Command stringlengths 1 20 | Text stringlengths 86 185k | Summary stringlengths 101 1.77k |
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getconf | In the first synopsis form, the getconf utility shall write to the standard output the value of the variable specified by the system_var operand. In the second synopsis form, the getconf utility shall write to the standard output the value of the variable specified by the path_var operand for the path specified by the... | # getconf
> Get configuration values from your Linux system. More information:
> https://manned.org/getconf.1.
* List [a]ll configuration values available:
`getconf -a`
* List the configuration values for a specific directory:
`getconf -a {{path/to/directory}}`
* Check if your linux system is a 32-bit or 64-bit:
... |
wget | GNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web. It supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols, as well as retrieval through HTTP proxies. Wget is non-interactive, meaning that it can work in the background, while the user is not logged on. This allows you to start a retrieval and disconnect... | # wget
> Download files from the Web. Supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/wget.
* Download the contents of a URL to a file (named "foo" in this case):
`wget {{https://example.com/foo}}`
* Download the contents of a URL to a file (named "bar" in this case):
`wget --output-... |
systemd-mount | systemd-mount may be used to create and start a transient .mount or .automount unit of the file system WHAT on the mount point WHERE. In many ways, systemd-mount is similar to the lower-level mount(8) command, however instead of executing the mount operation directly and immediately, systemd-mount schedules it through... | # systemd-mount
> Establish and destroy transient mount or auto-mount points. More
> information: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-
> mount.html.
* Mount a file system (image or block device) at `/run/media/system/LABEL` where LABEL is the filesystem label or the device name if there is no lab... |
date | The date utility shall write the date and time to standard output or attempt to set the system date and time. By default, the current date and time shall be written. If an operand beginning with '+' is specified, the output format of date shall be controlled by the conversion specifications and other text in the opera... | # date
> Set or display the system date. More information:
> https://ss64.com/osx/date.html.
* Display the current date using the default locale's format:
`date +%c`
* Display the current date in UTC and ISO 8601 format:
`date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ`
* Display the current date as a Unix timestamp (seconds since t... |
mcookie | mcookie generates a 128-bit random hexadecimal number for use with the X authority system. Typical usage: xauth add :0 . mcookie The "random" number generated is actually the MD5 message digest of random information coming from one of the sources getrandom(2) system call, /dev/urandom, /dev/random, or the libc pseudo-... | # mcookie
> Generates random 128-bit hexadecimal numbers. More information:
> https://manned.org/mcookie.
* Generate a random number:
`mcookie`
* Generate a random number, using the contents of a file as a seed for the randomness:
`mcookie --file {{path/to/file}}`
* Generate a random number, using a specific numb... |
scriptreplay | This program replays a typescript, using timing information to ensure that output happens in the same rhythm as it originally appeared when the script was recorded. The replay simply displays the information again; the programs that were run when the typescript was being recorded are not run again. Since the same info... | # scriptreplay
> Replay a typescript created by the `script` command to `stdout`. More
> information: https://manned.org/scriptreplay.
* Replay a typescript at the speed it was recorded:
`scriptreplay {{path/to/timing_file}} {{path/to/typescript}}`
* Replay a typescript at double the original speed:
`scriptreplay {... |
git-repack | This command is used to combine all objects that do not currently reside in a "pack", into a pack. It can also be used to re-organize existing packs into a single, more efficient pack. A pack is a collection of objects, individually compressed, with delta compression applied, stored in a single file, with an associate... | # git repack
> Pack unpacked objects in a Git repository. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-repack.
* Pack unpacked objects in the current directory:
`git repack`
* Also remove redundant objects after packing:
`git repack -d` |
rev | The rev utility copies the specified files to standard output, reversing the order of characters in every line. If no files are specified, standard input is read. This utility is a line-oriented tool and it uses in-memory allocated buffer for a whole wide-char line. If the input file is huge and without line breaks th... | # rev
> Reverse a line of text. More information: https://manned.org/rev.
* Reverse the text string "hello":
`echo "hello" | rev`
* Reverse an entire file and print to `stdout`:
`rev {{path/to/file}}` |
logname | The logname utility shall write the user's login name to standard output. The login name shall be the string that would be returned by the getlogin() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017. Under the conditions where the getlogin() function would fail, the logname utility shall write a diagno... | # logname
> Shows the user's login name. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/logname.
* Display the currently logged in user's name:
`logname` |
true | Exit with a status code indicating success. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit NOTE: your shell may have its own version of true, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. | # true
> Returns a successful exit status code of 0. Use this with the || operator to
> make a command always exit with 0. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/true.
* Return a successful exit code:
`true` |
sed | The sed utility is a stream editor that shall read one or more text files, make editing changes according to a script of editing commands, and write the results to standard output. The script shall be obtained from either the script operand string or a combination of the option-arguments from the -e script and -f scri... | # sed
> Edit text in a scriptable manner. See also: `awk`, `ed`. More information:
> https://keith.github.io/xcode-man-pages/sed.1.html.
* Replace all `apple` (basic regex) occurrences with `mango` (basic regex) in all input lines and print the result to `stdout`:
`{{command}} | sed 's/apple/mango/g'`
* Execute a s... |
lsattr | lsattr lists the file attributes on a second extended file system. See chattr(1) for a description of the attributes and what they mean. -R Recursively list attributes of directories and their contents. -V Display the program version. -a List all files in directories, including files that start with `.'. -d List direc... | # lsattr
> List file attributes on a Linux filesystem. More information:
> https://manned.org/lsattr.
* Display the attributes of the files in the current directory:
`lsattr`
* List the attributes of files in a particular path:
`lsattr {{path}}`
* List file attributes recursively in the current and subsequent dir... |
delta | The delta utility shall be used to permanently introduce into the named SCCS files changes that were made to the files retrieved by get (called the g-files, or generated files). The delta utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines, except that the -y o... | # delta
> A viewer for Git and diff output. More information:
> https://github.com/dandavison/delta.
* Compare files or directories:
`delta {{path/to/old_file_or_directory}} {{path/to/new_file_or_directory}}`
* Compare files or directories, showing the line numbers:
`delta --line-numbers {{path/to/old_file_or_direc... |
git-submodule | Inspects, updates and manages submodules. For more information about submodules, see gitsubmodules(7). -q, --quiet Only print error messages. --progress This option is only valid for add and update commands. Progress status is reported on the standard error stream by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -... | # git submodule
> Inspects, updates and manages submodules. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-submodule.
* Install a repository's specified submodules:
`git submodule update --init --recursive`
* Add a Git repository as a submodule:
`git submodule add {{repository_url}}`
* Add a Git repository as ... |
git-send-email | Takes the patches given on the command line and emails them out. Patches can be specified as files, directories (which will send all files in the directory), or directly as a revision list. In the last case, any format accepted by git-format-patch(1) can be passed to git send-email, as well as options understood by gi... | # git send-email
> Send a collection of patches as emails. Patches can be specified as files,
> directions, or a revision list. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-send-email.
* Send the last commit in the current branch:
`git send-email -1`
* Send a given commit:
`git send-email -1 {{commit}}`
* Se... |
git-checkout | Updates files in the working tree to match the version in the index or the specified tree. If no pathspec was given, git checkout will also update HEAD to set the specified branch as the current branch. git checkout [<branch>] To prepare for working on <branch>, switch to it by updating the index and the files in the ... | # git checkout
> Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-checkout.
* Create and switch to a new branch:
`git checkout -b {{branch_name}}`
* Create and switch to a new branch based on a specific reference (branch, remote/branch, tag are examples of valid refer... |
git-show-ref | Displays references available in a local repository along with the associated commit IDs. Results can be filtered using a pattern and tags can be dereferenced into object IDs. Additionally, it can be used to test whether a particular ref exists. By default, shows the tags, heads, and remote refs. The --exclude-existin... | # git show-ref
> Git command for listing references. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-show-ref.
* Show all refs in the repository:
`git show-ref`
* Show only heads references:
`git show-ref --heads`
* Show only tags references:
`git show-ref --tags`
* Verify that a given reference exists:
`git ... |
tbl | The GNU implementation of tbl is part of the groff(1) document formatting system. tbl is a troff(1) preprocessor that translates descriptions of tables embedded in roff(7) input files into the language understood by troff. It copies the contents of each file to the standard output stream, except that lines between .TS... | # tbl
> Table preprocessor for the groff (GNU Troff) document formatting system. See
> also `groff` and `troff`. More information: https://manned.org/tbl.
* Process input with tables, saving the output for future typesetting with groff to PostScript:
`tbl {{path/to/input_file}} > {{path/to/output.roff}}`
* Typeset ... |
fg | If job control is enabled (see the description of set -m), the fg utility shall move a background job from the current environment (see Section 2.12, Shell Execution Environment) into the foreground. Using fg to place a job into the foreground shall remove its process ID from the list of those ``known in the current s... | # fg
> Run jobs in foreground. More information: https://manned.org/fg.
* Bring most recently suspended or running background job to foreground:
`fg`
* Bring a specific job to foreground:
`fg %{{job_id}}` |
kill | The default signal for kill is TERM. Use -l or -L to list available signals. Particularly useful signals include HUP, INT, KILL, STOP, CONT, and 0. Alternate signals may be specified in three ways: -9, -SIGKILL or -KILL. Negative PID values may be used to choose whole process groups; see the PGID column in ps command ... | # kill
> Sends a signal to a process, usually related to stopping the process. All
> signals except for SIGKILL and SIGSTOP can be intercepted by the process to
> perform a clean exit. More information: https://manned.org/kill.
* Terminate a program using the default SIGTERM (terminate) signal:
`kill {{process_id}}`
... |
git-credential | Git has an internal interface for storing and retrieving credentials from system-specific helpers, as well as prompting the user for usernames and passwords. The git-credential command exposes this interface to scripts which may want to retrieve, store, or prompt for credentials in the same manner as Git. The design o... | # git credential
> Retrieve and store user credentials. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-credential.
* Display credential information, retrieving the username and password from configuration files:
`echo "{{url=http://example.com}}" | git credential fill`
* Send credential information to all config... |
git-stripspace | Read text, such as commit messages, notes, tags and branch descriptions, from the standard input and clean it in the manner used by Git. With no arguments, this will: • remove trailing whitespace from all lines • collapse multiple consecutive empty lines into one empty line • remove empty lines from the beginning and ... | # git stripspace
> Read text (e.g. commit messages, notes, tags, and branch descriptions) from
> `stdin` and clean it into the manner used by Git. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-stripspace.
* Trim whitespace from a file:
`cat {{path/to/file}} | git stripspace`
* Trim whitespace and Git comments fr... |
hostname | Print or set the hostname of the current system. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit | # hostname
> Show or set the system's host name. More information:
> https://manned.org/hostname.
* Show current host name:
`hostname`
* Show the network address of the host name:
`hostname -i`
* Show all network addresses of the host:
`hostname -I`
* Show the FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name):
`hostname --fqd... |
fuser | fuser displays the PIDs of processes using the specified files or file systems. In the default display mode, each file name is followed by a letter denoting the type of access: c current directory. e executable being run. f open file. f is omitted in default display mode. F open file for writing. F is omitted in defau... | # fuser
> Display process IDs currently using files or sockets. More information:
> https://manned.org/fuser.
* Find which processes are accessing a file or directory:
`fuser {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
* Show more fields (`USER`, `PID`, `ACCESS` and `COMMAND`):
`fuser --verbose {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
... |
git-mergetool | Use git mergetool to run one of several merge utilities to resolve merge conflicts. It is typically run after git merge. If one or more <file> parameters are given, the merge tool program will be run to resolve differences on each file (skipping those without conflicts). Specifying a directory will include all unresol... | # git mergetool
> Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-mergetool.
* Launch the default merge tool to resolve conflicts:
`git mergetool`
* List valid merge tools:
`git mergetool --tool-help`
* Launch the merge tool identified by a name:
`g... |
su | su allows commands to be run with a substitute user and group ID. When called with no user specified, su defaults to running an interactive shell as root. When user is specified, additional arguments can be supplied, in which case they are passed to the shell. For backward compatibility, su defaults to not change the ... | # su
> Switch shell to another user. More information: https://manned.org/su.
* Switch to superuser (requires the root password):
`su`
* Switch to a given user (requires the user's password):
`su {{username}}`
* Switch to a given user and simulate a full login shell:
`su - {{username}}`
* Execute a command as a... |
git-request-pull | Generate a request asking your upstream project to pull changes into their tree. The request, printed to the standard output, begins with the branch description, summarizes the changes and indicates from where they can be pulled. The upstream project is expected to have the commit named by <start> and the output asks ... | # git request-pull
> Generate a request asking the upstream project to pull changes into its
> tree. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-request-pull.
* Produce a request summarizing the changes between the v1.1 release and a specified branch:
`git request-pull {{v1.1}} {{https://example.com/project}} {{br... |
perf | Performance counters for Linux are a new kernel-based subsystem that provide a framework for all things performance analysis. It covers hardware level (CPU/PMU, Performance Monitoring Unit) features and software features (software counters, tracepoints) as well. -h, --help Run perf help command. -v, --version Display ... | # perf
> Framework for Linux performance counter measurements. More information:
> https://perf.wiki.kernel.org.
* Display basic performance counter stats for a command:
`perf stat {{gcc hello.c}}`
* Display system-wide real-time performance counter profile:
`sudo perf top`
* Run a command and record its profile ... |
chrt | chrt sets or retrieves the real-time scheduling attributes of an existing PID, or runs command with the given attributes. -a, --all-tasks Set or retrieve the scheduling attributes of all the tasks (threads) for a given PID. -m, --max Show minimum and maximum valid priorities, then exit. -p, --pid Operate on an existin... | # chrt
> Manipulate the real-time attributes of a process. More information:
> https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chrt.1.html.
* Display attributes of a process:
`chrt --pid {{PID}}`
* Display attributes of all threads of a process:
`chrt --all-tasks --pid {{PID}}`
* Display the min/max priority values that ca... |
git-describe | The command finds the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit. If the tag points to the commit, then only the tag is shown. Otherwise, it suffixes the tag name with the number of additional commits on top of the tagged object and the abbreviated object name of the most recent commit. The result is a "human-rea... | # git describe
> Give an object a human-readable name based on an available ref. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-describe.
* Create a unique name for the current commit (the name contains the most recent annotated tag, the number of additional commits, and the abbreviated commit hash):
`git describe`... |
tail | The tail utility shall copy its input file to the standard output beginning at a designated place. Copying shall begin at the point in the file indicated by the -c number or -n number options. The option-argument number shall be counted in units of lines or bytes, according to the options -n and -c. Both line and byte... | # tail
> Display the last part of a file. See also: `head`. More information:
> https://manned.org/man/freebsd-13.0/tail.1.
* Show last 'count' lines in file:
`tail -n {{8}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Print a file from a specific line number:
`tail -n +{{8}} {{path/to/file}}`
* Print a specific count of bytes from the e... |
truncate | Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the sparse extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandato... | # truncate
> Shrink or extend the size of a file to the specified size. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/truncate.
* Set a size of 10 GB to an existing file, or create a new file with the specified size:
`truncate --size {{10G}} {{filename}}`
* Extend the file size by 50 MiB, fill with hol... |
git-check-attr | For every pathname, this command will list if each attribute is unspecified, set, or unset as a gitattribute on that pathname. -a, --all List all attributes that are associated with the specified paths. If this option is used, then unspecified attributes will not be included in the output. --cached Consider .gitattrib... | # git check-attr
> For every pathname, list if each attribute is unspecified, set, or unset as
> a gitattribute on that pathname. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-check-attr.
* Check the values of all attributes on a file:
`git check-attr --all {{path/to/file}}`
* Check the value of a specific attr... |
tr | The tr utility shall copy the standard input to the standard output with substitution or deletion of selected characters. The options specified and the string1 and string2 operands shall control translations that occur while copying characters and single-character collating elements. The tr utility shall conform to th... | # tr
> Translate characters: run replacements based on single characters and
> character sets. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/tr.
* Replace all occurrences of a character in a file, and print the result:
`tr {{find_character}} {{replace_character}} < {{path/to/file}}`
* Replace all occurre... |
cp | Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --attributes-only don't copy the file data, just the attributes --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup ... | # cp
> Copy files and directories. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/cp.
* Copy a file to another location:
`cp {{path/to/source_file.ext}} {{path/to/target_file.ext}}`
* Copy a file into another directory, keeping the filename:
`cp {{path/to/source_file.ext}} {{path/to/target_parent_direct... |
git-push | Updates remote refs using local refs, while sending objects necessary to complete the given refs. You can make interesting things happen to a repository every time you push into it, by setting up hooks there. See documentation for git-receive-pack(1). When the command line does not specify where to push with the <repo... | # git push
> Push commits to a remote repository. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-push.
* Send local changes in the current branch to its default remote counterpart:
`git push`
* Send changes from a specific local branch to its remote counterpart:
`git push {{remote_name}} {{local_branch}}`
* Se... |
lpstat | lpstat displays status information about the current classes, jobs, and printers. When run with no arguments, lpstat will list active jobs queued by the current user. The lpstat command supports the following options: -E Forces encryption when connecting to the server. -H Shows the server hostname and port. -R Shows t... | # lpstat
> Display status information about the current classes, jobs, and printers.
> More information: https://ss64.com/osx/lpstat.html.
* Show a long listing of printers, classes, and jobs:
`lpstat -l`
* Force encryption when connecting to the CUPS server:
`lpstat -E`
* Show the ranking of print jobs:
`lpstat ... |
find | This manual page documents the GNU version of find. GNU find searches the directory tree rooted at each given starting-point by evaluating the given expression from left to right, according to the rules of precedence (see section OPERATORS), until the outcome is known (the left hand side is false for and operations, t... | # find
> Find files or directories under the given directory tree, recursively. More
> information: https://manned.org/find.
* Find files by extension:
`find {{root_path}} -name '{{*.ext}}'`
* Find files matching multiple path/name patterns:
`find {{root_path}} -path '{{**/path/**/*.ext}}' -or -name '{{*pattern*}}'... |
flock | This utility manages flock(2) locks from within shell scripts or from the command line. The first and second of the above forms wrap the lock around the execution of a command, in a manner similar to su(1) or newgrp(1). They lock a specified file or directory, which is created (assuming appropriate permissions) if it ... | # flock
> Manage locks from shell scripts. It can be used to ensure that only one
> process of a command is running. More information: https://manned.org/flock.
* Run a command with a file lock as soon as the lock is not required by others:
`flock {{path/to/lock.lock}} --command "{{command}}"`
* Run a command with ... |
ssh-add | ssh-add adds private key identities to the authentication agent, ssh-agent(1). When run without arguments, it adds the files ~/.ssh/id_rsa, ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa, ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk, ~/.ssh/id_ed25519, ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk, and ~/.ssh/id_dsa. After loading a private key, ssh-add will try to load corresponding certificate in... | # ssh-add
> Manage loaded ssh keys in the ssh-agent. Ensure that ssh-agent is up and
> running for the keys to be loaded in it. More information:
> https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.
* Add the default ssh keys in `~/.ssh` to the ssh-agent:
`ssh-add`
* Add a specific key to the ssh-agent:
`ssh-add {{path/to/private_ke... |
git-show-branch | Shows the commit ancestry graph starting from the commits named with <rev>s or <glob>s (or all refs under refs/heads and/or refs/tags) semi-visually. It cannot show more than 29 branches and commits at a time. It uses showbranch.default multi-valued configuration items if no <rev> or <glob> is given on the command lin... | # git show-branch
> Show branches and their commits. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-show-branch.
* Show a summary of the latest commit on a branch:
`git show-branch {{branch_name|ref|commit}}`
* Compare commits in the history of multiple commits or branches:
`git show-branch {{branch_name|ref|com... |
gawk | Gawk is the GNU Project's implementation of the AWK programming language. It conforms to the definition of the language in the POSIX 1003.1 standard. This version in turn is based on the description in The AWK Programming Language, by Aho, Kernighan, and Weinberger. Gawk provides the additional features found in the c... | # gawk
> This command is an alias of GNU `awk`.
* View documentation for the original command:
`tldr -p linux awk` |
trap | If the first operand is an unsigned decimal integer, the shell shall treat all operands as conditions, and shall reset each condition to the default value. Otherwise, if there are operands, the first is treated as an action and the remaining as conditions. If action is '-', the shell shall reset each condition to the ... | # trap
> Automatically execute commands after receiving signals by processes or the
> operating system. Can be used to perform cleanups for interruptions by the
> user or other actions. More information: https://manned.org/trap.
* List available signals to set traps for:
`trap -l`
* List active traps for the curren... |
git-whatchanged | Shows commit logs and diff output each commit introduces. New users are encouraged to use git-log(1) instead. The whatchanged command is essentially the same as git-log(1) but defaults to show the raw format diff output and to skip merges. The command is kept primarily for historical reasons; fingers of many people wh... | # git whatchanged
> Show what has changed with recent commits or files. See also `git log`. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-whatchanged.
* Display logs and changes for recent commits:
`git whatchanged`
* Display logs and changes for recent commits within the specified time frame:
`git whatchanged -... |
troff | GNU troff transforms groff(7) language input into the device- independent output format described in groff_out(5); troff is thus the heart of the GNU roff document formatting system. If no file operands are given on the command line, or if file is “-”, the standard input stream is read. GNU troff is functionally compa... | # troff
> Typesetting processor for the groff (GNU Troff) document formatting system.
> See also `groff`. More information: https://manned.org/troff.
* Format output for a PostScript printer, saving the output to a file:
`troff {{path/to/input.roff}} | grops > {{path/to/output.ps}}`
* Format output for a PostScript... |
ar | The ar utility is part of the Software Development Utilities option. The ar utility can be used to create and maintain groups of files combined into an archive. Once an archive has been created, new files can be added, and existing files in an archive can be extracted, deleted, or replaced. When an archive consists en... | # ar
> Create, modify, and extract from Unix archives. Typically used for static
> libraries (`.a`) and Debian packages (`.deb`). See also: `tar`. More
> information: https://manned.org/ar.
* E[x]tract all members from an archive:
`ar x {{path/to/file.a}}`
* Lis[t] contents in a specific archive:
`ar t {{path/to/fi... |
hostnamectl | hostnamectl may be used to query and change the system hostname and related settings. systemd-hostnamed.service(8) and this tool distinguish three different hostnames: the high-level "pretty" hostname which might include all kinds of special characters (e.g. "Lennart's Laptop"), the "static" hostname which is the user... | # hostnamectl
> Get or set the hostname of the computer. More information:
> https://manned.org/hostnamectl.
* Get the hostname of the computer:
`hostnamectl`
* Set the hostname of the computer:
`sudo hostnamectl set-hostname "{{hostname}}"`
* Set a pretty hostname for the computer:
`sudo hostnamectl set-hostname... |
split | The split utility shall read an input file and write zero or more output files. The default size of each output file shall be 1000 lines. The size of the output files can be modified by specification of the -b or -l options. Each output file shall be created with a unique suffix. The suffix shall consist of exactly su... | # split
> Split a file into pieces. More information: https://ss64.com/osx/split.html.
* Split a file, each split having 10 lines (except the last split):
`split -l {{10}} {{filename}}`
* Split a file by a regular expression. The matching line will be the first line of the next output file:
`split -p {{cat|^[dh]og}... |
sftp | sftp is a file transfer program, similar to ftp(1), which performs all operations over an encrypted ssh(1) transport. It may also use many features of ssh, such as public key authentication and compression. The destination may be specified either as [user@]host[:path] or as a URI in the form sftp://[user@]host[:port][... | # sftp
> Secure File Transfer Program. Interactive program to copy files between
> hosts over SSH. For non-interactive file transfers, see `scp` or `rsync`.
> More information: https://manned.org/sftp.
* Connect to a remote server and enter an interactive command mode:
`sftp {{remote_user}}@{{remote_host}}`
* Conne... |
renice | The renice utility shall request that the nice values (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 3.244, Nice Value) of one or more running processes be changed. By default, the applicable processes are specified by their process IDs. When a process group is specified (see -g), the request shall apply to... | # renice
> Alters the scheduling priority/niceness of one or more running processes.
> Niceness values range from -20 (most favorable to the process) to 19 (least
> favorable to the process). More information: https://manned.org/renice.
* Change priority of a running process:
`renice -n {{niceness_value}} -p {{pid}}`... |
envsubst | Substitutes the values of environment variables. Operation mode: -v, --variables output the variables occurring in SHELL-FORMAT Informative output: -h, --help display this help and exit -V, --version output version information and exit In normal operation mode, standard input is copied to standard output, with referen... | # envsubst
> Substitutes environment variables with their value in shell format strings.
> Variables to be replaced should be in either `${var}` or `$var` format. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/html_node/envsubst-
> Invocation.html.
* Replace environment variables in `stdin` and outpu... |
comm | The comm utility shall read file1 and file2, which should be ordered in the current collating sequence, and produce three text columns as output: lines only in file1, lines only in file2, and lines in both files. If the lines in both files are not ordered according to the collating sequence of the current locale, the ... | # comm
> Select or reject lines common to two files. Both files must be sorted. More
> information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/comm.
* Produce three tab-separated columns: lines only in first file, lines only in second file and common lines:
`comm {{file1}} {{file2}}`
* Print only lines common to both f... |
gdb | The purpose of a debugger such as GDB is to allow you to see what is going on "inside" another program while it executes -- or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed. GDB can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of these) to help you catch bugs in the act: • Start your program, s... | # gdb
> The GNU Debugger. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb.
* Debug an executable:
`gdb {{executable}}`
* Attach a process to gdb:
`gdb -p {{procID}}`
* Debug with a core file:
`gdb -c {{core}} {{executable}}`
* Execute given GDB commands upon start:
`gdb -ex "{{commands}}" {{executable}}`
*... |
git-prune | Note In most cases, users should run git gc, which calls git prune. See the section "NOTES", below. This runs git fsck --unreachable using all the refs available in refs/, optionally with additional set of objects specified on the command line, and prunes all unpacked objects unreachable from any of these head objects... | # git prune
> Git command for pruning all unreachable objects from the object database.
> This command is often not used directly but as an internal command that is
> used by Git gc. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-prune.
* Report what would be removed by Git prune without removing it:
`git prune --dry... |
oomctl | oomctl may be used to get information about the various contexts read in by the systemd(1) userspace out-of-memory (OOM) killer, systemd-oomd(8). The following options are understood: -h, --help Print a short help text and exit. --version Print a short version string and exit. --no-pager Do not pipe output into a page... | # oomctl
> Analyze the state stored in `systemd-oomd`. More information:
> https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/oomctl.html.
* Show the current state of the cgroups and system contexts stored by `systemd-oomd`:
`oomctl dump` |
git-config | You can query/set/replace/unset options with this command. The name is actually the section and the key separated by a dot, and the value will be escaped. Multiple lines can be added to an option by using the --add option. If you want to update or unset an option which can occur on multiple lines, a value-pattern (whi... | # git config
> Manage custom configuration options for Git repositories. These
> configurations can be local (for the current repository) or global (for the
> current user). More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-config.
* List only local configuration entries (stored in `.git/config` in the current repositor... |
git-merge-base | git merge-base finds best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use in a three-way merge. One common ancestor is better than another common ancestor if the latter is an ancestor of the former. A common ancestor that does not have any better common ancestor is a best common ancestor, i.e. a merge base. Note that th... | # git merge-base
> Find a common ancestor of two commits. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-merge-base.
* Print the best common ancestor of two commits:
`git merge-base {{commit_1}} {{commit_2}}`
* Output all best common ancestors of two commits:
`git merge-base --all {{commit_1}} {{commit_2}}`
* ... |
pwd | The pwd utility shall write to standard output an absolute pathname of the current working directory, which does not contain the filenames dot or dot-dot. The pwd utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines. The following options shall be supported by t... | # pwd
> Print name of current/working directory. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/pwd.
* Print the current directory:
`pwd`
* Print the current directory, and resolve all symlinks (i.e. show the "physical" path):
`pwd -P` |
git-unpack-file | Creates a file holding the contents of the blob specified by sha1. It returns the name of the temporary file in the following format: .merge_file_XXXXX <blob> Must be a blob id | # git unpack-file
> Create a temporary file with a blob's contents. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-unpack-file.
* Create a file holding the contents of the blob specified by its ID then print the name of the temporary file:
`git unpack-file {{blob_id}}` |
git-fsck | Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database. <object> An object to treat as the head of an unreachability trace. If no objects are given, git fsck defaults to using the index file, all SHA-1 references in refs namespace, and all reflogs (unless --no-reflogs is given) as heads. --unreachable P... | # git fsck
> Verify the validity and connectivity of nodes in a Git repository index.
> Does not make any modifications. See `git gc` for cleaning up dangling
> blobs. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-fsck.
* Check the current repository:
`git fsck`
* List all tags found:
`git fsck --tags`
* List al... |
chgrp | The chgrp utility shall set the group ID of the file named by each file operand to the group ID specified by the group operand. For each file operand, or, if the -R option is used, each file encountered while walking the directory trees specified by the file operands, the chgrp utility shall perform actions equivalent... | # chgrp
> Change group ownership of files and directories. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/chgrp.
* Change the owner group of a file/directory:
`chgrp {{group}} {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
* Recursively change the owner group of a directory and its contents:
`chgrp -R {{group}} {{path/... |
free | free displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as the buffers and caches used by the kernel. The information is gathered by parsing /proc/meminfo. The displayed columns are: total Total usable memory (MemTotal and SwapTotal in /proc/meminfo). This includes the physical ... | # free
> Display amount of free and used memory in the system. More information:
> https://manned.org/free.
* Display system memory:
`free`
* Display memory in Bytes/KB/MB/GB:
`free -{{b|k|m|g}}`
* Display memory in human-readable units:
`free -h`
* Refresh the output every 2 seconds:
`free -s {{2}}` |
id | If no user operand is provided, the id utility shall write the user and group IDs and the corresponding user and group names of the invoking process to standard output. If the effective and real IDs do not match, both shall be written. If multiple groups are supported by the underlying system (see the description of {... | # id
> Display current user and group identity. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/id.
* Display current user's ID (UID), group ID (GID) and groups to which they belong:
`id`
* Display the current user identity as a number:
`id -u`
* Display the current group identity as a number:
`id -g`
... |
readelf | readelf displays information about one or more ELF format object files. The options control what particular information to display. elffile... are the object files to be examined. 32-bit and 64-bit ELF files are supported, as are archives containing ELF files. This program performs a similar function to objdump but it... | # readelf
> Displays information about ELF files. More information:
> http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/readelf.1.html.
* Display all information about the ELF file:
`readelf -all {{path/to/binary}}`
* Display all the headers present in the ELF file:
`readelf --headers {{path/to/binary}}`
* Display the entries... |
ld | ld combines a number of object and archive files, relocates their data and ties up symbol references. Usually the last step in compiling a program is to run ld. ld accepts Linker Command Language files written in a superset of AT&T's Link Editor Command Language syntax, to provide explicit and total control over the l... | # ld
> Link object files together. More information:
> https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs-2.38/ld.html.
* Link a specific object file with no dependencies into an executable:
`ld {{path/to/file.o}} --output {{path/to/output_executable}}`
* Link two object files together:
`ld {{path/to/file1.o}} {{path/to/file2.o}... |
git-commit | Create a new commit containing the current contents of the index and the given log message describing the changes. The new commit is a direct child of HEAD, usually the tip of the current branch, and the branch is updated to point to it (unless no branch is associated with the working tree, in which case HEAD is "deta... | # git commit
> Commit files to the repository. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-commit.
* Commit staged files to the repository with a message:
`git commit --message "{{message}}"`
* Commit staged files with a message read from a file:
`git commit --file {{path/to/commit_message_file}}`
* Auto st... |
xargs | The xargs utility shall construct a command line consisting of the utility and argument operands specified followed by as many arguments read in sequence from standard input as fit in length and number constraints specified by the options. The xargs utility shall then invoke the constructed command line and wait for i... | # xargs
> Execute a command with piped arguments coming from another command, a file,
> etc. The input is treated as a single block of text and split into separate
> pieces on spaces, tabs, newlines and end-of-file. More information:
> https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/xargs.html.
* Run a com... |
stty | Print or change terminal characteristics. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin --help displa... | # stty
> Set options for a terminal device interface. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/stty.
* Display all settings for the current terminal:
`stty --all`
* Set the number of rows or columns:
`stty {{rows|cols}} {{count}}`
* Get the actual transfer speed of a device:
`stty --file {{path/... |
git-ls-files | This merges the file listing in the index with the actual working directory list, and shows different combinations of the two. One or more of the options below may be used to determine the files shown, and each file may be printed multiple times if there are multiple entries in the index or multiple statuses are appli... | # git ls-files
> Show information about files in the index and the working tree. More
> information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-ls-files.
* Show deleted files:
`git ls-files --deleted`
* Show modified and deleted files:
`git ls-files --modified`
* Show ignored and untracked files:
`git ls-files --others`
* Sh... |
shred | Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iteration... | # shred
> Overwrite files to securely delete data. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/shred.
* Overwrite a file:
`shred {{path/to/file}}`
* Overwrite a file, leaving zeroes instead of random data:
`shred --zero {{path/to/file}}`
* Overwrite a file 25 times:
`shred -n25 {{path/to/file}}`
... |
tac | Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRIN... | # tac
> Display and concatenate files with lines in reversed order. See also: `cat`.
> More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/tac.
* Concatenate specific files in reversed order:
`tac {{path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...}}`
* Display `stdin` in reversed order:
`{{cat path/to/file}} | tac`
* Use a s... |
write | The write utility shall read lines from the standard input and write them to the terminal of the specified user. When first invoked, it shall write the message: Message from sender-login-id (sending-terminal) [date]... to user_name. When it has successfully completed the connection, the sender's terminal shall be aler... | # write
> Write a message on the terminal of a specified logged in user (ctrl-C to
> stop writing messages). Use the `who` command to find out all terminal_ids
> of all active users active on the system. See also `mesg`. More information:
> https://manned.org/write.
* Send a message to a given user on a given termina... |
git-ls-remote | Displays references available in a remote repository along with the associated commit IDs. -h, --heads, -t, --tags Limit to only refs/heads and refs/tags, respectively. These options are not mutually exclusive; when given both, references stored in refs/heads and refs/tags are displayed. Note that git ls-remote -h use... | # git ls-remote
> Git command for listing references in a remote repository based on name or
> URL. If no name or URL are given, then the configured upstream branch will
> be used, or remote origin if the former is not configured. More information:
> https://git-scm.com/docs/git-ls-remote.
* Show all references in th... |
git-merge | Incorporates changes from the named commits (since the time their histories diverged from the current branch) into the current branch. This command is used by git pull to incorporate changes from another repository and can be used by hand to merge changes from one branch into another. Assume the following history exis... | # git merge
> Merge branches. More information: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-merge.
* Merge a branch into your current branch:
`git merge {{branch_name}}`
* Edit the merge message:
`git merge --edit {{branch_name}}`
* Merge a branch and create a merge commit:
`git merge --no-ff {{branch_name}}`
* Abort a merge ... |
chown | The chown utility shall set the user ID of the file named by each file operand to the user ID specified by the owner operand. For each file operand, or, if the -R option is used, each file encountered while walking the directory trees specified by the file operands, the chown utility shall perform actions equivalent t... | # chown
> Change user and group ownership of files and directories. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/chown.
* Change the owner user of a file/directory:
`chown {{user}} {{path/to/file_or_directory}}`
* Change the owner user and group of a file/directory:
`chown {{user}}:{{group}} {{path/to... |
sshfs | SSHFS allows you to mount a remote filesystem using SSH (more precisely, the SFTP subsystem). Most SSH servers support and enable this SFTP access by default, so SSHFS is very simple to use - there's nothing to do on the server-side. By default, file permissions are ignored by SSHFS. Any user that can access the files... | # sshfs
> Filesystem client based on SSH. More information:
> https://github.com/libfuse/sshfs.
* Mount remote directory:
`sshfs {{username}}@{{remote_host}}:{{remote_directory}} {{mountpoint}}`
* Unmount remote directory:
`umount {{mountpoint}}`
* Mount remote directory from server with specific port:
`sshfs {{u... |
sleep | Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be 's' for seconds (the default), 'm' for minutes, 'h' for hours or 'd' for days. NUMBER need not be an integer. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. --help display this help and exit --version output version information an... | # sleep
> Delay for a specified amount of time. More information:
> https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/sleep.html.
* Delay in seconds:
`sleep {{seconds}}`
* Execute a specific command after 20 seconds delay:
`sleep 20 && {{command}}` |
manpath | If $MANPATH is set, manpath will simply display its contents and issue a warning. If not, manpath will determine a suitable manual page hierarchy search path and display the results. The colon-delimited path is determined using information gained from the man-db configuration file – (/usr/local/etc/man_db.conf) and th... | # manpath
> Determine the search path for manual pages. More information:
> https://manned.org/manpath.
* Display the search path used to find man pages:
`manpath`
* Show the entire global manpath:
`manpath --global` |
mv | Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --debug explain how a file is copied. Implies -v -f, --force do not prompt ... | # mv
> Move or rename files and directories. More information:
> https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/mv.
* Rename a file or directory when the target is not an existing directory:
`mv {{path/to/source}} {{path/to/target}}`
* Move a file or directory into an existing directory:
`mv {{path/to/source}} {{path/to/ex... |
whereis | whereis locates the binary, source and manual files for the specified command names. The supplied names are first stripped of leading pathname components. Prefixes of s. resulting from use of source code control are also dealt with. whereis then attempts to locate the desired program in the standard Linux places, and ... | # whereis
> Locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command. More
> information: https://manned.org/whereis.
* Locate binary, source and man pages for ssh:
`whereis {{ssh}}`
* Locate binary and man pages for ls:
`whereis -bm {{ls}}`
* Locate source of gcc and man pages for Git:
`whereis -s {{gcc}} ... |
git-daemon | A really simple TCP Git daemon that normally listens on port "DEFAULT_GIT_PORT" aka 9418. It waits for a connection asking for a service, and will serve that service if it is enabled. It verifies that the directory has the magic file "git-daemon-export-ok", and it will refuse to export any Git directory that hasn’t ex... | # git daemon
> A really simple server for Git repositories. More information: https://git-
> scm.com/docs/git-daemon.
* Launch a Git daemon with a whitelisted set of directories:
`git daemon --export-all {{path/to/directory1}} {{path/to/directory2}}`
* Launch a Git daemon with a specific base directory and allow pu... |
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