answers dict
572a76d27a1753140016afa4	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the...	What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized?	{ "answer_start": [ 49 ], "text": [ "collectivism" ] }
572a76d27a1753140016afa5	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the...	How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained?	{ "answer_start": [ 214 ], "text": [ "a central authority" ] }
572a76d27a1753140016afa6	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the...	According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy?	{ "answer_start": [ 504 ], "text": [ "central economic planning" ] }
572a76d27a1753140016afa7	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the...	Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what?	{ "answer_start": [ 575 ], "text": [ "totalitarianism" ] }
572a76d27a1753140016afa8	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the...	What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state?	{ "answer_start": [ 308 ], "text": [ "maintain the rule of law" ] }
572a798abe1ee31400cb8021	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s...	Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what?	{ "answer_start": [ 85 ], "text": [ "creating a \"safety net\"" ] }
572a798abe1ee31400cb8022	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s...	Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to?	{ "answer_start": [ 269 ], "text": [ "all" ] }
572a798abe1ee31400cb8023	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s...	According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent?	{ "answer_start": [ 363 ], "text": [ "sufficient to preserve health" ] }
572a798abe1ee31400cb8024	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s...	What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create?	{ "answer_start": [ 486 ], "text": [ "social insurance" ] }
572a7af4111d821400f38b4c	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic...	In what economic field of study does Hayek's views differ from those in macroeconomics?	{ "answer_start": [ 20 ], "text": [ "microeconomics" ] }
572a7af4111d821400f38b4d	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic...	What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought?	{ "answer_start": [ 491 ], "text": [ "\"Marshallian\"" ] }
572a7af4111d821400f38b4e	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic...	Whose works inspire the term "Walrasian" in economics?	{ "answer_start": [ 621 ], "text": [ "Abba Lerner" ] }
572a8062f75d5e190021fb0e	Friedrich_Hayek	During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ...	When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "During World War II" ] }
572a8062f75d5e190021fb0f	Friedrich_Hayek	During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ...	What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason?	{ "answer_start": [ 164 ], "text": [ "fundamental misconceptions about the social science" ] }
572a8062f75d5e190021fb10	Friedrich_Hayek	During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ...	Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek's?	{ "answer_start": [ 301 ], "text": [ "Karl Popper" ] }
572a8062f75d5e190021fb11	Friedrich_Hayek	During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ...	What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences?	{ "answer_start": [ 358 ], "text": [ "scientism" ] }
572a8062f75d5e190021fb12	Friedrich_Hayek	During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ...	In scientism, it is typically believed that explanations in science are what?	{ "answer_start": [ 710 ], "text": [ "simple two-variable linear relationships" ] }
572a81def75d5e190021fb2a	Friedrich_Hayek	In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain...	In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning?	{ "answer_start": [ 81 ], "text": [ "1952" ] }
572a81def75d5e190021fb2b	Friedrich_Hayek	In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain...	Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book?	{ "answer_start": [ 121 ], "text": [ "Hebbian learning" ] }
572a81def75d5e190021fb2c	Friedrich_Hayek	In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain...	What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science?	{ "answer_start": [ 270 ], "text": [ "\"Hebbian synapse\"" ] }
572a81def75d5e190021fb2d	Friedrich_Hayek	In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain...	What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse?	{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology" ] }
572a8448be1ee31400cb8067	Friedrich_Hayek	In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of st...	When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge?	{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "the latter half of his career" ] }
572a8448be1ee31400cb8068	Friedrich_Hayek	In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of st...	What did Hayek want society to function around?	{ "answer_start": [ 276 ], "text": [ "a market order" ] }
572a8448be1ee31400cb8069	Friedrich_Hayek	In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of st...	What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order?	{ "answer_start": [ 377 ], "text": [ "to enforce the legal order" ] }
572a8448be1ee31400cb806a	Friedrich_Hayek	In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of st...	What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market?	{ "answer_start": [ 720 ], "text": [ "would be self-regulating" ] }
572a8448be1ee31400cb806b	Friedrich_Hayek	In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of st...	What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly?	{ "answer_start": [ 847 ], "text": [ "good men" ] }
572a8598111d821400f38ba4	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and ...	What concept did Hayek dislike?	{ "answer_start": [ 36 ], "text": [ "social justice" ] }
572a8598111d821400f38ba5	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and ...	How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution?	{ "answer_start": [ 96 ], "text": [ "there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust" ] }
572a8598111d821400f38ba6	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and ...	What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust?	{ "answer_start": [ 245 ], "text": [ "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable" ] }
572a8598111d821400f38ba7	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and ...	According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what?	{ "answer_start": [ 755 ], "text": [ "the opposite of a free society" ] }
572a8747be1ee31400cb807b	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being...	What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend?	{ "answer_start": [ 113 ], "text": [ "non-interventionist policy" ] }
572a8747be1ee31400cb807c	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being...	What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem?	{ "answer_start": [ 689 ], "text": [ "prima facie" ] }
572a8747be1ee31400cb807d	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being...	What are ecosystems views to be?	{ "answer_start": [ 772 ], "text": [ "spontaneous orders" ] }
572a8747be1ee31400cb807e	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being...	One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments?	{ "answer_start": [ 888 ], "text": [ "analysis of markets" ] }
572a8747be1ee31400cb807f	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being...	What is limited by the ignorance of humanity?	{ "answer_start": [ 587 ], "text": [ "our ability to manipulate nature" ] }
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8085	Friedrich_Hayek	With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote ...	According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care?	{ "answer_start": [ 308 ], "text": [ "Hayek" ] }
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8086	Friedrich_Hayek	With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote ...	Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society?	{ "answer_start": [ 596 ], "text": [ "the state" ] }
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8087	Friedrich_Hayek	With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote ...	In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance?	{ "answer_start": [ 273 ], "text": [ "The economic calculation problem" ] }
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8088	Friedrich_Hayek	With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote ...	Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net?	{ "answer_start": [ 608 ], "text": [ "Bernard Harcourt" ] }
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb60	Friedrich_Hayek	Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound groun...	Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Arthur M. Diamond" ] }
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb61	Friedrich_Hayek	Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound groun...	Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic?	{ "answer_start": [ 104 ], "text": [ "economic science" ] }
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb62	Friedrich_Hayek	Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound groun...	What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek?	{ "answer_start": [ 449 ], "text": [ "intellectual skeptic" ] }
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb63	Friedrich_Hayek	Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound groun...	Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what?	{ "answer_start": [ 594 ], "text": [ "confused and contradictory" ] }
572a8b41111d821400f38bd2	Friedrich_Hayek	Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictato...	At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary?	{ "answer_start": [ 254 ], "text": [ "a transitional period" ] }
572a8b41111d821400f38bd3	Friedrich_Hayek	Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictato...	What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals?	{ "answer_start": [ 303 ], "text": [ "a liberal dictatorship" ] }
572a8b41111d821400f38bd4	Friedrich_Hayek	Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictato...	What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future?	{ "answer_start": [ 529 ], "text": [ "a liberal government" ] }
572a8b41111d821400f38bd5	Friedrich_Hayek	Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictato...	As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler?	{ "answer_start": [ 768 ], "text": [ "Pinochet" ] }
572a8c4c111d821400f38be2	Friedrich_Hayek	For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regi...	Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what?	{ "answer_start": [ 72 ], "text": [ "totalitarianism" ] }
572a8c4c111d821400f38be3	Friedrich_Hayek	For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regi...	What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism?	{ "answer_start": [ 235 ], "text": [ "Venezuela" ] }
572a8c4c111d821400f38be4	Friedrich_Hayek	For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regi...	What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America?	{ "answer_start": [ 461 ], "text": [ "totalitarian governments" ] }
572a8c4c111d821400f38be5	Friedrich_Hayek	For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regi...	What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian?	{ "answer_start": [ 622 ], "text": [ "the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal”" ] }
572a8d8e111d821400f38bea	Friedrich_Hayek	In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade...	What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs?	{ "answer_start": [ 30 ], "text": [ "private investment in the public markets" ] }
572a8d8e111d821400f38beb	Friedrich_Hayek	In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade...	What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment?	{ "answer_start": [ 212 ], "text": [ "Lionel Robbins" ] }
572a8d8e111d821400f38bec	Friedrich_Hayek	In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade...	Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency?	{ "answer_start": [ 373 ], "text": [ "Churchill" ] }
572a8d8e111d821400f38bed	Friedrich_Hayek	In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade...	With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly?	{ "answer_start": [ 269 ], "text": [ "John Maynard Keynes" ] }
572ab384be1ee31400cb8197	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classi...	Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field?	{ "answer_start": [ 133 ], "text": [ "Kenneth Arrow" ] }
572ab384be1ee31400cb8198	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classi...	What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man?	{ "answer_start": [ 495 ], "text": [ "Paul Samuelson" ] }
572ab384be1ee31400cb8199	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classi...	On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong?	{ "answer_start": [ 1217 ], "text": [ "Joseph Schumpeter" ] }
572ab384be1ee31400cb819a	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classi...	On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical?	{ "answer_start": [ 738 ], "text": [ "Hayek's" ] }
572ab384be1ee31400cb819b	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classi...	Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics?	{ "answer_start": [ 746 ], "text": [ "Prices and Production" ] }
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a1	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work ...	Whose 1980 book mentions "informal" economics?	{ "answer_start": [ 267 ], "text": [ "Milton Friedman's" ] }
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a2	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work ...	What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980?	{ "answer_start": [ 320 ], "text": [ "Free to Choose" ] }
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a3	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work ...	How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system?	{ "answer_start": [ 357 ], "text": [ "Hayekian" ] }
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a4	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work ...	Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach?	{ "answer_start": [ 536 ], "text": [ "The Use of Knowledge in Society" ] }
572ab680111d821400f38ce8	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutat...	Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with?	{ "answer_start": [ 75 ], "text": [ "Karl Popper" ] }
572ab680111d821400f38ce9	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutat...	Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper?	{ "answer_start": [ 239 ], "text": [ "Alfred Tarski" ] }
572ab680111d821400f38cea	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutat...	Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work?	{ "answer_start": [ 297 ], "text": [ "Conjectures and Refutations" ] }
572ab680111d821400f38ceb	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutat...	Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention?	{ "answer_start": [ 487 ], "text": [ "Logik der Forschung" ] }
572ab680111d821400f38cec	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutat...	Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event?	{ "answer_start": [ 630 ], "text": [ "the inaugural meeting" ] }
572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d5	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology...	Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism?	{ "answer_start": [ 386 ], "text": [ "The Road to Serfdom" ] }
572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d6	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology...	To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success?	{ "answer_start": [ 42 ], "text": [ "Carl Menger" ] }
572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d7	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology...	Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period??	{ "answer_start": [ 205 ], "text": [ "Scottish Enlightenment" ] }
572ab905f75d5e190021fc6e	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of s...	In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister?	{ "answer_start": [ 195 ], "text": [ "1979" ] }
572ab905f75d5e190021fc6f	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of s...	Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state?	{ "answer_start": [ 229 ], "text": [ "Keith Joseph" ] }
572ab905f75d5e190021fc70	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of s...	During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what?	{ "answer_start": [ 69 ], "text": [ "conservative governments" ] }
572ab905f75d5e190021fc71	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of s...	What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold?	{ "answer_start": [ 247 ], "text": [ "director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies" ] }
572ab905f75d5e190021fc72	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of s...	One of Hayek's supporters served which US president?	{ "answer_start": [ 423 ], "text": [ "Ronald Reagan's" ] }
572aba88111d821400f38d00	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he n...	What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty?	{ "answer_start": [ 133 ], "text": [ "conservatism" ] }
572aba88111d821400f38d03	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he n...	What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology?	{ "answer_start": [ 773 ], "text": [ "libertarian" ] }
572aba88111d821400f38d04	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he n...	Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged?	{ "answer_start": [ 877 ], "text": [ "internationalism" ] }
572aba88111d821400f38d02	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he n...	What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism?	{ "answer_start": [ 428 ], "text": [ "belief in the free market" ] }
572aba88111d821400f38d01	Friedrich_Hayek	Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he n...	What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism?	{ "answer_start": [ 254 ], "text": [ "\"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves.\"" ] }
572abb9a34ae481900deac87	Friedrich_Hayek	However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle ...	What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian?	{ "answer_start": [ 93 ], "text": [ "Old Whig" ] }
572abb9a34ae481900deac88	Friedrich_Hayek	However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle ...	In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced?	{ "answer_start": [ 416 ], "text": [ "liberal-minded economists" ] }
572abb9a34ae481900deac89	Friedrich_Hayek	However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle ...	Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's "Why I Am Not a Conservative"?	{ "answer_start": [ 516 ], "text": [ "James M. Buchanan" ] }
572abb9a34ae481900deac8a	Friedrich_Hayek	However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle ...	From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian?	{ "answer_start": [ 127 ], "text": [ "Edmund Burke" ] }
572abb9a34ae481900deac8b	Friedrich_Hayek	However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle ...	In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself?	{ "answer_start": [ 193 ], "text": [ "a Burkean Whig" ] }
572abd0734ae481900deaca3	Friedrich_Hayek	His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of "neoliberalism". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals." Britta...	What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals?	{ "answer_start": [ 60 ], "text": [ "neoliberalism" ] }
572abd0734ae481900deaca4	Friedrich_Hayek	His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of "neoliberalism". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals." Britta...	Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy?	{ "answer_start": [ 95 ], "text": [ "Samuel Brittan" ] }
572abd0734ae481900deaca5	Friedrich_Hayek	His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of "neoliberalism". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals." Britta...	Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's?	{ "answer_start": [ 341 ], "text": [ "Raymond Plant" ] }
572abec0be1ee31400cb81ff	Friedrich_Hayek	In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to ru...	Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative?	{ "answer_start": [ 59 ], "text": [ "Madsen Pirie" ] }
572abec0be1ee31400cb8200	Friedrich_Hayek	In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to ru...	According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom?	{ "answer_start": [ 271 ], "text": [ "people in authority who think they know how to run things better" ] }
572abec0be1ee31400cb8201	Friedrich_Hayek	In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to ru...	Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason?	{ "answer_start": [ 85 ], "text": [ "mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook" ] }
572abec0be1ee31400cb8202	Friedrich_Hayek	In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to ru...	What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market?	{ "answer_start": [ 367 ], "text": [ "to function smoothly" ] }
572a3fbf3f37b3190047881b	Diarrhea	Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progres...	What is diarrhea?	{ "answer_start": [ 37 ], "text": [ "the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day" ] }
572a3fbf3f37b3190047881c	Diarrhea	Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progres...	What is one of the effects of diarrhea?	{ "answer_start": [ 152 ], "text": [ "can result in dehydration due to fluid loss" ] }
572a3fbf3f37b3190047881d	Diarrhea	Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progres...	What are the warning signs of dehydration?	{ "answer_start": [ 235 ], "text": [ "loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour" ] }
572a3fbf3f37b3190047881e	Diarrhea	Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progres...	What are other signs of dehydration?	{ "answer_start": [ 325 ], "text": [ "decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness" ] }
572a446f1d046914007798b5	Diarrhea	The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: sho...	What is the most common cause of diarrhea?	{ "answer_start": [ 25 ], "text": [ "an infection of the intestines" ] }
572a446f1d046914007798b6	Diarrhea	The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: sho...	What can cause an infection in the intestines?	{ "answer_start": [ 70 ], "text": [ "a virus, bacteria, or parasite" ] }

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