Command stringlengths 1 20 | Text stringlengths 86 185k | Summary stringlengths 101 1.77k |
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column | The column utility formats its input into multiple columns. The util support three modes: columns are filled before rows This is the default mode (required by backward compatibility). rows are filled before columns This mode is enabled by option -x, --fillrows table Determine the number of columns the input contains a... | # column
> Format `stdin` or a file into multiple columns. Columns are filled before
> rows; the default separator is a whitespace. More information:
> https://manned.org/column.
* Format the output of a command for a 30 characters wide display:
`printf "header1 header2\nbar foo\n" | column --output-width {{30}}`
*... |
seq | Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroe... | # seq
> Output a sequence of numbers to `stdout`. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/seq.
* Sequence from 1 to 10:
`seq 10`
* Every 3rd number from 5 to 20:
`seq 5 3 20`
* Separate the output with a space instead of a newline:
`seq -s " " 5 3 20`
* Format output width to a minimum of 4 d... |
fmt | Reformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, -... | # fmt
> Reformat a text file by joining its paragraphs and limiting the line width
> to given number of characters (75 by default). More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/fmt.
* Reformat a file:
`fmt {{path/to/file}}`
* Reformat a file producing output lines of (at most) `n` characters:
`fmt -w ... |
groups | The groups command displays the current group names or ID values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in /etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. The optional user parameter will display the groups for the named user. | # groups
> Print group memberships for a user. See also: `groupadd`, `groupdel`,
> `groupmod`. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/groups.
* Print group memberships for the current user:
`groups`
* Print group memberships for a list of users:
`groups {{username1 username2 ...}}` |
nm | The nm utility shall display symbolic information appearing in the object file, executable file, or object-file library named by file. If no symbolic information is available for a valid input file, the nm utility shall report that fact, but not consider it an error condition. The default base used when numeric values... | # nm
> List symbol names in object files. More information: https://manned.org/nm.
* List global (extern) functions in a file (prefixed with T):
`nm -g {{path/to/file.o}}`
* List only undefined symbols in a file:
`nm -u {{path/to/file.o}}`
* List all symbols, even debugging symbols:
`nm -a {{path/to/file.o}}`
*... |
git-stage | This is a synonym for git-add(1). Please refer to the documentation of that command. | # git stage
> Add file contents to the staging area. Synonym of `git add`. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-stage.
* Add a file to the index:
`git stage {{path/to/file}}`
* Add all files (tracked and untracked):
`git stage -A`
* Only add already tracked files:
`git stage -u`
* Also add ignored f... |
dd | Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512); overrides ibs and obs cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=N copy only N input blocks ibs=BYTES read up to BY... | # dd
> Convert and copy a file. More information: https://keith.github.io/xcode-
> man-pages/dd.1.html.
* Make a bootable USB drive from an isohybrid file (such like `archlinux-xxx.iso`) and show the progress:
`dd if={{path/to/file.iso}} of={{/dev/usb_device}} status=progress`
* Clone a drive to another drive with ... |
prlimit | Given a process ID and one or more resources, prlimit tries to retrieve and/or modify the limits. When command is given, prlimit will run this command with the given arguments. The limits parameter is composed of a soft and a hard value, separated by a colon (:), in order to modify the existing values. If no limits ar... | # prlimit
> Get or set process resource soft and hard limits. Given a process ID and one
> or more resources, prlimit tries to retrieve and/or modify the limits. More
> information: https://manned.org/prlimit.
* Display limit values for all current resources for the running parent process:
`prlimit`
* Display limit... |
uniq | The uniq utility shall read an input file comparing adjacent lines, and write one copy of each input line on the output. The second and succeeding copies of repeated adjacent input lines shall not be written. The trailing <newline> of each line in the input shall be ignored when doing comparisons. Repeated lines in th... | # uniq
> Output the unique lines from the given input or file. Since it does not
> detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent, we need to sort them first.
> More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/uniq.
* Display each line once:
`sort {{path/to/file}} | uniq`
* Display only unique lines:
`sort ... |
git-remote | Manage the set of repositories ("remotes") whose branches you track. -v, --verbose Be a little more verbose and show remote url after name. For promisor remotes, also show which filter (blob:none etc.) are configured. NOTE: This must be placed between remote and subcommand. | # git remote
> Manage set of tracked repositories ("remotes"). More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-remote.
* Show a list of existing remotes, their names and URL:
`git remote -v`
* Show information about a remote:
`git remote show {{remote_name}}`
* Add a remote:
`git remote add {{remote_name}} {{rem... |
systemd-path | systemd-path may be used to query system and user paths. The tool makes many of the paths described in file-hierarchy(7) available for querying. When invoked without arguments, a list of known paths and their current values is shown. When at least one argument is passed, the path with this name is queried and its valu... | # systemd-path
> List and query system and user paths. More information:
> https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-path.html.
* Display a list of known paths and their current values:
`systemd-path`
* Query the specified path and display its value:
`systemd-path "{{path_name}}"`
* Suffix printed ... |
whatis | Each manual page has a short description available within it. whatis searches the manual page names and displays the manual page descriptions of any name matched. name may contain wildcards (-w) or be a regular expression (-r). Using these options, it may be necessary to quote the name or escape (\) the special charac... | # whatis
> Tool that searches a set of database files containing short descriptions of
> system commands for keywords. More information:
> http://www.linfo.org/whatis.html.
* Search for information about keyword:
`whatis {{keyword}}`
* Search for information about multiple keywords:
`whatis {{keyword1}} {{keyword2}... |
git-grep | Look for specified patterns in the tracked files in the work tree, blobs registered in the index file, or blobs in given tree objects. Patterns are lists of one or more search expressions separated by newline characters. An empty string as search expression matches all lines. --cached Instead of searching tracked file... | # git-grep
> Find strings inside files anywhere in a repository's history. Accepts a lot
> of the same flags as regular `grep`. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-grep.
* Search for a string in tracked files:
`git grep {{search_string}}`
* Search for a string in files matching a pattern in tracked fi... |
touch | Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Mandatory arguments to long op... | # touch
> Create files and set access/modification times. More information:
> https://manned.org/man/freebsd-13.1/touch.
* Create specific files:
`touch {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}`
* Set the file [a]ccess or [m]odification times to the current one and don't [c]reate file if it doesn't exist:
`touch -c -{{a... |
vdir | List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author ... | # vdir
> List directory contents. Drop-in replacement for `ls -l`. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/vdir.
* List files and directories in the current directory, one per line, with details:
`vdir`
* List with sizes displayed in human-readable units (KB, MB, GB):
`vdir -h`
* List including... |
pmap | The pmap command reports the memory map of a process or processes. -x, --extended Show the extended format. -d, --device Show the device format. -q, --quiet Do not display some header or footer lines. -A, --range low,high Limit results to the given range to low and high address range. Notice that the low and high argu... | # pmap
> Report memory map of a process or processes. More information:
> https://manned.org/pmap.
* Print memory map for a specific process id (PID):
`pmap {{pid}}`
* Show the extended format:
`pmap --extended {{pid}}`
* Show the device format:
`pmap --device {{pid}}`
* Limit results to a memory address range ... |
killall | killall sends a signal to all processes running any of the specified commands. If no signal name is specified, SIGTERM is sent. Signals can be specified either by name (e.g. -HUP or -SIGHUP) or by number (e.g. -1) or by option -s. If the command name is not regular expression (option -r) and contains a slash (/), proc... | # killall
> Send kill signal to all instances of a process by name (must be exact name).
> All signals except SIGKILL and SIGSTOP can be intercepted by the process,
> allowing a clean exit. More information: https://manned.org/killall.
* Terminate a process using the default SIGTERM (terminate) signal:
`killall {{pro... |
who | Print information about users who are currently logged in. -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -l, --login print system login processes --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only h... | # who
> Display who is logged in and related data (processes, boot time). More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/who.
* Display the username, line, and time of all currently logged-in sessions:
`who`
* Display information only for the current terminal session:
`who am i`
* Display all availabl... |
mesg | The mesg utility is invoked by a user to control write access others have to the terminal device associated with standard error output. If write access is allowed, then programs such as talk(1) and write(1) may display messages on the terminal. Traditionally, write access is allowed by default. However, as users becom... | # mesg
> Check or set a terminal's ability to receive messages from other users,
> usually from the write command. See also `write`. More information:
> https://manned.org/mesg.
* Check terminal's openness to write messages:
`mesg`
* Disable receiving messages from the write command:
`mesg n`
* Enable receiving m... |
gcov | gcov is a test coverage program. Use it in concert with GCC to analyze your programs to help create more efficient, faster running code and to discover untested parts of your program. You can use gcov as a profiling tool to help discover where your optimization efforts will best affect your code. You can also use gcov... | # gcov
> Code coverage analysis and profiling tool that discovers untested parts of a
> program. Also displays a copy of source code annotated with execution
> frequencies of code segments. More information:
> https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Invoking-Gcov.html.
* Generate a coverage report named `file.cpp.gcov`:
`... |
ltrace | ltrace is a program that simply runs the specified command until it exits. It intercepts and records the dynamic library calls which are called by the executed process and the signals which are received by that process. It can also intercept and print the system calls executed by the program. Its use is very similar t... | # ltrace
> Display dynamic library calls of a process. More information:
> https://manned.org/ltrace.
* Print (trace) library calls of a program binary:
`ltrace ./{{program}}`
* Count library calls. Print a handy summary at the bottom:
`ltrace -c {{path/to/program}}`
* Trace calls to malloc and free, omit those d... |
awk | The awk utility shall execute programs written in the awk programming language, which is specialized for textual data manipulation. An awk program is a sequence of patterns and corresponding actions. When input is read that matches a pattern, the action associated with that pattern is carried out. Input shall be inter... | # awk
> A versatile programming language for working on files. More information:
> https://github.com/onetrueawk/awk.
* Print the fifth column (a.k.a. field) in a space-separated file:
`awk '{print $5}' {{path/to/file}}`
* Print the second column of the lines containing "foo" in a space-separated file:
`awk '/{{foo... |
git-cherry-pick | Given one or more existing commits, apply the change each one introduces, recording a new commit for each. This requires your working tree to be clean (no modifications from the HEAD commit). When it is not obvious how to apply a change, the following happens: 1. The current branch and HEAD pointer stay at the last co... | # git cherry-pick
> Apply the changes introduced by existing commits to the current branch. To
> apply changes to another branch, first use `git checkout` to switch to the
> desired branch. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-cherry-pick.
* Apply a commit to the current branch:
`git cherry-pick {{commit}}`... |
login | The login program is used to establish a new session with the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the login: prompt on the user's terminal. login may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub-process. When called from a shell, login should be executed as exec login which will ca... | # login
> Initiates a session for a user. More information: https://manned.org/login.
* Log in as a user:
`login {{user}}`
* Log in as user without authentication if user is preauthenticated:
`login -f {{user}}`
* Log in as user and preserve environment:
`login -p {{user}}`
* Log in as a user on a remote host:
... |
git-branch | If --list is given, or if there are no non-option arguments, existing branches are listed; the current branch will be highlighted in green and marked with an asterisk. Any branches checked out in linked worktrees will be highlighted in cyan and marked with a plus sign. Option -r causes the remote-tracking branches to ... | # git branch
> Main Git command for working with branches. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-branch.
* List all branches (local and remote; the current branch is highlighted by `*`):
`git branch --all`
* List which branches include a specific Git commit in their history:
`git branch --all --contains... |
base64 | Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -d, --decode decode data -i, --ignore-garbage when decoding, ignore non-alphabet characters -w, --wrap=COLS wrap encoded li... | # base64
> Encode and decode using Base64 representation. More information:
> https://www.unix.com/man-page/osx/1/base64/.
* Encode a file:
`base64 --input={{plain_file}}`
* Decode a file:
`base64 --decode --input={{base64_file}}`
* Encode from `stdin`:
`echo -n "{{plain_text}}" | base64`
* Decode from `stdin`:... |
ipcs | ipcs shows information on System V inter-process communication facilities. By default it shows information about all three resources: shared memory segments, message queues, and semaphore arrays. -i, --id id Show full details on just the one resource element identified by id. This option needs to be combined with one ... | # ipcs
> Display information about resources used in IPC (Inter-process
> Communication). More information: https://manned.org/ipcs.
* Specific information about the Message Queue which has the ID 32768:
`ipcs -qi 32768`
* General information about all the IPC:
`ipcs -a` |
type | The type utility shall indicate how each argument would be interpreted if used as a command name. None. | # type
> Display the type of command the shell will execute. More information:
> https://manned.org/type.
* Display the type of a command:
`type {{command}}`
* Display all locations containing the specified executable:
`type -a {{command}}`
* Display the name of the disk file that would be executed:
`type -p {{co... |
ul | ul reads the named files (or standard input if none are given) and translates occurrences of underscores to the sequence which indicates underlining for the terminal in use, as specified by the environment variable TERM. The terminfo database is read to determine the appropriate sequences for underlining. If the termi... | # ul
> Performs the underlining of a text. Each character in a given string must be
> underlined separately. More information: https://manned.org/ul.
* Display the contents of the file with underlines where applicable:
`ul {{file.txt}}`
* Display the contents of the file with underlines made of dashes `-`:
`ul -i {... |
ldd | ldd prints the shared objects (shared libraries) required by each program or shared object specified on the command line. An example of its use and output is the following: $ ldd /bin/ls linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffcc3563000) libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f87e5459000) libcap.so.2 => /lib64/libcap.so.... | # ldd
> Display shared library dependencies of a binary. Do not use on an untrusted
> binary, use objdump for that instead. More information:
> https://manned.org/ldd.
* Display shared library dependencies of a binary:
`ldd {{path/to/binary}}`
* Display all information about dependencies:
`ldd --verbose {{path/to/b... |
git-gc | Runs a number of housekeeping tasks within the current repository, such as compressing file revisions (to reduce disk space and increase performance), removing unreachable objects which may have been created from prior invocations of git add, packing refs, pruning reflog, rerere metadata or stale working trees. May al... | # git gc
> Optimise the local repository by cleaning unnecessary files. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-gc.
* Optimise the repository:
`git gc`
* Aggressively optimise, takes more time:
`git gc --aggressive`
* Do not prune loose objects (prunes by default):
`git gc --no-prune`
* Suppress all ou... |
git-diff | Show changes between the working tree and the index or a tree, changes between the index and a tree, changes between two trees, changes resulting from a merge, changes between two blob objects, or changes between two files on disk. git diff [<options>] [--] [<path>...] This form is to view the changes you made relativ... | # git diff
> Show changes to tracked files. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-diff.
* Show unstaged, uncommitted changes:
`git diff`
* Show all uncommitted changes (including staged ones):
`git diff HEAD`
* Show only staged (added, but not yet committed) changes:
`git diff --staged`
* Show chang... |
unexpand | Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -... | # unexpand
> Convert spaces to tabs. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/unexpand.
* Convert blanks in each file to tabs, writing to `stdout`:
`unexpand {{path/to/file}}`
* Convert blanks to tabs, reading from `stdout`:
`unexpand`
* Convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks:
`unexp... |
unlink | The unlink utility shall perform the function call: unlink(file); A user may need appropriate privileges to invoke the unlink utility. None. | # unlink
> Remove a link to a file from the filesystem. The file contents is lost if
> the link is the last one to the file. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/unlink.
* Remove the specified file if it is the last link:
`unlink {{path/to/file}}` |
ls | For each operand that names a file of a type other than directory or symbolic link to a directory, ls shall write the name of the file as well as any requested, associated information. For each operand that names a file of type directory, ls shall write the names of files contained within the directory as well as any ... | # ls
> List directory contents. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls.
* List files one per line:
`ls -1`
* List all files, including hidden files:
`ls -a`
* List all files, with trailing `/` added to directory names:
`ls -F`
* Long format list (permissions, ownership, size, and modifica... |
renice | The renice utility shall request that the nice values (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 3.244, Nice Value) of one or more running processes be changed. By default, the applicable processes are specified by their process IDs. When a process group is specified (see -g), the request shall apply to... | # renice
> Alters the scheduling priority/niceness of one or more running processes.
> Niceness values range from -20 (most favorable to the process) to 19 (least
> favorable to the process). More information: https://manned.org/renice.
* Change priority of a running process:
`renice -n {{niceness_value}} -p {{pid}}`... |
groups | The groups command displays the current group names or ID values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in /etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. The optional user parameter will display the groups for the named user. | # groups
> Print group memberships for a user. See also: `groupadd`, `groupdel`,
> `groupmod`. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/groups.
* Print group memberships for the current user:
`groups`
* Print group memberships for a list of users:
`groups {{username1 username2 ...}}` |
comm | The comm utility shall read file1 and file2, which should be ordered in the current collating sequence, and produce three text columns as output: lines only in file1, lines only in file2, and lines in both files. If the lines in both files are not ordered according to the collating sequence of the current locale, the ... | # comm
> Select or reject lines common to two files. Both files must be sorted. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/comm.
* Produce three tab-separated columns: lines only in first file, lines only in second file and common lines:
`comm {{file1}} {{file2}}`
* Print only lines common to both f... |
iostat | The iostat command is used for monitoring system input/output device loading by observing the time the devices are active in relation to their average transfer rates. The iostat command generates reports that can be used to change system configuration to better balance the input/output load between physical disks. The... | # iostat
> Report statistics for devices and partitions. More information:
> https://manned.org/iostat.
* Display a report of CPU and disk statistics since system startup:
`iostat`
* Display a report of CPU and disk statistics with units converted to megabytes:
`iostat -m`
* Display CPU statistics:
`iostat -c`
... |
pathchk | Diagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit | # pathchk
> Check the validity and portability of one or more pathnames. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/pathchk.
* Check pathnames for validity in the current system:
`pathchk {{path1 path2 …}}`
* Check pathnames for validity on a wider range of POSIX compliant systems:
`pathchk -p {{pat... |
git-tag | Add a tag reference in refs/tags/, unless -d/-l/-v is given to delete, list or verify tags. Unless -f is given, the named tag must not yet exist. If one of -a, -s, or -u <key-id> is passed, the command creates a tag object, and requires a tag message. Unless -m <msg> or -F <file> is given, an editor is started for the... | # git tag
> Create, list, delete or verify tags. A tag is a static reference to a
> specific commit. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-tag.
* List all tags:
`git tag`
* Create a tag with the given name pointing to the current commit:
`git tag {{tag_name}}`
* Create a tag with the given name pointing ... |
last | last looks through the file wtmp (which records all logins/logouts) and prints information about connect times of users. Records are printed from most recent to least recent. Records can be specified by tty and username. tty names can be abbreviated: last 0 is equivalent to last tty0. Multiple arguments can be specifi... | # last
> View the last logged in users. More information: https://manned.org/last.
* View last logins, their duration and other information as read from `/var/log/wtmp`:
`last`
* Specify how many of the last logins to show:
`last -n {{login_count}}`
* Print the full date and time for entries and then display the ... |
git-fetch | Fetch branches and/or tags (collectively, "refs") from one or more other repositories, along with the objects necessary to complete their histories. Remote-tracking branches are updated (see the description of <refspec> below for ways to control this behavior). By default, any tag that points into the histories being ... | # git fetch
> Download objects and refs from a remote repository. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-fetch.
* Fetch the latest changes from the default remote upstream repository (if set):
`git fetch`
* Fetch new branches from a specific remote upstream repository:
`git fetch {{remote_name}}`
* Fetc... |
xargs | The xargs utility shall construct a command line consisting of the utility and argument operands specified followed by as many arguments read in sequence from standard input as fit in length and number constraints specified by the options. The xargs utility shall then invoke the constructed command line and wait for i... | # xargs
> Execute a command with piped arguments coming from another command, a file,
> etc. The input is treated as a single block of text and split into separate
> pieces on spaces, tabs, newlines and end-of-file. More information:
> https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/xargs.html.
* Run a com... |
jobs | The jobs utility shall display the status of jobs that were started in the current shell environment; see Section 2.12, Shell Execution Environment. When jobs reports the termination status of a job, the shell shall remove its process ID from the list of those ``known in the current shell execution environment''; see ... | # jobs
> Display status of jobs in the current session. More information:
> https://manned.org/jobs.
* Show status of all jobs:
`jobs`
* Show status of a particular job:
`jobs %{{job_id}}`
* Show status and process IDs of all jobs:
`jobs -l`
* Show process IDs of all jobs:
`jobs -p` |
objdump | objdump displays information about one or more object files. The options control what particular information to display. This information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their program to compile and work. objfile... are the object files ... | # objdump
> View information about object files. More information:
> https://manned.org/objdump.
* Display the file header information:
`objdump -f {{binary}}`
* Display the disassembled output of executable sections:
`objdump -d {{binary}}`
* Display the disassembled executable sections in intel syntax:
`objdump... |
git-worktree | Manage multiple working trees attached to the same repository. A git repository can support multiple working trees, allowing you to check out more than one branch at a time. With git worktree add a new working tree is associated with the repository, along with additional metadata that differentiates that working tree ... | # git worktree
> Manage multiple working trees attached to the same repository. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-worktree.
* Create a new directory with the specified branch checked out into it:
`git worktree add {{path/to/directory}} {{branch}}`
* Create a new directory with a new branch checked ou... |
tee | Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals -p operate in a more appropriate MODE with pipes. --output-error[=MODE] set behavior on write error. See MODE below --help display this help and exit ... | # tee
> Read from `stdin` and write to `stdout` and files (or commands). More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/tee.
* Copy `stdin` to each file, and also to `stdout`:
`echo "example" | tee {{path/to/file}}`
* Append to the given files, do not overwrite:
`echo "example" | tee -a {{path/to/file}}... |
git-cvsexportcommit | Exports a commit from Git to a CVS checkout, making it easier to merge patches from a Git repository into a CVS repository. Specify the name of a CVS checkout using the -w switch or execute it from the root of the CVS working copy. In the latter case GIT_DIR must be defined. See examples below. It does its best to do ... | # git cvsexportcommit
> Export a single `Git` commit to a CVS checkout. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-cvsexportcommit.
* Merge a specific patch into CVS:
`git cvsexportcommit -v -c -w {{path/to/project_cvs_checkout}}
{{commit_sha1}}` |
sdiff | Side-by-side merge of differences between FILE1 and FILE2. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -o, --output=FILE operate interactively, sending output to FILE -i, --ignore-case consider upper- and lower-case to be the same -E, --ignore-tab-expansion ignore changes due to tab expans... | # sdiff
> Compare the differences between and optionally merge 2 files. More
> information: https://manned.org/sdiff.
* Compare 2 files:
`sdiff {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}}`
* Compare 2 files, ignoring all tabs and whitespace:
`sdiff -W {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}}`
* Compare 2 files, ignoring white... |
dir | List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author ... | # dir
> List directory contents using one line per file, special characters are
> represented by backslash escape sequences. Works as `ls -C --escape`. More
> information: https://manned.org/dir.
* List all files, including hidden files:
`dir -all`
* List files including their author (`-l` is required):
`dir -l --a... |
cd | The cd utility shall change the working directory of the current shell execution environment (see Section 2.12, Shell Execution Environment) by executing the following steps in sequence. (In the following steps, the symbol curpath represents an intermediate value used to simplify the description of the algorithm used ... | # cd
> Change the current working directory. More information:
> https://manned.org/cd.
* Go to the specified directory:
`cd {{path/to/directory}}`
* Go up to the parent of the current directory:
`cd ..`
* Go to the home directory of the current user:
`cd`
* Go to the home directory of the specified user:
`cd ~... |
git-revert | Given one or more existing commits, revert the changes that the related patches introduce, and record some new commits that record them. This requires your working tree to be clean (no modifications from the HEAD commit). Note: git revert is used to record some new commits to reverse the effect of some earlier commits... | # git revert
> Create new commits which reverse the effect of earlier ones. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-revert.
* Revert the most recent commit:
`git revert {{HEAD}}`
* Revert the 5th last commit:
`git revert HEAD~{{4}}`
* Revert a specific commit:
`git revert {{0c01a9}}`
* Revert multiple ... |
pathchk | Diagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit | # pathchk
> Check the validity and portability of one or more pathnames. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/pathchk.
* Check pathnames for validity in the current system:
`pathchk {{path1 path2 …}}`
* Check pathnames for validity on a wider range of POSIX compliant systems:
`pathchk -p {{pat... |
man | man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is normally the name of a program, utility or function. The manual page associated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed. A section, if provided, will direct man to look only in that section of the manual. The default action is to sea... | # man
> Format and display manual pages. More information:
> https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/man.1.html.
* Display the man page for a command:
`man {{command}}`
* Display the man page for a command from section 7:
`man {{7}} {{command}}`
* List all available sections for a command:
`man -f {{command}}`
... |
ps | The ps utility shall write information about processes, subject to having appropriate privileges to obtain information about those processes. By default, ps shall select all processes with the same effective user ID as the current user and the same controlling terminal as the invoker. The ps utility shall conform to t... | # ps
> Information about running processes. More information:
> https://www.unix.com/man-page/osx/1/ps/.
* List all running processes:
`ps aux`
* List all running processes including the full command string:
`ps auxww`
* Search for a process that matches a string:
`ps aux | grep {{string}}`
* Get the parent PID... |
git-ls-tree | Lists the contents of a given tree object, like what "/bin/ls -a" does in the current working directory. Note that: • the behaviour is slightly different from that of "/bin/ls" in that the <path> denotes just a list of patterns to match, e.g. so specifying directory name (without -r) will behave differently, and order... | # git ls-tree
> List the contents of a tree object. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-ls-tree.
* List the contents of the tree on a branch:
`git ls-tree {{branch_name}}`
* List the contents of the tree on a commit, recursing into subtrees:
`git ls-tree -r {{commit_hash}}`
* List only the filenames... |
ssh | ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections, arbitrary TCP ports and UNIX-domain sockets can also be forwarded over the sec... | # ssh
> Secure Shell is a protocol used to securely log onto remote systems. It can
> be used for logging or executing commands on a remote server. More
> information: https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.
* Connect to a remote server:
`ssh {{username}}@{{remote_host}}`
* Connect to a remote server with a specific identity ... |
set | If no options or arguments are specified, set shall write the names and values of all shell variables in the collation sequence of the current locale. Each name shall start on a separate line, using the format: "%s=%s\n", <name>, <value> The value string shall be written with appropriate quoting; see the description o... | # set
> Display, set or unset values of shell attributes and positional parameters.
> More information: https://manned.org/set.
* Display the names and values of shell variables:
`set`
* Mark variables that are modified or created for export:
`set -a`
* Notify of job termination immediately:
`set -b`
* Set vari... |
cut | The cut utility shall cut out bytes (-b option), characters (-c option), or character-delimited fields (-f option) from each line in one or more files, concatenate them, and write them to standard output. The cut utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guideli... | # cut
> Cut out fields from `stdin` or files. More information:
> https://manned.org/man/freebsd-13.0/cut.1.
* Print a specific character/field range of each line:
`{{command}} | cut -{{c|f}} {{1|1,10|1-10|1-|-10}}`
* Print a range of each line with a specific delimiter:
`{{command}} | cut -d "{{,}}" -{{c}} {{1}}`
... |
chfn | chfn is used to change your finger information. This information is stored in the /etc/passwd file, and is displayed by the finger program. The Linux finger command will display four pieces of information that can be changed by chfn: your real name, your work room and phone, and your home phone. Any of the four pieces... | # chfn
> Update `finger` info for a user. More information: https://manned.org/chfn.
* Update a user's "Name" field in the output of `finger`:
`chfn -f {{new_display_name}} {{username}}`
* Update a user's "Office Room Number" field for the output of `finger`:
`chfn -o {{new_office_room_number}} {{username}}`
* Up... |
taskset | The taskset command is used to set or retrieve the CPU affinity of a running process given its pid, or to launch a new command with a given CPU affinity. CPU affinity is a scheduler property that "bonds" a process to a given set of CPUs on the system. The Linux scheduler will honor the given CPU affinity and the proce... | # taskset
> Get or set a process' CPU affinity or start a new process with a defined CPU
> affinity. More information: https://manned.org/taskset.
* Get a running process' CPU affinity by PID:
`taskset --pid --cpu-list {{pid}}`
* Set a running process' CPU affinity by PID:
`taskset --pid --cpu-list {{cpu_id}} {{pid... |
script | script makes a typescript of everything on your terminal session. The terminal data are stored in raw form to the log file and information about timing to another (optional) structured log file. The timing log file is necessary to replay the session later by scriptreplay(1) and to store additional information about th... | # script
> Make a typescript file of a terminal session. More information:
> https://manned.org/script.
* Start recording in file named "typescript":
`script`
* Stop recording:
`exit`
* Start recording in a given file:
`script {{logfile.log}}`
* Append to an existing file:
`script -a {{logfile.log}}`
* Execut... |
chown | The chown utility shall set the user ID of the file named by each file operand to the user ID specified by the owner operand. For each file operand, or, if the -R option is used, each file encountered while walking the directory trees specified by the file operands, the chown utility shall perform actions equivalent t... | # chown
> Change user and group ownership of files and directories. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/chown.
* Change the owner user of a file/directory:
`chown {{user}} {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
* Change the owner user and group of a file/directory:
`chown {{user}}:{{group}} {{path/to... |
g++ | When you invoke GCC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation, assembly and linking. The "overall options" allow you to stop this process at an intermediate stage. For example, the -c option says not to run the linker. Then the output consists of object files output by the assembler. Other options are passed on to ... | # g++
> Compiles C++ source files. Part of GCC (GNU Compiler Collection). More
> information: https://gcc.gnu.org.
* Compile a source code file into an executable binary:
`g++ {{path/to/source.cpp}} -o {{path/to/output_executable}}`
* Display common warnings:
`g++ {{path/to/source.cpp}} -Wall -o {{path/to/output_ex... |
cp | Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --attributes-only don't copy the file data, just the attributes --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup ... | # cp
> Copy files and directories. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/cp.
* Copy a file to another location:
`cp {{path/to/source_file.ext}} {{path/to/target_file.ext}}`
* Copy a file into another directory, keeping the filename:
`cp {{path/to/source_file.ext}} {{path/to/target_parent_direct... |
sar | The sar command writes to standard output the contents of selected cumulative activity counters in the operating system. The accounting system, based on the values in the count and interval parameters, writes information the specified number of times spaced at the specified intervals in seconds. If the interval parame... | # sar
> Monitor performance of various Linux subsystems. More information:
> https://manned.org/sar.
* Report I/O and transfer rate issued to physical devices, one per second (press CTRL+C to quit):
`sar -b {{1}}`
* Report a total of 10 network device statistics, one per 2 seconds:
`sar -n DEV {{2}} {{10}}`
* Rep... |
rename | rename will rename the specified files by replacing the first occurrence of expression in their name by replacement. -s, --symlink Do not rename a symlink but change where it points. -v, --verbose Show which files were renamed, if any. -n, --no-act Do not make any changes; add --verbose to see what would be made. -a, ... | # rename
> Rename a file or group of files with a regular expression. More information:
> https://www.manpagez.com/man/2/rename/.
* Replace `from` with `to` in the filenames of the specified files:
`rename 's/{{from}}/{{to}}/' {{*.txt}}` |
strip | GNU strip discards all symbols from object files objfile. The list of object files may include archives. At least one object file must be given. strip modifies the files named in its argument, rather than writing modified copies under different names. -F bfdname --target=bfdname Treat the original objfile as a file wi... | # strip
> Discard symbols from executables or object files. More information:
> https://manned.org/strip.
* Replace the input file with its stripped version:
`strip {{path/to/file}}`
* Strip symbols from a file, saving the output to a specific file:
`strip {{path/to/input_file}} -o {{path/to/output_file}}`
* Stri... |
head | The head utility shall copy its input files to the standard output, ending the output for each file at a designated point. Copying shall end at the point in each input file indicated by the -n number option. The option-argument number shall be counted in units of lines. The head utility shall conform to the Base Defin... | # head
> Output the first part of files. More information:
> https://keith.github.io/xcode-man-pages/head.1.html.
* Output the first few lines of a file:
`head --lines {{8}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Output the first few bytes of a file:
`head --bytes {{8}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Output everything but the last few lines o... |
wall | wall displays a message, or the contents of a file, or otherwise its standard input, on the terminals of all currently logged in users. The command will wrap lines that are longer than 79 characters. Short lines are whitespace padded to have 79 characters. The command will always put a carriage return and new line at ... | # wall
> Write a message on the terminals of users currently logged in. More
> information: https://manned.org/wall.
* Send a message:
`wall {{message}}`
* Send a message to users that belong to a specific group:
`wall --group {{group_name}} {{message}}`
* Send a message from a file:
`wall {{file}}`
* Send a me... |
stat | Display file or file system status. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status --cached=MODE specify how to use cached attributes; useful on remote file systems. See MODE below -c --format=F... | # stat
> Display file status. More information: https://ss64.com/osx/stat.html.
* Show file properties such as size, permissions, creation and access dates among others:
`stat {{path/to/file}}`
* Same as above but verbose (more similar to Linux's `stat`):
`stat -x {{path/to/file}}`
* Show only octal file permissi... |
ar | The ar utility is part of the Software Development Utilities option. The ar utility can be used to create and maintain groups of files combined into an archive. Once an archive has been created, new files can be added, and existing files in an archive can be extracted, deleted, or replaced. When an archive consists en... | # ar
> Create, modify, and extract from Unix archives. Typically used for static
> libraries (`.a`) and Debian packages (`.deb`). See also: `tar`. More
> information: https://manned.org/ar.
* E[x]tract all members from an archive:
`ar x {{path/to/file.a}}`
* Lis[t] contents in a specific archive:
`ar t {{path/to/fi... |
git | Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. See gittutorial(7) to get started, then see giteveryday(7) for a useful minimum set of commands. The Git User’s Manual[1] has a more in-depth introducti... | # git
> Distributed version control system. Some subcommands such as `commit`,
> `add`, `branch`, `checkout`, `push`, etc. have their own usage
> documentation, accessible via `tldr git subcommand`. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/.
* Check the Git version:
`git --version`
* Show general help:
`git --help`
... |
printenv | Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. -0, --null end each output line with NUL, not newline --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit NOTE: your shell may have its own version of printenv, w... | # printenv
> Print values of all or specific environment variables. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/printenv.
* Display key-value pairs of all environment variables:
`printenv`
* Display the value of a specific variable:
`printenv {{HOME}}`
* Display the value of a variable and end with... |
chsh | The chsh command changes the user login shell. This determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account. The options which apply to the chsh command are: -h, --help Display help message and ... | # chsh
> Change user's login shell. More information: https://manned.org/chsh.
* Set a specific login shell for the current user interactively:
`chsh`
* Set a specific login [s]hell for the current user:
`chsh -s {{path/to/shell}}`
* Set a login [s]hell for a specific user:
`chsh -s {{path/to/shell}} {{username}}... |
pax | The pax utility shall read, write, and write lists of the members of archive files and copy directory hierarchies. A variety of archive formats shall be supported; see the -x format option. The action to be taken depends on the presence of the -r and -w options. The four combinations of -r and -w are referred to as th... | # pax
> Archiving and copying utility. More information: https://manned.org/pax.1p.
* List the contents of an archive:
`pax -f {{archive.tar}}`
* List the contents of a gzipped archive:
`pax -zf {{archive.tar.gz}}`
* Create an archive from files:
`pax -wf {{target.tar}} {{path/to/file1}} {{path/to/file2}} {{path/... |
git-replace | Adds a replace reference in refs/replace/ namespace. The name of the replace reference is the SHA-1 of the object that is replaced. The content of the replace reference is the SHA-1 of the replacement object. The replaced object and the replacement object must be of the same type. This restriction can be bypassed usin... | # git replace
> Create, list, and delete refs to replace objects. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-replace.
* Replace any commit with a different one, leaving other commits unchanged:
`git replace {{object}} {{replacement}}`
* Delete existing replace refs for the given objects:
`git replace --delete... |
yes | Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or 'y'. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit | # yes
> Output something repeatedly. This command is commonly used to answer yes to
> every prompt by install commands (such as apt-get). More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/yes.
* Repeatedly output "message":
`yes {{message}}`
* Repeatedly output "y":
`yes`
* Accept everything prompted by ... |
mkdir | The mkdir utility shall create the directories specified by the operands, in the order specified. For each dir operand, the mkdir utility shall perform actions equivalent to the mkdir() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017, called with the following arguments: 1. The dir operand is used as ... | # mkdir
> Create directories and set their permissions. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/mkdir.
* Create specific directories:
`mkdir {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory2 ...}}`
* Create specific directories and their [p]arents if needed:
`mkdir -p {{path/to/directory1 path/to/directory... |
ipcrm | ipcrm removes System V inter-process communication (IPC) objects and associated data structures from the system. In order to delete such objects, you must be superuser, or the creator or owner of the object. System V IPC objects are of three types: shared memory, message queues, and semaphores. Deletion of a message q... | # ipcrm
> Delete IPC (Inter-process Communication) resources. More information:
> https://manned.org/ipcrm.
* Delete a shared memory segment by ID:
`ipcrm --shmem-id {{shmem_id}}`
* Delete a shared memory segment by key:
`ipcrm --shmem-key {{shmem_key}}`
* Delete an IPC queue by ID:
`ipcrm --queue-id {{ipc_queue_... |
chmod | The chmod utility shall change any or all of the file mode bits of the file named by each file operand in the way specified by the mode operand. It is implementation-defined whether and how the chmod utility affects any alternate or additional file access control mechanism (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2... | # chmod
> Change the access permissions of a file or directory. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/chmod.
* Give the [u]ser who owns a file the right to e[x]ecute it:
`chmod u+x {{path/to/file}}`
* Give the [u]ser rights to [r]ead and [w]rite to a file/directory:
`chmod u+rw {{path/to/file_o... |
git-help | With no options and no <command> or <doc> given, the synopsis of the git command and a list of the most commonly used Git commands are printed on the standard output. If the option --all or -a is given, all available commands are printed on the standard output. If the option --guides or -g is given, a list of the Git ... | # git help
> Display help information about Git. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-help.
* Display help about a specific Git subcommand:
`git help {{subcommand}}`
* Display help about a specific Git subcommand in a web browser:
`git help --web {{subcommand}}`
* Display a list of all available Git ... |
sort | The sort utility shall perform one of the following functions: 1. Sort lines of all the named files together and write the result to the specified output. 2. Merge lines of all the named (presorted) files together and write the result to the specified output. 3. Check that a single input file is correctly presorted. C... | # sort
> Sort lines of text files. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/sort.
* Sort a file in ascending order:
`sort {{path/to/file}}`
* Sort a file in descending order:
`sort --reverse {{path/to/file}}`
* Sort a file in case-insensitive way:
`sort --ignore-case {{path/to/file}}`
* Sort a... |
md5sum | Print or check MD5 (128-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. -b, --binary read in binary mode -c, --check read checksums from the FILEs and check them --tag create a BSD-style checksum -t, --text read in text mode (default) -z, --zero end each output line with NUL, not newline, and dis... | # md5sum
> Calculate MD5 cryptographic checksums. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/md5sum.
* Calculate the MD5 checksum for one or more files:
`md5sum {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}`
* Calculate and save the list of MD5 checksums to a file:
`md5sum {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}} ... |
kill | The default signal for kill is TERM. Use -l or -L to list available signals. Particularly useful signals include HUP, INT, KILL, STOP, CONT, and 0. Alternate signals may be specified in three ways: -9, -SIGKILL or -KILL. Negative PID values may be used to choose whole process groups; see the PGID column in ps command ... | # kill
> Sends a signal to a process, usually related to stopping the process. All
> signals except for SIGKILL and SIGSTOP can be intercepted by the process to
> perform a clean exit. More information: https://manned.org/kill.
* Terminate a program using the default SIGTERM (terminate) signal:
`kill {{process_id}}`
... |
groff | groff is the primary front end to the GNU roff document formatting system. GNU roff is a typesetting system that reads plain text input files that include formatting commands to produce output in PostScript, PDF, HTML, DVI, or other formats, or for display to a terminal. Formatting commands can be low- level typesetti... | # groff
> GNU replacement for the `troff` and `nroff` typesetting utilities. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/groff.
* Format output for a PostScript printer, saving the output to a file:
`groff {{path/to/input.roff}} > {{path/to/output.ps}}`
* Render a man page using the ASCII output device, and di... |
git-checkout-index | Will copy all files listed from the index to the working directory (not overwriting existing files). -u, --index update stat information for the checked out entries in the index file. -q, --quiet be quiet if files exist or are not in the index -f, --force forces overwrite of existing files -a, --all checks out all fil... | # git checkout-index
> Copy files from the index to the working tree. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-checkout-index.
* Restore any files deleted since the last commit:
`git checkout-index --all`
* Restore any files deleted or changed since the last commit:
`git checkout-index --all --force`
* Re... |
trace-cmd | The trace-cmd(1) command interacts with the Ftrace tracer that is built inside the Linux kernel. It interfaces with the Ftrace specific files found in the debugfs file system under the tracing directory. A COMMAND must be specified to tell trace-cmd what to do. -h, --help Display the help text. Other options see the m... | # trace-cmd
> Utility to interact with the Ftrace Linux kernel internal tracer. This
> utility only runs as root. More information: https://manned.org/trace-cmd.
* Display the status of tracing system:
`trace-cmd stat`
* List available tracers:
`trace-cmd list -t`
* Start tracing with a specific plugin:
`trace-cm... |
umask | The umask utility shall set the file mode creation mask of the current shell execution environment (see Section 2.12, Shell Execution Environment) to the value specified by the mask operand. This mask shall affect the initial value of the file permission bits of subsequently created files. If umask is called in a subs... | # umask
> Manage the read/write/execute permissions that are masked out (i.e.
> restricted) for newly created files by the user. More information:
> https://manned.org/umask.
* Display the current mask in octal notation:
`umask`
* Display the current mask in symbolic (human-readable) mode:
`umask -S`
* Change the... |
touch | Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Mandatory arguments to long op... | # touch
> Create files and set access/modification times. More information:
> https://manned.org/man/freebsd-13.1/touch.
* Create specific files:
`touch {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}`
* Set the file [a]ccess or [m]odification times to the current one and don't [c]reate file if it doesn't exist:
`touch -c -{{a... |
echo | Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized:... | # echo
> Print given arguments. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/echo.
* Print a text message. Note: quotes are optional:
`echo "{{Hello World}}"`
* Print a message with environment variables:
`echo "{{My path is $PATH}}"`
* Print a message without the trailing newline:
`echo -n "{{Hello... |
systemctl | systemctl may be used to introspect and control the state of the "systemd" system and service manager. Please refer to systemd(1) for an introduction into the basic concepts and functionality this tool manages. The following options are understood: -t, --type= The argument is a comma-separated list of unit types such ... | # systemctl
> Control the systemd system and service manager. More information:
> https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemctl.html.
* Show all running services:
`systemctl status`
* List failed units:
`systemctl --failed`
* Start/Stop/Restart/Reload a service:
`systemctl {{start|stop|restart|reload... |
patch | The patch utility shall read a source (patch) file containing any of four forms of difference (diff) listings produced by the diff utility (normal, copied context, unified context, or in the style of ed) and apply those differences to a file. By default, patch shall read from the standard input. The patch utility shal... | # patch
> Patch a file (or files) with a diff file. Note that diff files should be
> generated by the `diff` command. More information: https://manned.org/patch.
* Apply a patch using a diff file (filenames must be included in the diff file):
`patch < {{patch.diff}}`
* Apply a patch to a specific file:
`patch {{pat... |
find | This manual page documents the GNU version of find. GNU find searches the directory tree rooted at each given starting-point by evaluating the given expression from left to right, according to the rules of precedence (see section OPERATORS), until the outcome is known (the left hand side is false for and operations, t... | # find
> Find files or directories under the given directory tree, recursively. More
> information: https://manned.org/find.
* Find files by extension:
`find {{root_path}} -name '{{*.ext}}'`
* Find files matching multiple path/name patterns:
`find {{root_path}} -path '{{**/path/**/*.ext}}' -or -name '{{*pattern*}}'... |
expect | Expect is a program that "talks" to other interactive programs according to a script. Following the script, Expect knows what can be expected from a program and what the correct response should be. An interpreted language provides branching and high- level control structures to direct the dialogue. In addition, the us... | # expect
> Script executor that interacts with other programs that require user input.
> More information: https://manned.org/expect.
* Execute an expect script from a file:
`expect {{path/to/file}}`
* Execute a specified expect script:
`expect -c "{{commands}}"`
* Enter an interactive REPL (use `exit` or Ctrl + ... |
du | By default, the du utility shall write to standard output the size of the file space allocated to, and the size of the file space allocated to each subdirectory of, the file hierarchy rooted in each of the specified files. By default, when a symbolic link is encountered on the command line or in the file hierarchy, du... | # du
> Disk usage: estimate and summarize file and directory space usage. More
> information: https://ss64.com/osx/du.html.
* List the sizes of a directory and any subdirectories, in the given unit (KiB/MiB/GiB):
`du -{{k|m|g}} {{path/to/directory}}`
* List the sizes of a directory and any subdirectories, in human-... |
fold | The fold utility is a filter that shall fold lines from its input files, breaking the lines to have a maximum of width column positions (or bytes, if the -b option is specified). Lines shall be broken by the insertion of a <newline> such that each output line (referred to later in this section as a segment) is the max... | # fold
> Wrap each line in an input file to fit a specified width and print it to
> `stdout`. More information: https://manned.org/fold.1p.
* Wrap each line to default width (80 characters):
`fold {{path/to/file}}`
* Wrap each line to width "30":
`fold -w30 {{path/to/file}}`
* Wrap each line to width "5" and brea... |
nohup | The nohup utility shall invoke the utility named by the utility operand with arguments supplied as the argument operands. At the time the named utility is invoked, the SIGHUP signal shall be set to be ignored. If standard input is associated with a terminal, the nohup utility may redirect standard input from an unspec... | # nohup
> Allows for a process to live when the terminal gets killed. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/nohup.
* Run a process that can live beyond the terminal:
`nohup {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...}}`
* Launch `nohup` in background mode:
`nohup {{command}} {{argument1 argument2 ...... |
git-rm | Remove files matching pathspec from the index, or from the working tree and the index. git rm will not remove a file from just your working directory. (There is no option to remove a file only from the working tree and yet keep it in the index; use /bin/rm if you want to do that.) The files being removed have to be id... | # git rm
> Remove files from repository index and local filesystem. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-rm.
* Remove file from repository index and filesystem:
`git rm {{path/to/file}}`
* Remove directory:
`git rm -r {{path/to/directory}}`
* Remove file from repository index but keep it untouched loc... |
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