q_id stringlengths 6 6 | title stringlengths 4 294 | selftext stringlengths 0 2.48k | category stringclasses 1
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k1nwed | Why does mobile data interfere with airplanes? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"It probably doesn't. But we're not 100% sure, and we don't want to have to certify every single public Aircraft to be safe against every single type of mobile phone signal, so we just blanket ban mobile phone signals on planes",
"When mobile phones we... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k1p7yd | How can VPNs say that they can reduce ping when your physical location doesn't change? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdps5el"
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"text": [
"First, let's recognize that just because they claim they can reduce ping doesn't mean they actually do. However, it's certainly technically possible for them to reduce ping. Think of the Internet like driving from place to place on regular roads. Some of those roads are... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k1qrmm | How is Intel still operating on a 14nm process, when AMD, TSMC, and Samsung all have 7 & 5nm processes? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"For starters, Intel's 14nm process is still pretty dense, in general Intel's process nodes are of similar geometry to the next node down of its competitors. Intel's 10nm process for instance is about the same transistor density of the 7nm p... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k1seup | Why do older phones move when they vibrate while newer phones don't? | Like a Nokia 3310 vs a modern samsung galaxy s10, I've observed the former move and sometimes fall off a table but the samsung phone stays at the same place | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdqa9y4"
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"text": [
"Older phones used to have a spinning weight in one of the top corners (usually top right) to vibrate. That specific location results in the corner dragging the rest of the body in whatever direction. Newer phones have longer spring motors that pulse horizontally, which ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k208s4 | What does the printer do when it goes chrrrzh-gurhh-mbeerrch-beep-boop scrchraaaa | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Warming the ink and cleaning the print nozzles so that you'll get anice clean printout. Last thing you want is old, dried ink stuck in the nozzzles from your previous print job.",
... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k22tpl | What is proof of stake consensus, and how is it considered provably fair? | Hi guys: I'm actually a blockchain engineer but i'm struggling with explaining my business case to people on the business side. So, I want to put together a description of blockchain at a five-year-old level, because every business person i've met basically has the IQ of a 5 year old anyway. Any ideas of how to explain... | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"gdrvxa1",
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"text": [
"Proof of Stake is essentially saying the people with the most interest in a given system are the ones with the most power to validate and confirm other things in that system. The idea is the people making the determination are the ones who don't want to s... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k25daz | Why do you sometimes need an area code before dialing a number and why sometimes do you need a one before that? And how about when you don’t need either? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gds7vin"
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"text": [
"This is a relic of the way the phone system used to work. Back when the phone network were developed the phone centrals were simple systems, first ones were staffed by humans even before machines took over. It was therefore too much to expect that every phone central wo... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k28045 | Why is 5g considered harmful to use? And is it actually harmful? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"It's not harmful to use at all. It's a conspiracy made up by truly ignorant people and people with mental issues.",
"It is considered harmful by people who do not know what 5G ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k29ha3 | What the hell is ping in gaming? I keep looking up the definition and I still don’t get it. So what is it? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
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"gdsv4jy"
],
"text": [
"Ping is a pretty old concept: you send a package to another computer, and wait for an answer. And then you time it, so that you know how long you have to wait for an answer. The number tells you about the network and server response times: If you press a button, and act... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k2ar2o | Why are there so many different brand names for the same model graphics card? | For example, when I search for [Radeon RX 570 on newegg]( URL_0 ), the same card appears from Gigabyte, MSI, Asus, and others. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdt2q4t"
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"text": [
"In short: AMD is in the business of selling processors, and let's other companies take the processors and design/sell graphics cards based around the processors."
],
"score": [
4
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k2b3od | What’s exactly so important and innovative about Apple’s M1 chip? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdtbd9t"
],
"text": [
"It’s apples first in-house designed Mac processor instead of using Intel chips (or Motorola before that). It allows Apple to better optimize the processors with its software and rest of hardware, to gain better speed, battery life, other benefits."
],
"score": [
... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k2jj6d | why do game developers seem to have issues to get characters to walk up or down stairs properly. Some games that actually try, still only get like 70% of the walking animation to match the amount of steps of a given stairs. | It often bothers me even more when they clearly tried. But you can see a character clearly floating on steps every other one in the walking animation. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gduguzv",
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],
"text": [
"The underlying geometry of any stair is a ramp. That's a shortcut to make programing climbing stairs easier. Half the time it's just simpler to slap a skin on a ramp to make it look like stairs. Of course stairs are different enough from a ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k2k0ri | why each game does not provide the option to download only one graphic quality, instead of having to download low, medium, high and ultra graphics? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gduk5dg"
],
"text": [
"Apart from textures and models, different levels of \"graphic quality\" are just effects that in and of themselves do not take much space, even though they are difficult to execute. As for the models and textures, nowadays games use systems of dynamically changing the r... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k2km9j | what effects would occur if Google stops for a day? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdunk5w",
"gduqmvv"
],
"text": [
"Google services? Yeesh. Probably not great for businesses. I'd just use ecosia and forget about my email for a day, personally. Maybe twitch will livestream the brief chaos as Googlehome-driven security turns off. Edit: adsense would be off too 😁",
"... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k2lbim | Whats the difference from those big bulky cameras you'd see at movie sets and tv shows ,and the normal small portable cameras? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gduuahh",
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"text": [
"The main reason is those cameras carry physically larger lenses and the sensor inside the camera is larger as well. These are larger both to enhance quality and to work well in low light situations, such as when actors are talking indoors. ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k2m4if | Why do GPU cards need "separate" RAM? | With GPUs, they typically state RAM values as well. Why would GPUs need their own RAM when I have RAM cards installed as well? Or does the GPU really draw from the memory cards I have? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdvfxlh",
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"text": [
"GPUs need a lot of memory, and a lot more memory bandwidth than anything else in the system. Low end GPUs can get away with using the system RAM, but higher end GPUs will find their calculations bottlenecked because they're always waiting t... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k2mr3c | If Ray Tracing is handled by the RT cores, why does it impact performance so much even though it has dedicated (processor) cores for it? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdv5f7u",
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],
"text": [
"Scanline rendering, which is the predominant way of rendering processes every pixel in approximately the same time, so no matter how complex the surface is the amount of time spent rendering it will be predictable, and developers can thus make sure to cre... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k2nwvg | How do MOSFETs work? | No matter how hard I try, I can't comprehend how they work. Does the voltage applied to them have to be larger than the circuit they're switching? (Aka, I'm trying to switch a circuit which takes 3.6v with a mosfet, so I can press a button and get the mosfet to allow voltage through, and have no idea how!) | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdvhytg"
],
"text": [
"First thing first, your [MOSFET has 3 legs, a source, drain, and a gate]( URL_0 ), to turn an n-channel MOSFET on you have to get the voltage between the source and the gate above the threshold voltage, but the drain voltage can still be quite a bit higher. This lets yo... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k2pkjz | Why do “reset” buttons on electronic devices require a needle or pin to press while on/off switches do not? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdvr08x",
"gdvw6w4",
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],
"text": [
"Those reset buttons usually permanently clear some sort of stored data that you wouldn't want to be accidentally erased, so they make it hard to accidentally press the button.",
"The “reset” button usually isn’t a power reset (off then ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k2xa4u | Why are computer software installs so bad at estimating time? | For example, my iPhone restore said it’d be about 8 minutes when it started. It’s been about 20 and it says that it will be about a minute more. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdxsisk",
"gdy4w0e",
"gdxytuy"
],
"text": [
"Because they're just that -- estimates, and there's any number of things that can go wrong or hamstring it. Perhaps that estimate was with leaving your phone idle so it could maximize cpu and storage resources put toward completing the task... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k2y6qq | Why are recycled paper and recycled cotton darker? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdy5ecd"
],
"text": [
"Recycled paper and cotton products can be bleached completely white just like their non-recycled counterparts, and sometimes they are, but it costs more to do so. It's also a marketing tactic to leave the recycled products looking like they're recycled. Many people don'... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k30dai | What is happening when Microsoft Word puts the red squiggly under a correctly-spelled word and then it disappears when you click the word? | We’ve all been there: typing away confidently when suddenly the red squiggly appears under a word that you swear is correct. You question whether you are having a stroke or have suddenly awaken in an alternative hellscape where “because” is spelled “becuz.” You go to right-click to see suggested corrections and the squ... | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge00cwa",
"ge1bxo7"
],
"text": [
"Microsoft products are very much known to have bugs. Sometimes bugs will live for years and never be fixed. What's most likely happening is Word detected the spelling error before you finished typing the word, but didn't put the red line until after you f... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k32hyh | How can a sundial reliably work when the sun’s position in the sky changes from day to day and month to month with days getting longer/shorter, etc? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdz449m",
"gdz4s69",
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"ge0gpre"
],
"text": [
"They aren't actually accurate with clock time. They are only going to be exactly synced 4 times a year, and at the most inaccurate is going to be off by about 16 minutes. Which if you are living in times before mechanical tim... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k34e1s | How do people get super long exposures of the distant cosmos from their backyard, when the earth is always moving around | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdzi5fi",
"gdzi96e"
],
"text": [
"The put the camera on a moving mount that tracks the stars so that they're stationary relative to the camera.",
"There are special camera mounts capable of tracking the sky. You just need GPS coordinates. Alternatively with a wide enough angle you can... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k35pz8 | Why are pixels made up of red, green and blue lights? Surely the green should be replaced with yellow for the primary colours to work? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gdzxndd",
"gdzxz5h"
],
"text": [
"Red, Green, and Blue *are* primary colors -- in *additive* coloring, which is the type of coloring we're talking about when we're dealing with computers and computer graphics. In additive coloring, yellow is, surprisingly enough, *not primary* -- it is ma... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k39cfo | What actually happens when you click on suspicious / bad links? (both PC & Mobile) | What series of events or what actually happens when you click on those scammy or dangerous links? How do they actually do you harm? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge13m97"
],
"text": [
"Normally the initial click is not the issue (unless it wants to download and install something) You normally run the risk of being redirected to a site where further danger exists. So as an example you go to a site that spoofs(pretends to be) a legit site and tries to c... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k39fql | google analytics and how does using an add-on prevent it? | Could someone ELI5 google analytics and this add-on to opt out. Why can’t I just opt out? What is this add-on actually doing? URL_0 | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge1hnvo"
],
"text": [
"Google Analytics is a free tool used by web developers to gain information about how users interact with a website. At its default, its relatively anonymous. We can learn things like the size of device you used, how long you were on a page, what pages you went to, etc. ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k3bd1n | What's the difference between Microsoft, Mac and Linux Operating Systems? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge1wm1z"
],
"text": [
"Like WRSaunders suggested, think of them like cars. Windows would be like your bog standard family cars: anyone can use them and they are generally reliable and can run most applications and do (within reason) what ever you want. Your average consumer will have this. Ma... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k3ko0r | Why can’t everything use AA batteries? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge3j6dj",
"ge3nmzx"
],
"text": [
"AA batteries are quite large, which is a problem for smaller devices that don't need as much current/capacity.",
"The *number* of batteries is dictated by the voltage required by the components of the device. A single battery (no matter if it's D, C, ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k3lgza | Why do you need a NASA computer to emulate a game system from 2001 that in terms of raw power barely outperformed a middle of the road computer from 1995? | It always puzzled me why exactly video game console emulation is so resource-intensive. Despite the systems themselves often being about as powerful as a severely outdated (at the time of the system's release) PC, their emulators always require ridiculously powerful PCs to be able to run the games at full speed and nat... | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge3oqdb",
"ge3p51n"
],
"text": [
"Because you aren't running the game. You are running an operating system which is simulating a piece of hardware which is running the game. It's like... Instead of watching a movie, hiring people to reenact all the actors and crew on set creating the movi... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k3n3y6 | Why do the flight attendants tell us to turn on airplane mode when on an airplane? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge3zcyq",
"ge3ze30"
],
"text": [
"RF interference from mobile devices could interfere with the airplanes electronics and navigation equipment. This is particularly critical on take off and landing. Modern airplanes are pretty well shielded to avoid this problem, but the FAA doesn't like t... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k3nod6 | Why can’t companies like Apple (AppleSilicon) or other ARM chip making companies just make really big chips that would outperform anything and everything we currently have? Disregarding battery life and heat issues, what about a laptop that is only one mega chip that takes up all the inside? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"One thing I would point out is chip yield. The larger and more complex a chip is, they higher the likely failure rate during manufacturing and the lower the yield. I.e. a CPU today might have a 70% yield. This ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k3nuik | Why is it so difficult to achieve 4k resolution at stable or locked 60fps in gaming? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge477vn",
"ge4exk1"
],
"text": [
"It takes ~~twice~~ 4 times the processing power compared to 1080p 60fps. So unless your computer is ~~twice~~ 4 times as good as one that can render at 1080p 60fps, it will be more difficult.",
"Graphics programmer here. In all the games I've shipped,... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k3owqc | How do race car contests broadcasters keep up with all the changing positions of cars in real time? | I was just watching a short Grand Prix clip and I find it laughable a person could possibly be making all the switches by hand. Is there some sort of software-hardware link with the cars and the track that technologically tracks which cars are in which position and how does that work? Like the race track isn’t a straig... | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge4rbba"
],
"text": [
"There are roughly 20 places on any Formula 1 track where there are sensors embedded in the track. Thats enough to automatically update the positioning, and also the time intervals, every 5 seconds or so. The cars also have GPS on board, but as far as I can tell, that is... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k3pq5d | What physically happens in a hard drive when data is stored? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge4fzj7"
],
"text": [
"If you put a powerful magnet next to many kinds of metals, that metal becomes a magnet itself. The hard drive puts a tiny part of the disk next to a tiny magnet, to make that tiny part a magnet. It then reads and see what parts are magnets."
],
"score": [
5
],... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k3rhym | How do obviously fake accounts get verified? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge4p80t",
"ge4rjxp"
],
"text": [
"> I’ve seen accounts such as “Jesus Christ” be verified on YouTube. How is that possible? It’s just hilarious to look at comments and see a verification badge next to the most ridiculous names. Maybe there is a misunderstanding here as to what the Verifie... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k3rtc9 | What is the difference between 4k, UHD, and QHD when talking about monitor resolutions? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge4rvt0"
],
"text": [
"4K indicates its 4000 pixels but really means 3840x2160 pixels UHD and QHD are just marketing speak for different resolutions UHD is ultra HD which is the marketing term for 4K QHD is the marketing term for Quad HD, which refers to 2560x1440 being 4 times the resolution... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k3wyvo | What is UX vs. UI? Also what is Dark UX Design? Is it related to Dark Mode on a website? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge5gk2y",
"ge5lyag",
"ge5h1r9",
"ge5mgyb"
],
"text": [
"User Interface vs. User Experience. Good UI: everything is clean looking and easy to navigate on the audio settings screen... Bad UX: ...because it is just one button that increases volume by 1% every time you press it until ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k3zws6 | How do you program a chess algorithm "less good" | So I was wondering how you could program a machine to play chess like a 16-year old or even worse etc. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge5z4iw",
"ge60oic"
],
"text": [
"Chess programs work by figuring out all possible moves several turns ahead, giving a score to each possible outcome, and then choosing the move that gives the most optimal one. One way to make the program easier to beat is to simply decrease the number of... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k41ten | When a video or audio track is "remastered" what have they actually done to it, and is it better in any way than the original? | . | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge68h0o",
"ge68enp",
"ge6a8p2",
"ge6i9rs"
],
"text": [
"The “master” copy of a track will be pretty much exactly as it came from the recording booth/room. Obviously there’ll be some effects and equalisation etc applied at time of recording, but it can be considered to be fairly “r... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k44ugj | Who actually launches the rocket, mission control or the astronauts aboard the rocket? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge6pqpg",
"ge6pu2h",
"ge6puzs",
"ge6ppi7"
],
"text": [
"Depends on the rocket, but most modern rockets launch themselves. By that I mean the start up and ignition sequence is automated and controlled by computers on the rocket. Ground Control monitors *a ton* of incoming data, and... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k4715x | How do games that are in development for several years catch up to the latest graphic technologies? | For example, a game studio has started developing a game in 2015, now we are close to 2021. In those ~6 years, there can be many improvements to the software used or libraries. Examples like DirectX, HDR, Anti Aliasing options DLSS... If a part was written or rendered in 2015, are they refactoring the parts again befor... | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge75kbx",
"ge7spkr",
"ge7d8ys"
],
"text": [
"There is continuous improvement, but it's not like these other games releasing in 2021 popped out of the ether, fully formed. Very rarely does a game have a cycle less than 2 years, often more, and in many cases the games will be built on l... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k488po | How do websites know I am signed in without changing the URL in any way. | How does a website know whether or not I am signed in or out to a specific website, even though the URL stays the same whether or not I am signed in? Also, depending on whether or not I was signed in last session, it knows to sign me in again if I go to the same URL. How do these things work? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge7balx"
],
"text": [
"Probably a cookie. Cookies are like a notepad, on your computer, where a website is allowed to make some notes for next time you visit. If you tell a site to log you in automatically and set the language to Portuguese, that information is stored in a cookie. The site ca... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k4b3w2 | why does it seem like the unsubscribe button for emails does nothing? | Okay my question has been answered thank you! Edit: how do I turn off notifications for a post on mobile? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge8lc8j",
"ge7wa0n",
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"ge8wzzy",
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"text": [
"One sneaky thing legit companies are doing all the time now is making the \"unsubscribe\" button unsubscribe you to those specific types of emails. Oh, you don't want to subscribe to our daily de... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k4gb7x | What is this ‘protein folding’ problem Deepmind has solved and how did it do it? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge8qf3a",
"ge8vybd",
"ge8zndr"
],
"text": [
"Protein folding is predicting a three dimensional shape of a protein based on the amino acid sequence. This is critical to understanding medicine and making new medicine. Deep mind uses a powerful mathematical model or artificial intelligen... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k4ig8y | Why do printers need coloured ink if you're printing/copying in black & white? | Hi Printer! I'd like to copy this black and white document please Sorry you're out of Magenta Thats OK I only want black and white No. You're out of Magenta Why is it like this? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge8xkxg",
"ge8xovp",
"ge8xuca"
],
"text": [
"Some printers use coloured ink to help with black and white printing too, like with getting the different shades of grey just right.",
"> Hello, I like money! - Mr. Krabs The printers can be made to work perfectly with just the black ca... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k4izsc | When the old Dial-up goes “bee-boo bee-boo kshhhh...” and so on when dialing, what’s it doing? | Such a weird but familiar sound. Always wanted to know what it was doing. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge904qu",
"ge8zv8j",
"ge99bd9",
"ge9321w"
],
"text": [
"I always loved this image that graphically represents the tones and their meanings of a modem dialing out. URL_0",
"That sound is/was part of the \"handshake\" where your modem was negotiating a connection with the remote... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k4jvtv | why are the quality of voice/videocalls so low, when we can stream 1080p++ movies on demand? | Is there real reason why calls are so low in quality (relative to the hardware's maximum capability), or am i just using sh*t platforms? (I've tried using google duo, google meet, zoom, line,whatsapp etc and their quality doesnt differ much) . Additional question : is there a platform that focus on super high quality c... | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge94he7",
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"text": [
"Your movies are streamed trough protocols built upon transmitting high def video, and if you force high quality, your.movie will stop and buffer until enough data is downloaded to continue. A video/voice call u... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k4lbsi | Why loading bars tend to "jump" to a certain % and then stay there for a prolonged period of time? Why wouldn't it move steadily from 0 to 100%? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge9c3wb",
"ge9cwji"
],
"text": [
"Because the loading bar's progress is determined by how many of the required tasks have been done, and some of those tasks take longer than others. For example, if the software has 100 tasks to do, then 1 task = 1% of the loading bar. But if 20 of those t... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k4mg6v | How does light traveling through fiber optic cables know where to go? | I know that fiber optic cables can be used to transmit data (packets). How do these packets arrive at the correct destination? I think they get routed by routers, and if that's the case, how do routers distinguish between light (packets) meant for one device from some meant for another? Thank you! Edit: Thank you for a... | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge9i8tf"
],
"text": [
"It doesn't really have a choice, that's why fibers are used. They either use reflection from the edge of the fiber or variable index of refraction to bend the light back into the middle of the fiber. As a result, the light has to follow whatever shape the fiber is put i... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k4ntxd | what is ray tracing? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge9t9rn"
],
"text": [
"On any scene all you need for that scene to be rendered is the correct color information for each pixel. Ray tracing attempts to determine that color by firing rays into a scene for each pixel, finding the material that it hits, and tracing bounces from that surface bac... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k4ojf9 | How adblock detector work? | Some websites can detect that you are using an adblock, and refuse to give you content. How are the websites able to detect that you are using adblocker? Can they actually check what you installed on your browser, or is there another way? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ge9wpf9"
],
"text": [
"At worst, they could detect the extensions on the browser but that is a security issue with the browser and normally gets fixed. Chrome had this issue before but it's not common and is not something to be concerned with. So no, they won't be able to see your extensions ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k4oub9 | Why does a cracked TV screen show a whole bunch of colors while a cracked phone screen does not? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gea0rwv"
],
"text": [
"My phone screens have done that when they break. There are two layers though, a layer of just glass and a layer of actual screen underneath, or digitizer or something. If you only break the top glass it just looks like a crack, but if you break the underneath, it gets a... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k4sxn2 | What do network engineers do to get servers back online when servers for games/services go down? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gealgnm",
"geaq9of",
"gean3jb"
],
"text": [
"That's a bit like asking \"What does the mechanic need to do when the car stops moving?\" ;) That entirely depends on the problem the caused the car to stop in the first place. Does it have an empty fuel tank? Did it get into a collision? I... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k4u8un | How do gear changes in bikes work? | Lately i've been trying on some mountain bike routines and i love it, but i don't quite get the reason why we need to always be doing changes in gears whem in uphill and downhill. My bike has two changes (I guess for the front and back wheels). | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geatu9v"
],
"text": [
"The gears (specifically the *ratios*) are all about achieving a mechanical advantage. The \"ideal\" way to ride a bike is to always pedal at approximately the same number of strokes per minute (say ... 120). On smooth, flat ground (eg a road), in \"top gear\" you may be... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k4wsx2 | How does a device or a program choose a "random" number | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gebgi0f",
"geba8x6"
],
"text": [
"They take a starting value, called a *seed*, and put it through a mathematical formula of some kind. If the seed is kinda-sorta random (like, \"the CPU's current temperature in degrees multiplied by the milliseconds place of the current time\"), then the ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k4yi1b | How can someone tell if an item from 2,000 years ago is authentic? For example a Chinese bowl, can’t someone just make another with an accuracy of 99%? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gebkbw8"
],
"text": [
"Really good forgeries are hard to detect. However, if somebody is paying millions for something, they want to know the history of it, where it was found, etc. So now you need to not only fake the item, but fake the entire backstory as well. Also if you do an exact copy,... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k51ouu | why does it seem to help your connection when you unplug your router or modem and plug it back in? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gec8uyt",
"gec51jm",
"gec9zjq"
],
"text": [
"It forces the modem/router to renegotiate the connection, so you get a fresh setup that often works better than the one which you had before. It can also, as others say, be because the router itself has been on too long and is clunking a bi... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k52gu5 | How do radio telescopes, like the Arecibo Observatory, work? | How do they work?! I understand telescopes like the Hubble, but not these. It looks to me like they’re made of concrete as well.. I don’t get it. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gec7jv1"
],
"text": [
"Radio telescopes, as their name implies, detect radio waves rather than visible light. A regular radio telescope, like Jodrell Bank, has a steerable parabolic antenna--a parabola focuses the incoming radio waves at a particular location, where you put the receiving equi... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k52q2i | How are LED lights capable of being brighter than traditional incandescent bulbs but still use a fraction of the energy? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gec8p9j",
"gec8hk7",
"gec8jik"
],
"text": [
"Efficiency. Have you ever touched an LED bulb? The really bright ones may be noticeably warm, but usually that's it. Now go touch an incandescent bulb (actually, no, do not ever do that). So much energy is wasted in producing heat instead o... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k58k6b | Why do you need prescription lenses for VR? If you wear glasses but can see anything close to you clearly, would you still need them? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ged2uxg",
"ged5g7l",
"ged8sve"
],
"text": [
"The VR headsets does have lenses in them making the screen look like it is much further away then it actually is. Howver if you have a perscription then these lenses will overcorrect for you. You therefore have to wear glasses in order to g... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k5cjhc | After downloading updates in phones and computers, why do we need to restart them for the changes to take effect? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gedvglu"
],
"text": [
"Some things only happen during startup. To make it be different (that is, use the update), you have to go through the startup process again."
],
"score": [
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k5eag5 | Why are video games and DVDs region-locked? I get changing things that better appeal to different countries, but why region lock them? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gee7g5u",
"gee78tf"
],
"text": [
"DVDs are priced to be profitable. This is a different number for everywhere DVDs are sold. So if I, a young and enterprising grifter, decided to buy thousands of DVDs where they are cheaper and having them sent over to me where I can sell them for cheaper... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k5eaqr | What technical limitations caused the '2.5D era' of video games instead of directly moving from 2D to 3D? | Here Im mostly asking about PC games, as the full 3d era in console gaming was pretty much started with the PS1 launch (December 1994) and the N64 launch (September 1996). Case in point is two of my favourite games, Star Wars Dark Forces (February 1995), and Dark Forces 2 (October 1997), pretty much the same formula, b... | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geedob6",
"geeii5u",
"gef3xsl",
"geej0np"
],
"text": [
"Well, what it mainly comes down to is that PCs of the time didn't have dedicated 3D hardware the way they do now, or the way that the 1994 Playstation did--it wasn't until the release of the 3Dfx Voodoo 3D card in 1996 that t... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k5ecp6 | Can someone explain what is compressed memory, cache memory and committed memory in RAM? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gee9io5",
"geej0dh"
],
"text": [
"Compressed memory is how much memory have been compressed in order to save space. Memory compression is a way that use up processor power to increase the memory capacity of the computer and might also increase memory speed. Cache memory is memory which is... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k5hl5i | Why do mobile apps have almost daily updates, what's being changed so often? | The title says it, I am technologically challenged. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geetw6o",
"gefqlzd",
"gefv14v"
],
"text": [
"On mobile devices, usually every app you have is managed by the same update system. This means that product improvements and bug fixes will trigger an update on the system, as will any changes in the development chain. So if you have 30 app... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k5p10i | How do phones join other carrier networks for emergency calls? | Carriers generally don't allow a phone to connect to their cellular network unless the device is using their SIM. Given that in most countries, cellular providers are required to allow any device to connect for the purpose of making a call to an emergency number, how does this work on a technical level?What prevents a ... | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geg9sm0",
"geg93c1"
],
"text": [
"Carriers don't prevent the phone from connecting unless it has their SIM, they just don't tell the phone it can get service from them. At the technical level the phone can talk to the tower just fine, but the tower tells the phone \"I won't serve you beca... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k5p7ds | why did fast charging take so long to appear in devices and how does it work? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geg8oqr"
],
"text": [
"The problem is USB standards. USB specifies a minimum current rating and a maximum voltage which limits the normal amount of power sent across it. It was never really intended for charging, but the convenience of being able to charge from any USB port, and also use the ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k5pfbh | Why do newer touch screens seem harder to smudge than older? Is this a thing? | Got a new phone a couple of weeks ago. Using it hardly left any fingerprint marks right after I got. It seems easier and easier to smudge over time. Is this a thing or is it just my imagination? If it is, why does it happen and can I do something to "restore" it? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gega2bc"
],
"text": [
"No this is really a thing. It's called an oleophobic coating (meaning it repels oils like skin oils). Improves slidiness of fingers, and keeps oil from sticking. It's usually a fluropolymer (think teflon). Unfortunately this is a thing that is done to the screen during ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k5um4j | Why is the colour green assosciated with CGI? Almost 99% CGI uses green colour for putting effects. Why is it so? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geh31yf"
],
"text": [
"It is used in a specific special effect called chromakeying which helps seperating foreground objects from the background by using a specific background color. This allows them to replace the background with different images and even compose different foreground element... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k5uu7f | Why are governments not able to permanently bring down piratebay? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geh4z74",
"gehlo9p",
"gehlxzt",
"geh6j2s"
],
"text": [
"The beauty (or evil, depending on how you view it) of Pirate Bay is that its first and foremost not a company or person, so there isn’t exactly a legal entity or person the government can go after to stop them once and for al... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k5vg2i | Why is dedicated graphics memory better than system shared memory? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geh7jaf",
"geh7fcn",
"geh7kfp"
],
"text": [
"Let's say you're the CPU, and I'm a program (let's be honest, game). I ask you to tell me where this guys, and that guy, and those items, how they're moving, what they're doing... All of that stuff are things that you have to calculate base... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k5yhhr | What causes somebody to require an inversion to the Y/X axis when playing a videogame? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gehnhen",
"gehnt1y",
"gehmxzl"
],
"text": [
"X axis inversion is pretty uncommon, but Y axis inversion comes from planes When working with a mouse, generally pushing the mouse up causes the cursor to go up and pulling back on the mouse causes the cursor to move down. But if you're pla... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k5zm7k | How can the Task Manager in Windows or Force Quit in macOS close frozen, suspended, unresponding programs instantly. What do they do different than clicking the X button in the corner? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gehu2po",
"gehuckp",
"gehwqi8",
"gehxy7q"
],
"text": [
"They forcibly stop allocating system resources to the program, instead of politely asking the program to relinquish those resources once it’s finished. It’s the difference between asking a drunk patron to leave the bar vs gra... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k60w9j | Why do phone chargers eventually end up having to be bent in all directions in order to work? | ELI5 Why do I have to keep replacing my charger every 4 - 6 months because of this? 👆 | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gei20xu",
"gei6zbs",
"gei8rhs"
],
"text": [
"When the cords get bent and twisted all up they eventually breakdown inside. The electrical stuff inside becomes disconnected so you need to bend them to \"reconnect\" them. If you were to take care of the cord then they'd last a lot longer... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k62kkv | is what's the difference between windows 32bits and 64bits | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geiclrr",
"geideg6"
],
"text": [
"32 and 64 bits refers to the processor's internals and your operating system (and preferably programs) should match it. You can't install 64 bit stuff on a PC with a 32 bit processor. You *can* do the reverse but you'll experience some drawbacks. > Will t... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k645cl | How are developers able to decrease the file size of video games for lower powered consoles, i.e. the Nintendo Switch? | For example, Doom Eternal for the PC is 57 GB, but only 18GB on the Nintendo Switch. What do the developers do to massively lower the file size and get it to fit on the Switch? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geimbyx",
"geipeej"
],
"text": [
"Smaller textures. The Switch seems to have 4GB of memory total, without dedicated VRAM. The computer I'm typing this on has 64GB RAM and 8GB dedicated VRAM. There's no point shipping huge textures if you can't make an use of them anyway.",
"Former gam... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k69xp3 | How can huge buildings (hotels, skyscrapers, etc.) have WiFi throughout them but a moderate sized house has trouble with the WiFi signal reaching the other side? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gejoisz",
"gejodyq",
"gejon73"
],
"text": [
"They have many access points, mounted systematically to provide good coverage, wired to a high speed connection in a comms room in the basement. Homeowners aren't willing to cut into walls to run wires to put their access points in the best... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k6abvi | ; When your GPS says that you're in the middle of the ocean, and you're absolutely not, what is actually happening here? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gejsqqt"
],
"text": [
"GPS from satellites takes some time to get all the data it needs from the satellite feed to start calculating your location. It is absolutely NOT instant. When it shows you in the middle of the ocean, whats happening is that your GPS device is defaulting to a set locati... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k6aena | How do etch-a-sketch’s work? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gejrks4",
"gek7vti",
"gekgmnd"
],
"text": [
"Contrary to popular belief, the stylus you use to draw doesn't draw the line. The inside \"screen\" of the toy is coated in aluminum powder, and when the stylus scrapes it out, it reveals the darkness inside the toy. When you shake it upsid... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k6d961 | How does water ruin circuit boards? | When I drop my phone in the toilet, or dive with my phone in my pocket, or spill water on my notebook, what happens to it? Why does it stop working? Is rice any better than just letting it dry? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gek7u3c"
],
"text": [
"Water (or more accurately the impurities within it) conducts electricity, so when electronics get wet the water redirects the electricity within the device resulting in electrical faults. Sometimes an electronic device may work again after it has been dried, but if it i... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k6hu0a | How did phone operators work in the past? | I love watching old movies and TV. Often times they have characters who use telephones via the old switchboard technology. Someone calls into a central system where their call is routed to the proper location. How did those switch boards work? Especially in comparison to modern phones... (I would also love any extra in... | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gel35vr",
"gel1zcq"
],
"text": [
"Way back in the day, when telephone lines were new and neighborhoods were small and close-knit, people would share a single telephone line. Meaning, instead of dialing a number, you simply picked up the phone and “rang” the line, usually by sending a smal... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k6i7xg | Why does the screen momentarily turn black when plugging in a second monitor? | When a second monitor is plugged into a laptop, its screen turns black for a brief moment. Why does this happen? See example: URL_0 | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gekzjvb"
],
"text": [
"The way computer monitors work is that, many times per second (usually 30 or 60 times per second depending on your monitor, but sometimes even more), your computer calculates what should be displayed on the screen - calculates a color value for every pixel - and then up... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k6kdz3 | How does video data travel vast distances so quickly (in milliseconds) on Zoom chat? | Recently had a zoom chat with my cousin in US (I am in India). Still blown away by the fact that millions of bits of video and sound data can travel across half the planet in seconds. How is it possible? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gelafec",
"gelam63"
],
"text": [
"Data travels at the speed of light, minus time for processing and routing. At the speed of light it takes .13 seconds to go all the way around the world (a full circle) and in your example it didn’t have to go that far.",
"The distance (along the surf... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k6m4db | Why did it take us so long to be able to draw in 3D while humans have been sculpting 3D statues for millennia? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gelky58",
"gelzj58"
],
"text": [
"Because traditionally you draw on paper. Which is 2 dimensional. Drawing things 3d on 2d platform is just visual manipulation off 2d art to appear 3d",
"It’s not that “3D” drawing was unknown, it’s that the idea of art as being representative rather t... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k6mepm | Why are screens and video imagery rectangular, while camera lenses are round? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gelnqig",
"gelmm49"
],
"text": [
"The sensor inside the camera is rectangular, so the image the camera creates is rectangular. The lens focuses light on the sensor, and could be any shape as long as the light ends up covering the sensor (think about eyeglass lenses: they often aren't roun... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k6mex5 | How do headphones make it sound like the sound is coming from behind you/in front of you? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geln6yy",
"gelnvpt"
],
"text": [
"The headphones do not do that. The recording or software that produces the sound that is responsible. You tell if a sound is common from in front, behind, above, or below by how your ears and skull interact with the sound. If you do [Binaural\\_recording]... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k6mge2 | What is a Sprite and how is it different from a regular image? | I've read several articles about this topic, but I still don't get what exactly a sprite is, why it's used in game dev, and how it's different from any other image. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geln37z",
"gelo0no"
],
"text": [
"A sprite is generally a smaller image that's composited onto the background image--they're generally used for moving objects in 2D games. Many computers and consoles back in the 2D days had \"hardware sprites\", meaning they had the built-in capability to... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k6o8o3 | is it more efficient to turn off your heat or to turn it down when going to sleep/leaving your home for long periods of time? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gemdt05",
"gemgx9k"
],
"text": [
"It's always more *efficient* (or at least *as efficient*) to turn it off, but that's not the primary concern when it comes to one's home. Overnight, there's a minimum temperature below which the occupants will get uncomfortable. Set the thermostat to that... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k6o9df | why tech companies are in San Francisco when they could have cheap offices and fast internet pretty much anywhere? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gelzigz",
"gelzicf",
"gelz8xg",
"gem9a5r",
"gem0pbg"
],
"text": [
"It's a self-sustaining cycle. Tech companies are in the Silicon Valley. That means the talent (engineers, programmers, etc.) go to the Silicon Valley to work. If you form a new company, do you want to be in the... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k6p1bt | How does 3D printing work? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gem3c0r"
],
"text": [
"A long string of plastic is slowly fed into a heated nozzle. Plastic melts and is placed very precisely onto a heated surface (which allows it to stick during printing.) One layer is placed at a time, and by the time a following layer is placed, the layer under it has c... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k6t10o | If we know the algorithm used for current day password hashing, how can we not just undo it to get the password? | I have read that SHA-2 is currently unbroken due to the amount of resources and time it would take to crack the hashing, but if we have the step by step algorithm, why can we not just do the steps backwards? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gemtcjw",
"gemtgr6",
"gemvcqr"
],
"text": [
"Because it is a one way function. This means that it is - at least - practically infeasible to invert it. Optimally it would be a function that doesn't even have an inverse. There is one operation called \"modulo\" where one basically divid... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k71yhl | Why do email addresses have the form of websites? | Or what does ends like .com mean? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geofn0d"
],
"text": [
"Email comes from the days when there were a very small number of computers on the internet, and they were all big computers that had lots of different user accounts on them. When you sent someone an email, you had to say what server you were sending it to, and then whic... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k73gcn | Why are solar panels only like ~20% efficient (i know there's higher and lower, but why are they so inefficient, why can't they be 90% efficient for example) ? | I was looking into getting solar panels and a battery set up and its costs, and noticed that efficiency at 20% is considered high, what prevents them from being high efficiency, in the 80% or 90% range? & #x200B; EDIT: Thank you guys so much for your answers! This is incredibly interesting! | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geoqxij",
"geokxyc",
"gephsvf",
"geolphm",
"geoy56i",
"geozeeu",
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"geowxvn",
"gep9ppx"
],
"text": [
"Physics and cost. The theoretical efficiency limit is 95%. This is solely determined by the temperature of the sun and the temperature ... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
k73hb4 | what is actually happening when your internet cuts out and you have to unplug the modem and replug back in again? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geokhbb",
"geot0fm",
"geos3rl"
],
"text": [
"There are many issues that could be solved this way. Memory leaks, overheating, software bug, hanging transaction. The reason turning it off is so effective is it wipes out everything and let's you start fresh.",
"Modems and routers are... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k7dqts | On Instagram, how is it that a celebrity can tell the difference between a DM from another celebrity and a fan? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"geq6s3p",
"geqkwnn"
],
"text": [
"Just to note... a lot of these interactions are arranged outside of Instagram by their agent/PR/marketing people who all know each other to make sure everything is correct and good. Industry people all have lists of who to contact and such for each celebr... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k7kgnb | If technology (phones, tablets, etc) are designed to be intuitive, why can't old people figure them out? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gerjkv7",
"germ3s0",
"gerixmo",
"gerpg1u"
],
"text": [
"Because there's a big difference in what counts as intuitive for you versus your grandparents, especially where it comes to technology. When you've grown up with computers and the Internet, a lot of the assumptions it makes g... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k7mtrj | How does the spark igniter on my gas stove know when the gas is off. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ges1o74"
],
"text": [
"The simple and obvious way is to just use a temperature sensor. The cool sweet modern way is to try and send current across the same gap the spark goes through. Flame is a good deal more conductive than air and can support a small current. Flame goes out, current flow s... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k7n7ul | how do night vision devices work? | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"gessdme"
],
"text": [
"Three ways. Light amplification. They take the very little light that is there, and amplify it. Allows you to see, although does amplify some noise. Also very sensitive to bright areas. These are the cliche green night vision goggles you see military people use in movie... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] | |
k7ni4z | How can a 1080p image be rendered at 4k? Where does the extra "pixels" or details come from? | I sometimes see how people share 4k,8k,12k,etc. versions of Images where the original was 1080p or a different lower resolutions. How does that work? Where does the extra details come from ? I can understand "stretching" pixels to fit a screen but not the other way around. | Technology | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ges85px",
"ges8t3u",
"ges8czl"
],
"text": [
"It is called image super resolution. In simple terms, let's say you layout a 3 by 3 set of blocks on the floor. All are red except the center is green. Now let's say you want to increase it to 6 by 6 blocks, how would you go about doing thi... | [
"url"
] | [
"url"
] |
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