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Researchers’ stance
Interviews were carried out and transcribed by two of the authors (JS and RT). Both are female, trained clinicians (nurse and psychologist), well-acquainted with the practices of MET, but neither was a therapist at the clinic where treatments were conducted. Authors JS and SIH (both female) were both active as research...
PMC10357895
Methodological approach
Thematic analysis in accordance with the six phases defined by Braun and Clarke [
PMC10357895
Results
PMC10357895
MITI-scoring results
The analysis of MITI scores among the involved therapists resulted in the following mean scores (including cutoffs for the accepted level according to the MITI in square brackets); (1) Technical score = 3.2 (SD = 0.79), [> = 3.0]; (2) Relational score = 3.9 (SD = 0.53), [> = 3.5]; (3) Percentage of complex reflections ...
PMC10357895
Analysis
Five themes were identified (example of themes, see Table Examples of the analysis process
PMC10357895
Discussion
EVENTS, DISORDERS
The aim of the current study was to investigate how patients who were treated with MET perceived their treatment and if it was sufficient to achieve the desired change. To our knowledge, this is the first qualitative interview study that explores patient experiences of receiving MET for AUD. Participants reported the t...
PMC10357895
Strengths and limitations
The current study was conducted in an addiction specialist setting, and treatment was performed by highly trained and experienced therapists. By the measures of treatment integrity derived from MITI scores, we could assume that our results were based on MET performed by therapists who were adherent to MITI protocol. Fu...
PMC10357895
Conclusions
The part of treatment that participants most appreciated was the opportunity to verbalize thoughts and feelings about their problems in a non-judgmental and supportive environment. Notably, they had started their change process before seeking treatment. A less helpful aspect was the non-directive approach to goal-setti...
PMC10357895
Future directions
Future research on patient experiences from various MI applications in AUD treatments may inform further development of these methods. Research on mechanisms of behavioral change (MOBC) in MI has been suggested to be prematurely narrow, focusing on technical components primarily involving therapist behavior [
PMC10357895
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the participants in the study, the clinical staff, and the therapists at the study sites.
PMC10357895
Author contributions
Conceptualization: SIH, JS, RT, AH, CN. Methodology: SIH, JS, RT, AH, CN. Investigation: SIH, JS, RT, AH, CN. Formal analysis: SIH, JS, RT, AH, CN. Writing original draft: SIH, JS, CN. Review and editing: SIH, JS, RT, AH, CN. Project administration: SIH, JS, AH. Supervision: AH, CN. Funding acquisition: AH, CN. Each au...
PMC10357895
Funding
Open access funding provided by Karolinska Institute. The study was funded by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working life and Welfare (FORTE) (2018–00716), the Research Council of the Swedish Alcohol Retailing Monopoly (SRA) (FO-2016-0042; 2017-0045; FO-2018-0080), and the Stockholm County Council (20170688).
PMC10357895
Availability of data and materials
The qualitative data analyzed in the current study is not publicly available. Translated pseudonymized data are available from the corresponding author on request.
PMC10357895
Declarations
PMC10357895
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This trial was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Stockholm (DNR: 2016/634-31/2).
PMC10357895
Consent for publication
Participants have approved that data are used in a scientific publication.
PMC10357895
Competing interests
Author AH is a co-author of the translated Swedish MET-manual used in the current trial. Remaining authors have no competing interests.
PMC10357895
References
PMC10357895
Background:
death, PVD
EVENTS, PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE (PVD), PVD
Patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Nocturnal nondipping blood pressure (BP) pattern, as diagnosed by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but has not been studied in patients with PVD. We aimed to investigate if a nond...
PMC10408241
Methods:
PVD
Consecutive outpatients with carotid or lower-extremity PVD were examined with 24-hour ABPM (
PMC10408241
Results:
EVENTS
In the cohort (mean age 70; 40% women), 137 events occurred during a 5.1-year median follow-up; incident rate of 7.35 events per 100 person-years. Nondipping was significantly associated with outcome (hazard ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.07–2.26,
PMC10408241
Conclusion:
carotid artery disease, lower-extremity PVD, PVD
CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE, EVENTS, PVD
In a cohort of outpatients with PVD, nondipping was an independent risk factor for future cardiovascular events or mortality and seemed to be a strong predictor in patients with carotid artery disease but not in lower-extremity PVD. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the clinical utility of ABPM for improved pre...
PMC10408241
Background
Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, PVD
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DISEASE, PVD, EVENTS, ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a common disease defined as systemic arterial atherosclerosis outside the aorta and coronary and intracranial arteries.BP is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the general populationWe hypothesized that nondipping is a relevant prognostic marker for ...
PMC10408241
Methods
PMC10408241
Study population
atherosclerotic, Peripheral Arterial Disease
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE
Analyses were based on patients included in the Peripheral Arterial Disease in Västmanland study (PADVa), based on patients with atherosclerotic PVD.In total, 452 patients (73.6%) accepted the invitation to join the study. Everyone in the study was offered ABPM, of whom 35 individuals declined. We excluded patients wit...
PMC10408241
Examination protocol
diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, cardiovascular disease
DIABETES MELLITUS, HYPERTENSION, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
All patients were invited to attend the Department of Clinical Physiology and were examined according to a standard examination protocol, including an extensive self-administered questionnaire including smoking status (current smoking defined as regular smoking within the past year), medical history, and current medica...
PMC10408241
Blood samples
chronic kidney disease
Participants fasted overnight, and venous blood samples were taken by trained staff and immediately sent to the accredited Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated from serum creatinine levels standardized by isotope dilution...
PMC10408241
Ankle–brachial index and carotid ultrasound
BLOOD
Blood pressure in both arms and ankles was measured in all participants in a supine position after at least 5 minutes of rest. The ankle BP was measured in the bilateral dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries using an inflatable leg-cuff, an aneroid sphygmomanometer, and a handheld Doppler instrument with a 5-MHz...
PMC10408241
Clinical and ambulatory blood pressure
Office BP was measured manually by trained technicians and obtained from the nondominant arm or the other arm if the systolic BP was > 10 mmHg higher. The BP was measured in the supine position after a minimum of 5 minutes of rest and was rounded up to the nearest 2 mmHg. Using the arm from which the office BP was obta...
PMC10408241
Outcomes
stroke, death, ICD-10, heart failure
DISEASES, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, STROKE, EVENT, HEART FAILURE
The participants were followed through the Swedish population and in-patient registries until a cardiovascular endpoint, all-cause death, or December 31, 2013, at which time the remaining participants were censored. The cardiovascular endpoints were defined as hospitalization or death caused by myocardial infarction (I...
PMC10408241
Statistics
lower extremity PVD
REGRESSION, CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE
Baseline data are presented as mean ± SD or frequency and percentage. Highly skewed variables (hs-CRP) are presented as median (25In sensitivity analyses, we performed weighted Cox regression based on the propensity score to balance the baseline characteristics of the dippers and nondippers. We performed these analyses...
PMC10408241
Results
PMC10408241
Baseline characteristics
The baseline characteristics of the patients, in total and divided into dippers and nondippers, are presented in
PMC10408241
Cardiovascular events
EVENTS, EVENT
The number of incident cardiovascular events during follow-up with numbers at risk and incidence rates among the participants are presented in Risk and incidence of events in the whole cohort and by dipping status.PYAR, person-years at risk.Kaplan–Meier curve displaying survival free from cardiovascular event in dipper...
PMC10408241
Cox regression analyses
stroke, diabetes
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, STROKE, CAROTID STENOSIS, EVENTS, HEART FAILURE, HYPERTENSION, DIABETES
Nondipping was significantly associated with adverse outcomes in all multivariable models, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.55 (95% CI 1.07–2.26, Risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in nondippers versus dippers (multivariable Cox regression).Based on the full study cohort (Model A adjusted for age and se...
PMC10408241
Sensitivity analyses
REGRESSION
In sensitivity analyses, we reached a satisfactory balance of baseline characteristics between dippers and nondippers in the weighting based on propensity score in the entire study cohort (In the weighted Cox regression, nondipping was significantly associated with outcome in the whole cohort (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.04–2.03...
PMC10408241
Discussion
PMC10408241
Principal findings
death, PVD
ADVERSE EVENTS, EVENTS, PVD
In the present sample of outpatients with PVD, nondipping was an independent predictor of cardiovascular events or all-cause death. Nondipping remained significantly associated with prognosis when adjusting for age, sex, 24-hour BP levels, and established cardiovascular risk factors. Dipping status also improved risk p...
PMC10408241
Comparison with the literature
diabetes and renal disease, stroke, hypertensive, carotid artery disease, PVD
ADVERSE EVENTS, STROKE, CARDIAC EVENTS, PVD, CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE, EVENTS
The results that nondipping is a risk factor for adverse prognosis in patients with PVD is in line with studies in hypertensive patients and in the general population, as well as in patients in hemodialysis.The prevalence of nondipping is higher in high-risk cohorts; for example, in patients with diabetes and renal dis...
PMC10408241
Potential mechanisms
cardiovascular disease
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
The pathogenetic mechanism behind nondipping and cardiovascular disease is incompletely understood. However, it is believed to have multiple causes, such as activity during the day, the depth and quality of sleep, and activity of the sympathetic nervous system, among others.Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with a ...
PMC10408241
Clinical relevance
PVD
PVD
A previous study suggests that bedtime antihypertensive drug administration can partially restore a normal dipping pattern.The COPART risk score is a validated risk score for patients with PVD that is evaluated for long-term prediction of all cause and CV mortality.
PMC10408241
Strengths and limitations
carotid artery disease
CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE, PVD
Strengths of the study include the well-characterized study participants, the long-term follow-up, and the clinically generalizable study population of heterogeneous outpatients with carotid and/or lower-extremity PVD, both symptomatic and asymptomatic.Limitations include that the study population was limited to outpat...
PMC10408241
Conclusions
lower-extremity PVD, ICA stenosis, PVD
EVENTS, PVD
A nondipping 24-hour BP pattern was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in outpatients with PVD. Nondipping is an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes, and this association might be more potent in patients with ICA stenosis than in patients with lower-extremity PVD. Further ...
PMC10408241
Supplemental Material
PMC10408241
References
PMC10408241
Background
critically ill
CRITICALLY ILL
In critically ill patients, measured creatinine clearance (CrCl) is the most reliable method to evaluate glomerular filtration rate in routine clinical practice and may vary subsequently on a day-to-day basis. We developed and externally validated models to predict CrCl one day ahead and compared them with a reference ...
PMC10327364
Methods
A gradient boosting method (GBM) machine-learning algorithm was used to develop the models on data from 2825 patients from the EPaNIC multicenter randomized controlled trial database. We externally validated the models on 9576 patients from the University Hospitals Leuven, included in the M@tric database. Three models ...
PMC10327364
Results
All three developed models showed smaller prediction errors than the reference. Assuming the same CrCl of the day of prediction showed 20.6 (95% CI 20.3–20.9) ml/min MAE and 40.1 (95% CI 37.9–42.3) ml/min RMSE in the external validation cohort, while the developed model having the smallest RMSE (the Core + BGA + Monito...
PMC10327364
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-023-04553-z.
PMC10327364
Keywords
PMC10327364
Background
AKI, Critical illness, critically ill, acute kidney injury
CRITICAL ILLNESS, CRITICALLY ILL
Critical illness often affects kidney function. Epidemiologic studies have shown that 40–60% of intensive care unit (ICU) patients have episodes of acute kidney injury (AKI) [Existing machine-learning predictions for kidney function have focused on predicting the onset of AKI [Despite the importance and need for contin...
PMC10327364
Methods
PMC10327364
Prediction tasks and CrCl definition
This study aims to predict the CrCl of the next patient day. CrCl was calculated by daily 24-h urine output (UO), urinary creatinine (UCr), and serum creatinine (SCr) without correction for an average body surface area: CrCl (ml/min) = UCr(mg/dL) × 24-h UO(ml/day) /SCr(mg/dL)/1440 (min/day). In an additional analysis, ...
PMC10327364
Study databases with inclusion and exclusion criteria
The large multicenter EPaNIC randomized controlled trial (RCT) database [External validation was performed on a dataset of 20,930 patients of the University Hospitals Leuven included in the large multicenter M@tric database between 2013 and 2018 [
PMC10327364
Feature engineering
USA).The
REGRESSION
Only data up to the day of predicting CrCl were used as input to the models. The considered data included: 1) admission data: demographics, diagnosis, and comorbidities, 2) time-series data such as minute-by-minute monitoring data and daily or hourly laboratory results, 3) medication-related data, 4) time-related data:...
PMC10327364
Machine-learning algorithm, feature selection methods, and clinical prediction models
The prediction models were trained with the gradient-boosting regressor method [For each prediction task, three models with progressively more features were developed which are meant to be utilized sequentially, based on the data availability at the bedside.A “A “A “
PMC10327364
Internal and external validation
Models were developed and internally validated on the EPaNIC database with tenfold cross-validation. At the external validation stage, models trained on the entire EPaNIC database were applied to the previously unseen external validation cohort to assess generalizability. To examine the model usefulness, model performa...
PMC10327364
Evaluation metrics for predictive performance
Mean absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were computed for all available patient-days, stable days, and unstable days for each model in both cohorts. Both MAE and RMSE measured the errors between the model predictions and the target CrCl values, with RMSE more sensitive to large errors. Predictive pe...
PMC10327364
Descriptive analyses and software used
Python 3.7.4 (Python Software Foundation,
PMC10327364
Results
PMC10327364
Study cohorts
PMC10327364
External validation cohort
For the external validation of the developed models, data from 53,943 patient-days from 9576 patients were used, corresponding to 45.8% of the University Hospitals Leuven patients included in the M@tric database. Compared to the development cohort, the age was younger (median (IQR) 65.6 (54.6–75) years, p < 0.01), emer...
PMC10327364
Features selected for CrCl prediction
Among the ten most predictive variables of the three models, seven were related to CrCl, one to urea level, and the remaining two were the baseline characteristics age and body mass index (BMI) (Fig. Top ten most important features of different models. The red, green, and blue bar plots are the results for the Core, Co...
PMC10327364
Discussion
toxicity, critically ill
CRITICALLY ILL
In this study, we presented three models to predict daily CrCl in critically ill adults, based on information derived from routinely collected clinical data. The predictive performance remained similar when adding high-resolution data. The developed models were externally validated on previously unseen patients with go...
PMC10327364
Conclusions
We have shown that CrCl can be accurately predicted one day in advance during ICU stay. We have also demonstrated the robustness of the developed models on previously unseen patients in external validation. The developed models’ usefulness has been shown in comparison with a reference reflecting current clinical practi...
PMC10327364
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. Miet Schetz for her contribution to the EPaNIC database, and the members of the M@tric research group for designing the M@tric database, which were used to develop and validate the CrCl prediction models, respectively.
PMC10327364
Take-home message
Daily creatinine clearance can be accurately predicted one day ahead, by machine-learning models using routinely collected clinical data. In the future, these models could be useful for hydrophilic drug dosage adjustment or stratification of patients at risk
PMC10327364
Author contributions
CYH, FG, GDV, GM did conception and design; CYH, FG, PW, LM, PM, MC, GM done collection and assembly of data; CYH, FG, GDV, GM were involved in data analysis and interpretation; CYH, FG, GDV, GM wrote the manuscript; all authors contributed to critical revision of the manuscript: and the final approval of manuscript. A...
PMC10327364
Funding
CYH receives funding from the Taiwan-KU Leuven scholarship. GM is funded by the research foundation, Flanders (FWO) as senior clinical investigator (1843123N). JG is granted a postdoctoral research fellowship by the Clinical Research and Education Council of the University Hospitals Leuven. MC receives funding from the...
PMC10327364
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to no prior agreement with the ethical committee but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
PMC10327364
Declarations
PMC10327364
Ethical approval and consent to participate
This study was conducted on the basis of prior informed consent by all patients or their legal representatives, and the consent forms included the permission to use the data for additional research (S50404). Approval for the use of these patient data in the present study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Univer...
PMC10327364
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
PMC10327364
Competing interests
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
PMC10327364
References
PMC10327364
Background:
Parkinson’s disease, PD
These authors contributed equally to this work.The sequence effect is the progressive deterioration in speech, limb movement, and gait that leads to an inability to communicate, manipulate objects, or walk without freezing of gait. Many studies have demonstrated a lack of improvement of the sequence effect from dopamin...
PMC10357155
Objective:
To investigate whether the sequence effect worsens over time and/or is improved on clinical (open-loop) deep brain stimulation (DBS).
PMC10357155
Methods:
PD, repetitive wrist flexion extension
Twenty-one people with PD with bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS performed thirty seconds of instrumented repetitive wrist flexion extension and the MDS-UPDRS III off therapy, prior to activation of DBS and every six months for up to three years. A sub-cohort of ten people performed the task during randomized pre...
PMC10357155
Results:
The sequence effect was highly correlated with the overall MDS-UPDRS III score and the bradykinesia sub-score and worsened over three years. Increasing intensities of STN open-loop DBS improved the sequence effect and one subject demonstrated improvement on both open-loop and closed-loop DBS.
PMC10357155
Conclusion:
DISEASE PROGRESSION
Sequence effect in limb bradykinesia worsened over time off therapy due to disease progression but improved on open-loop DBS. These results demonstrate that DBS is a useful treatment of the debilitating effects of the sequence effect in limb bradykinesia and upon further investigation closed-loop DBS may offer added im...
PMC10357155
INTRODUCTION
PD, peripheral muscle fatigue, bradykinesia
MOVEMENT DISORDERS, DISEASE
The sequence effect is the progressive deterioration in ongoing movement that is not related to peripheral muscle fatigue [Although different components of bradykinesia can be treated with levodopa and/or deep brain stimulation (DBS), a critical unmet need for improving the lives of people with PD is that the sequence ...
PMC10357155
MATERIALS AND METHODS
PMC10357155
Participants
PD
Twenty-one individuals (5 female) with clinically established PD underwent bilateral implantation of DBS leads (model 3389, Medtronic PLC) in the STN. The two leads were connected to the implanted investigative neurostimulator (Activa
PMC10357155
Experimental protocol
PMC10357155
Off stimulation longitudinal testing
PD, bradykinesia
Experiments were conducted at initial programming (IP, before the initial activation of the DBS system), which took place 1 month after implantation of the DBS leads, and subsequently at 6 months intervals out to 3 years after the IP visit; the maximum number of total visits was 7 (IP, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 months). Al...
PMC10357155
Titrations
tremor, fatigue
A sub-cohort of 10 individuals (3 female) completed a stimulation amplitude titration experiment, off medication. These participants had been implanted with investigative deep brain neurostimulators that recorded STN local field potentials synchronously with kinematic signals during a variety of tasks. Testing was done...
PMC10357155
Closed-loop DBS
In one participant, data were collected during the rWFE task in three stimulation conditions from the same wrist: off stimulation (one trial), clinical open-loop stimulation (olDBS) (one trial), and neural closed-loop stimulation (NclDBS) (five trials, each with a varying stimulation delay period). The NclDBS condition...
PMC10357155
Data acquisition and analysis
PMC10357155
Kinematic data acquisition
Movement was measured using solid-state gyroscopic wearable sensors (sampled at 1 kHz) attached to the dorsum of each hand (Motus Bioengineering, Inc, Benicia, CA) and with synchronized video recordings from a USB web camera (C930e, Logitech, Lausanne, Switzerland). Sampling rates for the gyroscope and video data were ...
PMC10357155
Kinematic data analysis
tremor
DECAY
For each movement epoch, an automated algorithm was used to quantify the sequence effect. The angular velocity data was low-pass filtered in MATLAB using zero-lag 4th order Butterworth filters with a 4 Hz cutoff frequency at the above sampling frequency. Peaks for analysis were chosen based on the maximum angular veloc...
PMC10357155
Statistical analysis
REGRESSION
Statistics were computed using MATLAB (version 9.9, The MathWorks Inc. Natick, MA, USA). Pearson correlations were used to assess associations between the sequence effect during rWFE and both total MDS-UPDRS III scores and the bradykinesia sub-score. A linear mixed effects regression model was performed to analyze the ...
PMC10357155
RESULTS
Movement Disorder, Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale
MOVEMENT DISORDER
Kinematic data from 42 hands of 21 well-characterized individuals with Parkinson’s disease, off therapy, were included in the analysis. Participant demographicsIP, initial programming; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; MDS, Movement Disorder Society.
PMC10357155
Quantification of sequence effect epochs
SE
Quantification of sequence effect on example WFE traces. (A) WFE trace with minimal sequence effect. (B) WFE with one epoch of substantial sequence effect for the entire trace. (C) WFE split into two epochs based on reemergence of performance around 25 seconds. Fitted exponential line is shown in black. Detected peaks...
PMC10357155
Sequence effect is related to overall motor impairment and bradykinesia
Scatter plot between sequence effect during rWFE and (A) total MDS-UPDRS III scores and (B) lateralized bradykinesia sub-scores.This relationship was confirmed at each 6-month timepoint for both total MDS-UPDRS III score: (6m:
PMC10357155
Sequence effect worsens over time
Sequence effect worsens over time off therapy. Average slope of change over time (thick black line) with individual data overlaid as line plots (light gray) of sequence effect. * indicates significant change over time. Dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval of the slope estimate.The sequence effect signifi...
PMC10357155
STN DBS improves the sequence effect
Boxplots comparing the sequence effect at different intensities of DBS. * indicates Dose-dependent reduction in mean sequence effect
PMC10357155
Sequence effect improved during neural closed-loop DBS in one participant
Example of Wrist Flexion Extension (WFE) (A) OFF therapy, (B) open-loop clinical stimulation, (C). neural closed-loop stimulation. Peaks from each WFE cycle indicated by black dots with the fitted exponential curve overlaid.NclDBS improved the sequence effect in 8 out of the 10 NclDBS conditions across various delay p...
PMC10357155
DISCUSSION
PD, upper extremity bradykinesia
This study found that an objective normalized metric of the sequence effect in upper extremity bradykinesia strongly correlated with the total MDS-UPDRS III score and with the upper and lower extremity lateralized MDS-UPDRS III bradykinesia subscore in people with PD. The sequence effect worsened over time in a longitu...
PMC10357155
Measuring the sequence effect in limb movement
PD
One of the difficulties in assessing evidence of the sequence effect and its response to therapies in PD is the paucity of measurement tools that can differentiate the sequence effect from other metrics such as amplitude and frequency. The MDS-UPDRS motor subscale (MDS-UPDRS III) groups together assessments of impairme...
PMC10357155
The sequence effect is a validated measure of PD motor disability
dystonia, PD motor disability, PD, bradykinesia, Huntington’s disease, PSP
DYSTONIA, MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY, DISEASE, PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY
In this study the sequence effect was significantly correlated with overall PD motor disability (MDS-UPDRS III), and this was not solely due to lower angular velocities in later stages of disease, as it was normalized by initial peak velocity. The sequence effect was also significantly correlated with the lateralized b...
PMC10357155