Command stringlengths 1 20 | Text stringlengths 86 185k | Summary stringlengths 101 1.77k |
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git-reflog | This command manages the information recorded in the reflogs. Reference logs, or "reflogs", record when the tips of branches and other references were updated in the local repository. Reflogs are useful in various Git commands, to specify the old value of a reference. For example, HEAD@{2} means "where HEAD used to be... | # git reflog
> Show a log of changes to local references like HEAD, branches or tags. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-reflog.
* Show the reflog for HEAD:
`git reflog`
* Show the reflog for a given branch:
`git reflog {{branch_name}}`
* Show only the 5 latest entries in the reflog:
`git reflog -n ... |
git-cat-file | In its first form, the command provides the content or the type of an object in the repository. The type is required unless -t or -p is used to find the object type, or -s is used to find the object size, or --textconv or --filters is used (which imply type "blob"). In the second form, a list of objects (separated by ... | # git cat-file
> Provide content or type and size information for Git repository objects.
> More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-cat-file.
* Get the [s]ize of the HEAD commit in bytes:
`git cat-file -s HEAD`
* Get the [t]ype (blob, tree, commit, tag) of a given Git object:
`git cat-file -t {{8c442dc3}}`
... |
clear | @CLEAR@ clears your terminal's screen if this is possible, including the terminal's scrollback buffer (if the extended “E3” capability is defined). @CLEAR@ looks in the environment for the terminal type given by the environment variable TERM, and then in the terminfo database to determine how to clear the screen. @CLE... | # clear
> Clears the screen of the terminal. More information:
> https://manned.org/clear.
* Clear the screen (equivalent to pressing Control-L in Bash shell):
`clear`
* Clear the screen but keep the terminal's scrollback buffer:
`clear -x`
* Indicate the type of terminal to clean (defaults to the value of the en... |
tput | The @TPUT@ utility uses the terminfo database to make the values of terminal-dependent capabilities and information available to the shell (see sh(1)), to initialize or reset the terminal, or return the long name of the requested terminal type. The result depends upon the capability's type: string @TPUT@ writes the st... | # tput
> View and modify terminal settings and capabilities. More information:
> https://manned.org/tput.
* Move the cursor to a screen location:
`tput cup {{row}} {{column}}`
* Set foreground (af) or background (ab) color:
`tput {{setaf|setab}} {{ansi_color_code}}`
* Show number of columns, lines, or colors:
`tp... |
nice | Run COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Niceness values range from -20 (most favorable to the process) to 19 (least favorable to the process). Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -n, --adjustment=N add in... | # nice
> Execute a program with a custom scheduling priority (niceness). Niceness
> values range from -20 (the highest priority) to 19 (the lowest). More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/nice.
* Launch a program with altered priority:
`nice -n {{niceness_value}} {{command}}` |
echo | Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized:... | # echo
> Print given arguments. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/echo.
* Print a text message. Note: quotes are optional:
`echo "{{Hello World}}"`
* Print a message with environment variables:
`echo "{{My path is $PATH}}"`
* Print a message without the trailing newline:
`echo -n "{{Hello... |
expand | The expand utility shall write files or the standard input to the standard output with <tab> characters replaced with one or more <space> characters needed to pad to the next tab stop. Any <backspace> characters shall be copied to the output and cause the column position count for tab stop calculations to be decrement... | # expand
> Convert tabs to spaces. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/expand.
* Convert tabs in each file to spaces, writing to `stdout`:
`expand {{path/to/file}}`
* Convert tabs to spaces, reading from `stdin`:
`expand`
* Do not convert tabs after non blanks:
`expand -i {{path/to/file}}`
... |
systemd-firstboot | systemd-firstboot initializes basic system settings interactively during the first boot, or non-interactively on an offline system image. The service is started during boot if ConditionFirstBoot=yes is met, which essentially means that /etc/ is empty, see systemd.unit(5) for details. The following settings may be conf... | # systemd-firstboot
> Initialize basic system settings on or before the first boot-up of a system.
> More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-
> firstboot.html.
* Operate on the specified directory instead of the root directory of the host system:
`sudo systemd-firstboot --root={{pat... |
last | last looks through the file wtmp (which records all logins/logouts) and prints information about connect times of users. Records are printed from most recent to least recent. Records can be specified by tty and username. tty names can be abbreviated: last 0 is equivalent to last tty0. Multiple arguments can be specifi... | # last
> View the last logged in users. More information: https://manned.org/last.
* View last logins, their duration and other information as read from `/var/log/wtmp`:
`last`
* Specify how many of the last logins to show:
`last -n {{login_count}}`
* Print the full date and time for entries and then display the ... |
flatpak | Flatpak is a tool for managing applications and the runtimes they use. In the Flatpak model, applications can be built and distributed independently from the host system they are used on, and they are isolated from the host system ('sandboxed') to some degree, at runtime. Flatpak can operate in system-wide or per-user... | # flatpak
> Build, install and run flatpak applications and runtimes. More information:
> https://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/flatpak-command-reference.html#flatpak.
* Run an installed application:
`flatpak run {{name}}`
* Install an application from a remote source:
`flatpak install {{remote}} {{name}}`
* List al... |
cksum | Print or verify checksums. By default use the 32 bit CRC algorithm. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --algorithm=TYPE select the digest type to use. See DIGEST below. -b, --base64 emit base64-encoded digests, not hexadeci... | # cksum
> Calculates CRC checksums and byte counts of a file. Note, on old UNIX
> systems the CRC implementation may differ. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/cksum.
* Display a 32-bit checksum, size in bytes and filename:
`cksum {{path/to/file}}` |
git-for-each-repo | Run a Git command on a list of repositories. The arguments after the known options or -- indicator are used as the arguments for the Git subprocess. THIS COMMAND IS EXPERIMENTAL. THE BEHAVIOR MAY CHANGE. For example, we could run maintenance on each of a list of repositories stored in a maintenance.repo config variabl... | # git for-each-repo
> Run a Git command on a list of repositories. Note: this command is
> experimental and may change. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-
> for-each-repo.
* Run maintenance on each of a list of repositories stored in the `maintenance.repo` user configuration variable:
`git for-each-repo ... |
more | more is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time. This version is especially primitive. Users should realize that less(1) provides more(1) emulation plus extensive enhancements. Options are also taken from the environment variable MORE (make sure to precede them with a dash (-)) but command-line option... | # more
> Open a file for interactive reading, allowing scrolling and search. More
> information: https://manned.org/more.
* Open a file:
`more {{path/to/file}}`
* Open a file displaying from a specific line:
`more +{{line_number}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Display help:
`more --help`
* Go to the next page:
`<Space>`
... |
apropos | Each manual page has a short description available within it. apropos searches the descriptions for instances of keyword. keyword is usually a regular expression, as if (-r) was used, or may contain wildcards (-w), or match the exact keyword (-e). Using these options, it may be necessary to quote the keyword or escape... | # apropos
> Search the manual pages for names and descriptions. More information:
> https://manned.org/apropos.
* Search for a keyword using a regular expression:
`apropos {{regular_expression}}`
* Search without restricting the output to the terminal width:
`apropos -l {{regular_expression}}`
* Search for pages ... |
cat | The cat utility shall read files in sequence and shall write their contents to the standard output in the same sequence. The cat utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines. The following option shall be supported: -u Write bytes from the input file to ... | # cat
> Print and concatenate files. More information:
> https://keith.github.io/xcode-man-pages/cat.1.html.
* Print the contents of a file to `stdout`:
`cat {{path/to/file}}`
* Concatenate several files into an output file:
`cat {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} > {{path/to/output_file}}`
* Append several file... |
arch | Print machine architecture. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit | # arch
> Display the name of the system architecture, or run a command under a
> different architecture. See also `uname`. More information:
> https://www.unix.com/man-page/osx/1/arch/.
* Display the system's architecture:
`arch`
* Run a command using x86_64:
`arch -x86_64 "{{command}}"`
* Run a command using arm... |
update-alternatives | update-alternatives creates, removes, maintains and displays information about the symbolic links comprising the Debian alternatives system. It is possible for several programs fulfilling the same or similar functions to be installed on a single system at the same time. For example, many systems have several text edit... | # update-alternatives
> A convenient tool for maintaining symbolic links to determine default
> commands. More information: https://manned.org/update-alternatives.
* Add a symbolic link:
`sudo update-alternatives --install {{path/to/symlink}} {{command_name}}
{{path/to/command_binary}} {{priority}}`
* Configure a s... |
mailx | The mailx utility provides a message sending and receiving facility. It has two major modes, selected by the options used: Send Mode and Receive Mode. On systems that do not support the User Portability Utilities option, an application using mailx shall have the ability to send messages in an unspecified manner (Send ... | # mailx
> Send and receive mail. More information: https://manned.org/mailx.
* Send mail (the content should be typed after the command, and ended with `Ctrl+D`):
`mailx -s "{{subject}}" {{to_addr}}`
* Send mail with content passed from another command:
`echo "{{content}}" | mailx -s "{{subject}}" {{to_addr}}`
* ... |
dot | The shell shall execute commands from the file in the current environment. If file does not contain a <slash>, the shell shall use the search path specified by PATH to find the directory containing file. Unlike normal command search, however, the file searched for by the dot utility need not be executable. If no reada... | # dot
> Render an image of a `linear directed` network graph from a `graphviz` file.
> Layouts: `dot`, `neato`, `twopi`, `circo`, `fdp`, `sfdp`, `osage` &
> `patchwork`. More information: https://graphviz.org/doc/info/command.html.
* Render a `png` image with a filename based on the input filename and output format (... |
gcc | When you invoke GCC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation, assembly and linking. The "overall options" allow you to stop this process at an intermediate stage. For example, the -c option says not to run the linker. Then the output consists of object files output by the assembler. Other options are passed on to ... | # gcc
> Preprocess and compile C and C++ source files, then assemble and link them
> together. More information: https://gcc.gnu.org.
* Compile multiple source files into an executable:
`gcc {{path/to/source1.c path/to/source2.c ...}} -o
{{path/to/output_executable}}`
* Show common warnings, debug symbols in output... |
whoami | Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit | # whoami
> Print the username associated with the current effective user ID. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/whoami.
* Display currently logged username:
`whoami`
* Display the username after a change in the user ID:
`sudo whoami` |
gitk | Displays changes in a repository or a selected set of commits. This includes visualizing the commit graph, showing information related to each commit, and the files in the trees of each revision. To control which revisions to show, gitk supports most options applicable to the git rev-list command. It also supports a f... | # gitk
> A graphical Git repository browser. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/gitk.
* Show the repository browser for the current Git repository:
`gitk`
* Show repository browser for a specific file or directory:
`gitk {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
* Show commits made since 1 week ago:
`gitk --since... |
realpath | Print the resolved absolute file name; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing all components of the path must exist -m, --canonicalize-missing no path components need exist or be a directory -L, --logical resolve '..' components before symlinks -P, --physical resolve symlinks as encountered ... | # realpath
> Display the resolved absolute path for a file or directory. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/realpath.
* Display the absolute path for a file or directory:
`realpath {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
* Require all path components to exist:
`realpath --canonicalize-existing {{path... |
csplit | Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files 'xx00', 'xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Read standard input if FILE is - Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFI... | # csplit
> Split a file into pieces. This generates files named "xx00", "xx01", and so
> on. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/csplit.
* Split a file at lines 5 and 23:
`csplit {{path/to/file}} {{5}} {{23}}`
* Split a file every 5 lines (this will fail if the total number of lines is not divi... |
ps | The ps utility shall write information about processes, subject to having appropriate privileges to obtain information about those processes. By default, ps shall select all processes with the same effective user ID as the current user and the same controlling terminal as the invoker. The ps utility shall conform to t... | # ps
> Information about running processes. More information:
> https://www.unix.com/man-page/osx/1/ps/.
* List all running processes:
`ps aux`
* List all running processes including the full command string:
`ps auxww`
* Search for a process that matches a string:
`ps aux | grep {{string}}`
* Get the parent PID... |
journalctl | journalctl is used to print the log entries stored in the journal by systemd-journald.service(8) and systemd-journal-remote.service(8). If called without parameters, it will show the contents of the journal accessible to the calling user, starting with the oldest entry collected. If one or more match arguments are pas... | # journalctl
> Query the systemd journal. More information: https://manned.org/journalctl.
* Show all messages with priority level 3 (errors) from this [b]oot:
`journalctl -b --priority={{3}}`
* Show all messages from last [b]oot:
`journalctl -b -1`
* Delete journal logs which are older than 2 days:
`journalctl -... |
head | The head utility shall copy its input files to the standard output, ending the output for each file at a designated point. Copying shall end at the point in each input file indicated by the -n number option. The option-argument number shall be counted in units of lines. The head utility shall conform to the Base Defin... | # head
> Output the first part of files. More information:
> https://keith.github.io/xcode-man-pages/head.1.html.
* Output the first few lines of a file:
`head --lines {{8}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Output the first few bytes of a file:
`head --bytes {{8}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Output everything but the last few lines o... |
basename | Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --multiple support multiple arguments and treat each as a NAME -s, --suffix=SUFFIX remove a trailing SUFFIX; implies -a -z, --zero end each... | # basename
> Remove leading directory portions from a path. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/basename.
* Show only the file name from a path:
`basename {{path/to/file}}`
* Show only the rightmost directory name from a path:
`basename {{path/to/directory/}}`
* Show only the file name from... |
git-maintenance | Run tasks to optimize Git repository data, speeding up other Git commands and reducing storage requirements for the repository. Git commands that add repository data, such as git add or git fetch, are optimized for a responsive user experience. These commands do not take time to optimize the Git data, since such optim... | # git-maintenance
> Run tasks to optimize Git repository data. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-maintenance.
* Register the current repository in the user's list of repositories to daily have maintenance run:
`git maintenance register`
* Start running maintenance on the current repository:
`git mai... |
git-diff-files | Compares the files in the working tree and the index. When paths are specified, compares only those named paths. Otherwise all entries in the index are compared. The output format is the same as for git diff-index and git diff-tree. -p, -u, --patch Generate patch (see section titled "Generating patch text with -p"). -... | # git diff-files
> Compare files using their sha1 hashes and modes. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-diff-files.
* Compare all changed files:
`git diff-files`
* Compare only specified files:
`git diff-files {{path/to/file}}`
* Show only the names of changed files:
`git diff-files --name-only`
* ... |
expr | --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0,... | # expr
> Evaluate expressions and manipulate strings. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/expr.
* Get the length of a specific string:
`expr length "{{string}}"`
* Get the substring of a string with a specific length:
`expr substr "{{string}}" {{from}} {{length}}`
* Match a specific substri... |
mv | Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --debug explain how a file is copied. Implies -v -f, --force do not prompt ... | # mv
> Move or rename files and directories. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/mv.
* Rename a file or directory when the target is not an existing directory:
`mv {{path/to/source}} {{path/to/target}}`
* Move a file or directory into an existing directory:
`mv {{path/to/source}} {{path/to/ex... |
loginctl | loginctl may be used to introspect and control the state of the systemd(1) login manager systemd-logind.service(8). The following options are understood: --no-ask-password Do not query the user for authentication for privileged operations. -p, --property= When showing session/user/seat properties, limit display to cer... | # loginctl
> Manage the systemd login manager. More information:
> https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/loginctl.html.
* Print all current sessions:
`loginctl list-sessions`
* Print all properties of a specific session:
`loginctl show-session {{session_id}} --all`
* Print all properties of a specific ... |
cut | The cut utility shall cut out bytes (-b option), characters (-c option), or character-delimited fields (-f option) from each line in one or more files, concatenate them, and write them to standard output. The cut utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guideli... | # cut
> Cut out fields from `stdin` or files. More information:
> https://manned.org/man/freebsd-13.0/cut.1.
* Print a specific character/field range of each line:
`{{command}} | cut -{{c|f}} {{1|1,10|1-10|1-|-10}}`
* Print a range of each line with a specific delimiter:
`{{command}} | cut -d "{{,}}" -{{c}} {{1}}`
... |
kill | The default signal for kill is TERM. Use -l or -L to list available signals. Particularly useful signals include HUP, INT, KILL, STOP, CONT, and 0. Alternate signals may be specified in three ways: -9, -SIGKILL or -KILL. Negative PID values may be used to choose whole process groups; see the PGID column in ps command ... | # kill
> Sends a signal to a process, usually related to stopping the process. All
> signals except for SIGKILL and SIGSTOP can be intercepted by the process to
> perform a clean exit. More information: https://manned.org/kill.
* Terminate a program using the default SIGTERM (terminate) signal:
`kill {{process_id}}`
... |
sleep | Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be 's' for seconds (the default), 'm' for minutes, 'h' for hours or 'd' for days. NUMBER need not be an integer. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. --help display this help and exit --version output version information an... | # sleep
> Delay for a specified amount of time. More information:
> https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/sleep.html.
* Delay in seconds:
`sleep {{seconds}}`
* Execute a specific command after 20 seconds delay:
`sleep 20 && {{command}}` |
printf | The printf utility shall write formatted operands to the standard output. The argument operands shall be formatted under control of the format operand. None. | # printf
> Format and print text. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/printf.
* Print a text message:
`printf "{{%s\n}}" "{{Hello world}}"`
* Print an integer in bold blue:
`printf "{{\e[1;34m%.3d\e[0m\n}}" {{42}}`
* Print a float number with the Unicode Euro sign:
`printf "{{\u20AC %.2f\n}... |
c99 | The c99 utility is an interface to the standard C compilation system; it shall accept source code conforming to the ISO C standard. The system conceptually consists of a compiler and link editor. The input files referenced by pathname operands and -l option-arguments shall be compiled and linked to produce an executab... | # c99
> Compiles C programs according to the ISO C standard. More information:
> https://manned.org/c99.
* Compile source file(s) and create an executable:
`c99 {{file.c}}`
* Compile source file(s) and create an executable with a custom name:
`c99 -o {{executable_name}} {{file.c}}`
* Compile source file(s) and cr... |
runuser | runuser can be used to run commands with a substitute user and group ID. If the option -u is not given, runuser falls back to su-compatible semantics and a shell is executed. The difference between the commands runuser and su is that runuser does not ask for a password (because it may be executed by the root user only... | # runuser
> Run commands as a specific user and group without asking for password (needs
> root privileges). More information: https://manned.org/runuser.
* Run command as a different user:
`runuser {{user}} -c '{{command}}'`
* Run command as a different user and group:
`runuser {{user}} -g {{group}} -c '{{command}... |
man | man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is normally the name of a program, utility or function. The manual page associated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed. A section, if provided, will direct man to look only in that section of the manual. The default action is to sea... | # man
> Format and display manual pages. More information:
> https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/man.1.html.
* Display the man page for a command:
`man {{command}}`
* Display the man page for a command from section 7:
`man {{7}} {{command}}`
* List all available sections for a command:
`man -f {{command}}`
... |
git-cherry | Determine whether there are commits in <head>..<upstream> that are equivalent to those in the range <limit>..<head>. The equivalence test is based on the diff, after removing whitespace and line numbers. git-cherry therefore detects when commits have been "copied" by means of git-cherry-pick(1), git-am(1) or git-rebas... | # git cherry
> Find commits that have yet to be applied upstream. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-cherry.
* Show commits (and their messages) with equivalent commits upstream:
`git cherry -v`
* Specify a different upstream and topic branch:
`git cherry {{origin}} {{topic}}`
* Limit commits to tho... |
fold | The fold utility is a filter that shall fold lines from its input files, breaking the lines to have a maximum of width column positions (or bytes, if the -b option is specified). Lines shall be broken by the insertion of a <newline> such that each output line (referred to later in this section as a segment) is the max... | # fold
> Wrap each line in an input file to fit a specified width and print it to
> `stdout`. More information: https://manned.org/fold.1p.
* Wrap each line to default width (80 characters):
`fold {{path/to/file}}`
* Wrap each line to width "30":
`fold -w30 {{path/to/file}}`
* Wrap each line to width "5" and brea... |
dirname | Output each NAME with its last non-slash component and trailing slashes removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output '.' (meaning the current directory). -z, --zero end each output line with NUL, not newline --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit | # dirname
> Calculates the parent directory of a given file or directory path. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/dirname.
* Calculate the parent directory of a given path:
`dirname {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
* Calculate the parent directory of multiple paths:
`dirname {{path/to/file_a}}... |
tsort | Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit | # tsort
> Perform a topological sort. A common use is to show the dependency order of
> nodes in a directed acyclic graph. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/tsort.
* Perform a topological sort consistent with a partial sort per line of input separated by blanks:
`tsort {{path/to/file}}`
* P... |
base32 | Base32 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -d, --decode decode data -i, --ignore-garbage when decoding, ignore non-alphabet characters -w, --wrap=COLS wrap encoded li... | # base32
> Encode or decode file or `stdin` to/from Base32, to `stdout`. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/base32.
* Encode a file:
`base32 {{path/to/file}}`
* Decode a file:
`base32 --decode {{path/to/file}}`
* Encode from `stdin`:
`{{somecommand}} | base32`
* Decode from `stdin`:
`{{s... |
git-commit-tree | This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See git-commit(1) instead. Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read from the standard input, unless -m or -F options are given. The -m and -F options can be given any n... | # git commit-tree
> Low level utility to create commit objects. See also: `git commit`. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit-tree.
* Create a commit object with the specified message:
`git commit-tree {{tree}} -m "{{message}}"`
* Create a commit object reading the message from a file (use `-` for... |
reset | The @TPUT@ utility uses the terminfo database to make the values of terminal-dependent capabilities and information available to the shell (see sh(1)), to initialize or reset the terminal, or return the long name of the requested terminal type. The result depends upon the capability's type: string @TPUT@ writes the st... | # reset
> Reinitializes the current terminal. Clears the entire terminal screen. More
> information: https://manned.org/reset.
* Reinitialize the current terminal:
`reset`
* Display the terminal type instead:
`reset -q` |
git-init | This command creates an empty Git repository - basically a .git directory with subdirectories for objects, refs/heads, refs/tags, and template files. An initial branch without any commits will be created (see the --initial-branch option below for its name). If the $GIT_DIR environment variable is set then it specifies... | # git init
> Initializes a new local Git repository. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-init.
* Initialize a new local repository:
`git init`
* Initialize a repository with the specified name for the initial branch:
`git init --initial-branch={{branch_name}}`
* Initialize a repository using SHA256 ... |
csplit | Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files 'xx00', 'xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Read standard input if FILE is - Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFI... | # csplit
> Split a file into pieces. This generates files named "xx00", "xx01", and so
> on. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/csplit.
* Split a file at lines 5 and 23:
`csplit {{path/to/file}} {{5}} {{23}}`
* Split a file every 5 lines (this will fail if the total number of lines is not divi... |
make | The make utility will determine automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled, and issue the commands to recompile them. The manual describes the GNU implementation of make, which was written by Richard Stallman and Roland McGrath, and is currently maintained by Paul Smith. Our examples show C pr... | # make
> Task runner for targets described in Makefile. Mostly used to control the
> compilation of an executable from source code. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html.
* Call the first target specified in the Makefile (usually named "all"):
`make`
* Call a specific target:
`make ... |
sed | The sed utility is a stream editor that shall read one or more text files, make editing changes according to a script of editing commands, and write the results to standard output. The script shall be obtained from either the script operand string or a combination of the option-arguments from the -e script and -f scri... | # sed
> Edit text in a scriptable manner. See also: `awk`, `ed`. More information:
> https://keith.github.io/xcode-man-pages/sed.1.html.
* Replace all `apple` (basic regex) occurrences with `mango` (basic regex) in all input lines and print the result to `stdout`:
`{{command}} | sed 's/apple/mango/g'`
* Execute a s... |
dash | dash is the standard command interpreter for the system. The current version of dash is in the process of being changed to conform with the POSIX 1003.2 and 1003.2a specifications for the shell. This version has many features which make it appear similar in some respects to the Korn shell, but it is not a Korn shell c... | # dash
> Debian Almquist Shell, a modern, POSIX-compliant implementation of `sh` (not
> Bash-compatible). More information: https://manned.org/dash.
* Start an interactive shell session:
`dash`
* Execute specific [c]ommands:
`dash -c "{{echo 'dash is executed'}}"`
* Execute a specific script:
`dash {{path/to/scri... |
ex | The ex utility is a line-oriented text editor. There are two other modes of the editor—open and visual—in which screen- oriented editing is available. This is described more fully by the ex open and visual commands and in vi(1p). If an operand is '-', the results are unspecified. This section uses the term edit buffer... | # ex
> Command-line text editor. See also: `vim`. More information:
> https://www.vim.org.
* Open a file:
`ex {{path/to/file}}`
* Save and Quit:
`wq<Enter>`
* Undo the last operation:
`undo<Enter>`
* Search for a pattern in the file:
`/{{search_pattern}}<Enter>`
* Perform a regular expression substitution in ... |
time | The time utility shall invoke the utility named by the utility operand with arguments supplied as the argument operands and write a message to standard error that lists timing statistics for the utility. The message shall include the following information: * The elapsed (real) time between invocation of utility and it... | # time
> Measure how long a command took to run. Note: `time` can either exist as a
> shell builtin, a standalone program or both. More information:
> https://manned.org/time.
* Run the `command` and print the time measurements to `stdout`:
`time {{command}}` |
printf | The printf utility shall write formatted operands to the standard output. The argument operands shall be formatted under control of the format operand. None. | # printf
> Format and print text. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/printf.
* Print a text message:
`printf "{{%s\n}}" "{{Hello world}}"`
* Print an integer in bold blue:
`printf "{{\e[1;34m%.3d\e[0m\n}}" {{42}}`
* Print a float number with the Unicode Euro sign:
`printf "{{\u20AC %.2f\n}... |
pwd | The pwd utility shall write to standard output an absolute pathname of the current working directory, which does not contain the filenames dot or dot-dot. The pwd utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines. The following options shall be supported by t... | # pwd
> Print name of current/working directory. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/pwd.
* Print the current directory:
`pwd`
* Print the current directory, and resolve all symlinks (i.e. show the "physical" path):
`pwd -P` |
loadkeys | The program loadkeys reads the file or files specified by FILENAME.... Its main purpose is to load the kernel keymap for the console. You can specify console device by the -C (or --console ) option. | # loadkeys
> Load the kernel keymap for the console. More information:
> https://manned.org/loadkeys.
* Load a default keymap:
`loadkeys --default`
* Load default keymap when an unusual keymap is loaded and `-` sign cannot be found:
`loadkeys defmap`
* Create a kernel source table:
`loadkeys --mktable`
* Create... |
env | Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with NUL, not newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment -C, --chdir=DIR change... | # env
> Show the environment or run a program in a modified environment. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/env.
* Show the environment:
`env`
* Run a program. Often used in scripts after the shebang (#!) for looking up the path to the program:
`env {{program}}`
* Clear the environment and... |
look | The look utility displays any lines in file which contain string as a prefix. As look performs a binary search, the lines in file must be sorted (where sort(1) was given the same options -d and/or -f that look is invoked with). If file is not specified, the file /usr/share/dict/words is used, only alphanumeric charact... | # look
> Look for lines in sorted file. More information: https://manned.org/look.
* Look for lines which begins with the given prefix:
`look {{prefix}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Look for lines ignoring case:
`look --ignore-case {{prefix}} {{path/to/file}}` |
fgrep | grep searches for PATTERNS in each FILE. PATTERNS is one or more patterns separated by newline characters, and grep prints each line that matches a pattern. Typically PATTERNS should be quoted when grep is used in a shell command. A FILE of “-” stands for standard input. If no FILE is given, recursive searches examine... | # fgrep
> Matches fixed strings in files. Equivalent to `grep -F`. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/grep/manual/grep.html.
* Search for an exact string in a file:
`fgrep {{search_string}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Search only lines that match entirely in files:
`fgrep -x {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}... |
df | This manual page documents the GNU version of df. df displays the amount of space available on the file system containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available on all currently mounted file systems is shown. Space is shown in 1K blocks by default, unless the environment variable POSIXL... | # df
> Gives an overview of the filesystem disk space usage. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/df.
* Display all filesystems and their disk usage:
`df`
* Display all filesystems and their disk usage in human-readable form:
`df -h`
* Display the filesystem and its disk usage containing the... |
sha512sum | Print or check SHA512 (512-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. -b, --binary read in binary mode -c, --check read checksums from the FILEs and check them --tag create a BSD-style checksum -t, --text read in text mode (default) -z, --zero end each output line with NUL, not newline, and ... | # sha512sum
> Calculate SHA512 cryptographic checksums. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/sha2-utilities.html.
* Calculate the SHA512 checksum for one or more files:
`sha512sum {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}`
* Calculate and save the list of SHA512 checksums to a file:... |
dpkg-deb | dpkg-deb packs, unpacks and provides information about Debian archives. Use dpkg to install and remove packages from your system. You can also invoke dpkg-deb by calling dpkg with whatever options you want to pass to dpkg-deb. dpkg will spot that you wanted dpkg-deb and run it for you. For most commands taking an inpu... | # dpkg-deb
> Pack, unpack and provide information about Debian archives. More
> information: https://manpages.debian.org/latest/dpkg/dpkg-deb.html.
* Display information about a package:
`dpkg-deb --info {{path/to/file.deb}}`
* Display the package's name and version on one line:
`dpkg-deb --show {{path/to/file.deb}... |
updatedb | This manual page documents the GNU version of updatedb, which updates file name databases used by GNU locate. The file name databases contain lists of files that were in particular directory trees when the databases were last updated. The file name of the default database is determined when locate and updatedb are con... | # updatedb
> Create or update the database used by `locate`. It is usually run daily by
> cron. More information: https://manned.org/updatedb.
* Refresh database content:
`sudo updatedb`
* Display file names as soon as they are found:
`sudo updatedb --verbose` |
sort | The sort utility shall perform one of the following functions: 1. Sort lines of all the named files together and write the result to the specified output. 2. Merge lines of all the named (presorted) files together and write the result to the specified output. 3. Check that a single input file is correctly presorted. C... | # sort
> Sort lines of text files. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/sort.
* Sort a file in ascending order:
`sort {{path/to/file}}`
* Sort a file in descending order:
`sort --reverse {{path/to/file}}`
* Sort a file in case-insensitive way:
`sort --ignore-case {{path/to/file}}`
* Sort a... |
lex | The lex utility shall generate C programs to be used in lexical processing of character input, and that can be used as an interface to yacc. The C programs shall be generated from lex source code and conform to the ISO C standard, without depending on any undefined, unspecified, or implementation-defined behavior, exc... | # lex
> Lexical analyzer generator. Given the specification for a lexical analyzer,
> generates C code implementing it. More information:
> https://keith.github.io/xcode-man-pages/lex.1.html.
* Generate an analyzer from a Lex file:
`lex {{analyzer.l}}`
* Specify the output file:
`lex {{analyzer.l}} --outfile {{anal... |
ulimit | The ulimit utility shall set or report the file-size writing limit imposed on files written by the shell and its child processes (files of any size may be read). Only a process with appropriate privileges can increase the limit. The ulimit utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 1... | # ulimit
> Get and set user limits. More information: https://manned.org/ulimit.
* Get the properties of all the user limits:
`ulimit -a`
* Get hard limit for the number of simultaneously opened files:
`ulimit -H -n`
* Get soft limit for the number of simultaneously opened files:
`ulimit -S -n`
* Set max per-us... |
chfn | chfn is used to change your finger information. This information is stored in the /etc/passwd file, and is displayed by the finger program. The Linux finger command will display four pieces of information that can be changed by chfn: your real name, your work room and phone, and your home phone. Any of the four pieces... | # chfn
> Update `finger` info for a user. More information: https://manned.org/chfn.
* Update a user's "Name" field in the output of `finger`:
`chfn -f {{new_display_name}} {{username}}`
* Update a user's "Office Room Number" field for the output of `finger`:
`chfn -o {{new_office_room_number}} {{username}}`
* Up... |
nice | Run COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Niceness values range from -20 (most favorable to the process) to 19 (least favorable to the process). Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -n, --adjustment=N add in... | # nice
> Execute a program with a custom scheduling priority (niceness). Niceness
> values range from -20 (the highest priority) to 19 (the lowest). More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/nice.
* Launch a program with altered priority:
`nice -n {{niceness_value}} {{command}}` |
tail | The tail utility shall copy its input file to the standard output beginning at a designated place. Copying shall begin at the point in the file indicated by the -c number or -n number options. The option-argument number shall be counted in units of lines or bytes, according to the options -n and -c. Both line and byte... | # tail
> Display the last part of a file. See also: `head`. More information:
> https://manned.org/man/freebsd-13.0/tail.1.
* Show last 'count' lines in file:
`tail -n {{8}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Print a file from a specific line number:
`tail -n +{{8}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Print a specific count of bytes from the e... |
ctags | The ctags utility shall be provided on systems that support the the Software Development Utilities option, and either or both of the C-Language Development Utilities option and FORTRAN Development Utilities option. On other systems, it is optional. The ctags utility shall write a tagsfile or an index of objects from C... | # ctags
> Generates an index (or tag) file of language objects found in source files
> for many popular programming languages. More information: https://ctags.io/.
* Generate tags for a single file, and output them to a file named "tags" in the current directory, overwriting the file if it exists:
`ctags {{path/to/fi... |
mkdir | The mkdir utility shall create the directories specified by the operands, in the order specified. For each dir operand, the mkdir utility shall perform actions equivalent to the mkdir() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017, called with the following arguments: 1. The dir operand is used as ... | # mkdir
> Create directories and set their permissions. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/mkdir.
* Create specific directories:
`mkdir {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}`
* Create specific directories and their [p]arents if needed:
`mkdir -p {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory... |
test | The test utility shall evaluate the expression and indicate the result of the evaluation by its exit status. An exit status of zero indicates that the expression evaluated as true and an exit status of 1 indicates that the expression evaluated as false. In the second form of the utility, where the utility name used is... | # test
> Check file types and compare values. Returns 0 if the condition evaluates to
> true, 1 if it evaluates to false. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/test.
* Test if a given variable is equal to a given string:
`test "{{$MY_VAR}}" == "{{/bin/zsh}}"`
* Test if a given variable is empty... |
uptime | Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes. Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. If FILE is not specified, use /var/run/utmp. /var/log... | # uptime
> Tell how long the system has been running and other information. More
> information: https://ss64.com/osx/uptime.html.
* Print current time, uptime, number of logged-in users and other information:
`uptime` |
sha384sum | Print or check SHA384 (384-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. -b, --binary read in binary mode -c, --check read checksums from the FILEs and check them --tag create a BSD-style checksum -t, --text read in text mode (default) -z, --zero end each output line with NUL, not newline, and ... | # sha384sum
> Calculate SHA384 cryptographic checksums. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/sha2-utilities.html.
* Calculate the SHA384 checksum for one or more files:
`sha384sum {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}`
* Calculate and save the list of SHA384 checksums to a file:... |
file | This manual page documents version 5.44 of the file command. file tests each argument in an attempt to classify it. There are three sets of tests, performed in this order: filesystem tests, magic tests, and language tests. The first test that succeeds causes the file type to be printed. The type printed will usually c... | # file
> Determine file type. More information: https://manned.org/file.
* Give a description of the type of the specified file. Works fine for files with no file extension:
`file {{path/to/file}}`
* Look inside a zipped file and determine the file type(s) inside:
`file -z {{foo.zip}}`
* Allow file to work with s... |
rm | The rm utility shall remove the directory entry specified by each file argument. If either of the files dot or dot-dot are specified as the basename portion of an operand (that is, the final pathname component) or if an operand resolves to the root directory, rm shall write a diagnostic message to standard error and d... | # rm
> Remove files or directories. See also: `rmdir`. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/rm.
* Remove specific files:
`rm {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}`
* Remove specific files ignoring nonexistent ones:
`rm -f {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}`
* Remove specific files [i]nteracti... |
git-update-ref | Given two arguments, stores the <newvalue> in the <ref>, possibly dereferencing the symbolic refs. E.g. git update-ref HEAD <newvalue> updates the current branch head to the new object. Given three arguments, stores the <newvalue> in the <ref>, possibly dereferencing the symbolic refs, after verifying that the current... | # git update-ref
> Git command for creating, updating, and deleting Git refs. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-update-ref.
* Delete a ref, useful for soft resetting the first commit:
`git update-ref -d {{HEAD}}`
* Update ref with a message:
`git update-ref -m {{message}} {{HEAD}} {{4e95e05}}` |
localectl | localectl may be used to query and change the system locale and keyboard layout settings. It communicates with systemd-localed(8) to modify files such as /etc/locale.conf and /etc/vconsole.conf. The system locale controls the language settings of system services and of the UI before the user logs in, such as the displ... | # localectl
> Control the system locale and keyboard layout settings. More information:
> https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/localectl.html.
* Show the current settings of the system locale and keyboard mapping:
`localectl`
* List available locales:
`localectl list-locales`
* Set a system locale var... |
cat | The cat utility shall read files in sequence and shall write their contents to the standard output in the same sequence. The cat utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines. The following option shall be supported: -u Write bytes from the input file to ... | # cat
> Print and concatenate files. More information:
> https://keith.github.io/xcode-man-pages/cat.1.html.
* Print the contents of a file to `stdout`:
`cat {{path/to/file}}`
* Concatenate several files into an output file:
`cat {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} > {{path/to/output_file}}`
* Append several file... |
fc | The fc utility shall list, or shall edit and re-execute, commands previously entered to an interactive sh. The command history list shall reference commands by number. The first number in the list is selected arbitrarily. The relationship of a number to its command shall not change except when the user logs in and no ... | # fc
> Open the most recent command and edit it. More information:
> https://manned.org/fc.
* Open in the default system editor:
`fc`
* Specify an editor to open with:
`fc -e {{'emacs'}}`
* List recent commands from history:
`fc -l`
* List recent commands in reverse order:
`fc -l -r`
* List commands in a give... |
sum | Print or check BSD (16-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. -r use BSD sum algorithm (the default), use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit | # sum
> Compute checksums and the number of blocks for a file. A predecessor to the
> more modern `cksum`. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/sum.
* Compute a checksum with BSD-compatible algorithm and 1024-byte blocks:
`sum {{path/to/file}}`
* Compute a checksum with System V-compatible alg... |
sha256sum | Print or check SHA256 (256-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. -b, --binary read in binary mode -c, --check read checksums from the FILEs and check them --tag create a BSD-style checksum -t, --text read in text mode (default) -z, --zero end each output line with NUL, not newline, and ... | # sha256sum
> Calculate SHA256 cryptographic checksums. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/sha2-utilities.html.
* Calculate the SHA256 checksum for one or more files:
`sha256sum {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}`
* Calculate and save the list of SHA256 checksums to a file:... |
runcon | Run COMMAND with completely-specified CONTEXT, or with current or transitioned security context modified by one or more of LEVEL, ROLE, TYPE, and USER. If none of -c, -t, -u, -r, or -l, is specified, the first argument is used as the complete context. Any additional arguments after COMMAND are interpreted as arguments... | # runcon
> Run a program in a different SELinux security context. With neither context
> nor command, print the current security context. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/runcon.
* Determine the current domain:
`runcon`
* Specify the domain to run a command in:
`runcon -t {{domain}}_t {{co... |
curl | curl is a tool for transferring data from or to a server. It supports these protocols: DICT, FILE, FTP, FTPS, GOPHER, GOPHERS, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, IMAPS, LDAP, LDAPS, MQTT, POP3, POP3S, RTMP, RTMPS, RTSP, SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMBS, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET, TFTP, WS and WSS. The command is designed to work without user interacti... | # curl
> Transfers data from or to a server. Supports most protocols, including HTTP,
> FTP, and POP3. More information: https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html.
* Download the contents of a URL to a file:
`curl {{http://example.com}} --output {{path/to/file}}`
* Download a file, saving the output under the filename indi... |
git-verify-commit | Validates the GPG signature created by git commit -S. --raw Print the raw gpg status output to standard error instead of the normal human-readable output. -v, --verbose Print the contents of the commit object before validating it. <commit>... SHA-1 identifiers of Git commit objects. | # git verify-commit
> Check for GPG verification of commits. If no commits are verified, nothing
> will be printed, regardless of options specified. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-verify-commit.
* Check commits for a GPG signature:
`git verify-commit {{commit_hash1 optional_commit_hash2 ...}}`
* C... |
rmdir | Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure to remove a non-empty directory -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., 'rmdir -p a/b' is similar to 'rmdir a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed --help display this help and ex... | # rmdir
> Remove directories without files. See also: `rm`. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/rmdir.
* Remove specific directories:
`rmdir {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}`
* Remove specific nested directories recursively:
`rmdir -p {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}... |
getfacl | For each file, getfacl displays the file name, owner, the group, and the Access Control List (ACL). If a directory has a default ACL, getfacl also displays the default ACL. Non-directories cannot have default ACLs. If getfacl is used on a file system that does not support ACLs, getfacl displays the access permissions ... | # getfacl
> Get file access control lists. More information: https://manned.org/getfacl.
* Display the file access control list:
`getfacl {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
* Display the file access control list with numeric user and group IDs:
`getfacl -n {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
* Display the file access cont... |
nsenter | The nsenter command executes program in the namespace(s) that are specified in the command-line options (described below). If program is not given, then "${SHELL}" is run (default: /bin/sh). Enterable namespaces are: mount namespace Mounting and unmounting filesystems will not affect the rest of the system, except for... | # nsenter
> Run a new command in a running process' namespace. Particularly useful for
> docker images or chroot jails. More information: https://manned.org/nsenter.
* Run a specific command using the same namespaces as an existing process:
`nsenter --target {{pid}} --all {{command}} {{command_arguments}}`
* Run a ... |
rsync | Rsync is a fast and extraordinarily versatile file copying tool. It can copy locally, to/from another host over any remote shell, or to/from a remote rsync daemon. It offers a large number of options that control every aspect of its behavior and permit very flexible specification of the set of files to be copied. It i... | # rsync
> Transfer files either to or from a remote host (but not between two remote
> hosts), by default using SSH. To specify a remote path, use
> `host:path/to/file_or_directory`. More information:
> https://download.samba.org/pub/rsync/rsync.1.
* Transfer a file:
`rsync {{path/to/source}} {{path/to/destination}}`... |
unexpand | Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -... | # unexpand
> Convert spaces to tabs. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/unexpand.
* Convert blanks in each file to tabs, writing to `stdout`:
`unexpand {{path/to/file}}`
* Convert blanks to tabs, reading from `stdout`:
`unexpand`
* Convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks:
`unexp... |
scp | scp copies files between hosts on a network. scp uses the SFTP protocol over a ssh(1) connection for data transfer, and uses the same authentication and provides the same security as a login session. scp will ask for passwords or passphrases if they are needed for authentication. The source and target may be specified... | # scp
> Secure copy. Copy files between hosts using Secure Copy Protocol over SSH.
> More information: https://man.openbsd.org/scp.
* Copy a local file to a remote host:
`scp {{path/to/local_file}} {{remote_host}}:{{path/to/remote_file}}`
* Use a specific port when connecting to the remote host:
`scp -P {{port}} {{... |
timedatectl | timedatectl may be used to query and change the system clock and its settings, and enable or disable time synchronization services. Use systemd-firstboot(1) to initialize the system time zone for mounted (but not booted) system images. timedatectl may be used to show the current status of time synchronization services... | # timedatectl
> Control the system time and date. More information:
> https://manned.org/timedatectl.
* Check the current system clock time:
`timedatectl`
* Set the local time of the system clock directly:
`timedatectl set-time "{{yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss}}"`
* List available timezones:
`timedatectl list-timezones`
... |
screen | Screen is a full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical terminal between several processes (typically interactive shells). Each virtual terminal provides the functions of a DEC VT100 terminal and, in addition, several control functions from the ISO 6429 (ECMA 48, ANSI X3.64) and ISO 2022 standards (e.g. ins... | # screen
> Hold a session open on a remote server. Manage multiple windows with a
> single SSH connection. See also `tmux` and `zellij`. More information:
> https://manned.org/screen.
* Start a new screen session:
`screen`
* Start a new named screen session:
`screen -S {{session_name}}`
* Start a new daemon and l... |
write | The write utility shall read lines from the standard input and write them to the terminal of the specified user. When first invoked, it shall write the message: Message from sender-login-id (sending-terminal) [date]... to user_name. When it has successfully completed the connection, the sender's terminal shall be aler... | # write
> Write a message on the terminal of a specified logged in user (ctrl-C to
> stop writing messages). Use the `who` command to find out all terminal_ids
> of all active users active on the system. See also `mesg`. More information:
> https://manned.org/write.
* Send a message to a given user on a given termina... |
as | GNU as is really a family of assemblers. If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another architecture. Each version has much in common with the others, including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called pseudo-... | # as
> Portable GNU assembler. Primarily intended to assemble output from `gcc` to
> be used by `ld`. More information: https://www.unix.com/man-page/osx/1/as/.
* Assemble a file, writing the output to `a.out`:
`as {{path/to/file.s}}`
* Assemble the output to a given file:
`as {{path/to/file.s}} -o {{path/to/output... |
systemd-cat | systemd-cat may be used to connect the standard input and output of a process to the journal, or as a filter tool in a shell pipeline to pass the output the previous pipeline element generates to the journal. If no parameter is passed, systemd-cat will write everything it reads from standard input (stdin) to the journ... | # systemd-cat
> Connect a pipeline or program's output streams with the systemd journal.
> More information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-
> cat.html.
* Write the output of the specified command to the journal (both output streams are captured):
`systemd-cat {{command}}`
* Write the outp... |
git-rev-parse | Many Git porcelainish commands take mixture of flags (i.e. parameters that begin with a dash -) and parameters meant for the underlying git rev-list command they use internally and flags and parameters for the other commands they use downstream of git rev-list. This command is used to distinguish between them. Operati... | # git rev-parse
> Display metadata related to specific revisions. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-rev-parse.
* Get the commit hash of a branch:
`git rev-parse {{branch_name}}`
* Get the current branch name:
`git rev-parse --abbrev-ref {{HEAD}}`
* Get the absolute path to the root directory:
`git ... |
patch | The patch utility shall read a source (patch) file containing any of four forms of difference (diff) listings produced by the diff utility (normal, copied context, unified context, or in the style of ed) and apply those differences to a file. By default, patch shall read from the standard input. The patch utility shal... | # patch
> Patch a file (or files) with a diff file. Note that diff files should be
> generated by the `diff` command. More information: https://manned.org/patch.
* Apply a patch using a diff file (filenames must be included in the diff file):
`patch < {{patch.diff}}`
* Apply a patch to a specific file:
`patch {{pat... |
size | The GNU size utility lists the section sizes and the total size for each of the binary files objfile on its argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each file or each module if the file is an archive. objfile... are the files to be examined. If none are specified, the file "a.out" will be used in... | # size
> Displays the sizes of sections inside binary files. More information:
> https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/binutils/size.html.
* Display the size of sections in a given object or executable file:
`size {{path/to/file}}`
* Display the size of sections in a given object or executable file in [o]ctal:
`size... |
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