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2. Materials and Methods
PMC10384188
2.1. Study Design
The study design is shown in In this study, participants were required to show up three times. First, during prescreening, initial data collected included age, participation status in the competition, anthropometry, and physical health, and inclusion and exclusion (intake of healthy foods and smoking) criteria were eva...
PMC10384188
2.2. Participants
interstitial glucose
MINOR
A convenience sample of 12 male competitive golfers was recruited from the Kanto Students Golf Association First Division. Based on our initial sample size calculation, we speculated that a sample of at least 12 participants was necessary to achieve a power of 0.80 with an alpha value set at 0.05. The participants were...
PMC10384188
2.3. Procedures
This study was conducted at the Ishizaka Golf Club at Hatoyama, Hiki-gun, Saitama, Japan. The study was performed between February and March 2022. Participants were required to abstain from consuming alcohol during the evening before each round and to come to the venue without breakfast on each test day. The participan...
PMC10384188
2.4. Measures and Data Collection
PMC10384188
2.4.1. Interstitial Glucose
The glucose concentration in the interstitial fluid closely correlates with the glucose concentration in the blood [
PMC10384188
2.4.2. Golf Performance
stroke, Strokes, strokes
STROKE, STROKES, STROKES
Golf performance was evaluated by strokes, putting performance tests, and driving performance tests.ScoresThe scores were assessed to determine the difference between the participant’s number of strokes and the predetermined number of strokes for each hole. Strokes were recorded by participant self-report and accompany...
PMC10384188
2.4.3. Cognitive Performance
Cognitive performance was evaluated using an adapted visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaire [Participants completed a VAS questionnaire (a questionnaire consisting of words describing minimum/maximum status marked at the left and right ends of a 100 mm long line drawn horizontally).
PMC10384188
2.4.4. Other Variables
Age and status of participation in the competition were self-reported. Body height was measured using a stadiometer (YHS-200D, YAGAMI Inc., Nagoya, Japan). Bodyweight and body fat percentage were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 470, InBody Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Body height (to the nearest 0.1 ...
PMC10384188
2.4.5. Data Analysis
The CGM systems have an inevitable time delay, which is relevant under exercise [
PMC10384188
2.4.6. Statistical Analyses
All statistical analyses were performed using JMP version 14.3.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Data normality was evaluated using the Shapiro–Wilk test. A two-way analysis of variance (trial × time) with repetition was used to compare measurements across trial...
PMC10384188
3. Results
PMC10384188
3.1. Weather and Putting Green Conditions
Each trial date was similar, no rainfall was recorded, the ambient temperature was around the average temperature for March (7.5 °C), the average wind speed was around the average speed for March (1.9 mph), and the wind direction was north–northwest for both days [
PMC10384188
3.2. Interstitial Glucose
There were main effects for trial and time for interstitial glucose (trial:
PMC10384188
3.3. Golf Performance
The scores were significant for the main effects of the trial; however, significance for the main effects of time was noted (trial: The driving distance was not significant for the main effects of the trial; however, significance for the main effects of time was found (trial:
PMC10384188
3.4. Cognitive Performance
PLF
PLF was a main effect of the trial and time (trial: There were main effects for trial and time for PLC (trial: The value of the CHO intake during the golf round was higher than that of the start. PLR was not significant for the main effects of trial and time interactions (trial:
PMC10384188
4. Discussion
interstitial glucose decline, fatigue, PLF
In this study, we found that the continued carbohydrate intake with gummies during a round of golf, although not found to be effective on golf performance, may prevent the reduction of interstitial glucose levels and attenuated fatigue in the controlled study. Moreover, gummy intake had the potential to sustain concent...
PMC10384188
5. Conclusions
fatigue
In this study, continuous carbohydrate intake had no effects on golf performance. On the contrary, the continuous intake of carbohydrates during the golf round attenuated the decline in interstitial glucose level and prevented fatigue in the controlled trial from the middle of the golf round, and concentration was main...
PMC10384188
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Y.N., K.E. and Y.E.; methodology, Y.N.; validation, Y.N.; formal analysis, Y.N.; investigation, Y.N., K.E., Y.E., A.M. and K.K.; resources, Y.N. and K.E.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.N.; writing—review and editing, Y.N. and Y.E.; visualization, Y.N.; supervision, Y.N. and K.E.; project admi...
PMC10384188
Institutional Review Board Statement
This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Musashigaoka Junior College, Japan (No. 21–3, 29 January 2022).
PMC10384188
Informed Consent Statement
MINOR
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. If the participant was a minor, written informed consent and assent was obtained from participants (assent) and their parents/guardians (consent).
PMC10384188
Data Availability Statement
The underlying research materials related to this paper are available from the corresponding author upon request.
PMC10384188
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have financial conflicts of interest to disclose concerning the study. This study was supported by Bourbon Corporation. Shigeru Mineo is an employee of Bourbon Corporation. He did not participate in the experimental design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation of the data, writing of the manuscrip...
PMC10384188
References
Study Design.((Weather and putting greens conditions on trial day.
PMC10384188
Introduction
leucorrhea, vaginitis, ’ vaginal, bacterial vaginitis, dysbiosis, Vaginitis, vaginal itching, Infection
ADVERSE REACTIONS, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, VAGINITIS, DISEASE, BACTERIAL VAGINITIS, VAGINITIS, INFLAMMATION OR INFECTION, INFECTION
Edited by: Tingtao Chen, Nanchang University, ChinaReviewed by: Huaxi Yi, Ocean University of China, China; Qixiao Zhai, Jiangnan University, China; Faizan Ahmed Sadiq, Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO), BelgiumThis article was submitted to Clinical Microbiology, a section of the journal Fr...
PMC9936311
Materials and methods
PMC9936311
Trial design and volunteer recruitment
allergic, metabolic abnormalities
This was a clinical trial conducted between January 2020 to March 2020 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Kunming Tongren Hospital. Patients with BV were selected for a one-week intervention of a postbiotic gel to measure changes in the properties of vaginal discharge and vaginal microbiota before (day 0...
PMC9936311
Postbiotic gel preparation
The postbiotic gel used in this work was produced by Qingyitang Industrial Co., Ltd. (Yunnan, China). Probiotic strains were provided by the Lactic Acid Bacteria Collection Center of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (Hohhot, China). The gel was prepared by mixing the raw materials (The ratio of raw materials and ...
PMC9936311
Postbiotic gel application, collection and analysis of vaginal secretions
vaginosis, leucorrhea, vulvar itching
VAGINOSIS, STERILE, VAGINA
Participants was registered to participate in this trial by providing basic demographic information (age: 35.8 ± 8.96) before the start of the trial. The gel was applied every night and avoided the menstrual period. To apply the gel, subjects first cleaned their hands and vulva with warm water, took a product, slightly...
PMC9936311
Sequencing of bacterial microbiota in the vaginal samples
The metagenomic DNA in the collected vaginal secretions was extracted by QIAamp kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and the purity and concentration of the extracted DNA were detected by Nanodrop (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and agarose gel electrophoresis. Qualified DNA samples were amplified, targeting to the 16S rRNA ...
PMC9936311
Statistical analyses
For α diversity analysis, QIIME (version 1.9.1) was used to calculate the Shannon index, chao1 index, and Simpson index. The Shannon curve and the observed species number curve were plotted using R (version 4.2.1), which were used to assess the bacterial diversity of each sequenced sample and the sequencing depth. Wilc...
PMC9936311
Results
PMC9936311
Improvement in subjects’ clinical indicators after postbiotic gel application
Vulvar pruritus, vaginal itching, vaginitis
VAGINAL INFLAMMATION, REMISSION, VAGINITIS
In our study, 50 people completed clinical indicators, including 45 people who completed vaginal discharge collection before the intervention and 42 people after the intervention. After matching, the per-protocol population was 42, who completed the process of clinical information collection and provision of vaginal se...
PMC9936311
Changes in the α-diversity of vaginal microbiota after the intervention
A total of 5,479,608 high-quality sequences were obtained from 87 (Before: n = 45; After: n = 42) sequencing samples. The rarefaction curves of the Shannon diversity (α-diversity analysis of vaginal microbiota before and after the use of the postbiotic gel. Rarefaction curves of In order to study the difference between...
PMC9936311
β-diversity analysis, identification of differential bacteria before/after the gel intervention
Changes in the β-diversity of the vaginal microbiota was analyzed by PCoA (weighted and un-weighted Unifrac), which revealed no significant differences before/after the gel intervention (Changes in the β-diversity of vaginal microbiota and differential abundant bacteria identified after using the postbiotic gel. We use...
PMC9936311
Changes in the predicted function of the vaginal microbiota after postbiotic gel application
We then used PICRUSt2 to predict functional changes in the vaginal microbiota after using the postbiotic gel (Changes in the functional microbiota predicted by PICRUSt after applying the postbiotic gel. Eight significant differential KEGG pathways (t-test;
PMC9936311
Correlation between dominant microbiota and clinical features of the vaginal secretion
’ vaginal
HEAT
According to our clinical observation, we selected the common clinical symptoms and signs, and referred to the symptom scoring standard in the Guidelines for Clinical Research on New Chinese Medicines (for Trial Implementation). For evaluating the amount of secretion: a small amount was scored as 2, a medium amount was...
PMC9936311
Discussion
vulvovaginal candidiasis, ’ vaginal
RECURRENCE, VAGINA, VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS
The colonization of lactic acid bacteria plays an important role in maintaining vaginal homeostasis by inhibiting other pathogens, and the colonization of anaerobic bacteria is often related to the occurrence of BV (A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the routine treatment of BV or vulvovagin...
PMC9936311
Limitations
There are some limitations in our study. Firstly, the number of subjects included in this trial. was small, and the number of subjects should be increased in subsequent studies with the inclusion of a placebo control group of healthy subjects for a baseline of vaginal microbiota in comparison with subjects with BV. Sec...
PMC9936311
Data availability statement
All sequence data generated in this study were submitted to the MG-RAST database under the ID number mgp95926.
PMC9936311
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by independent committee members. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or...
PMC9936311
Author contributions
XS: Formal analysis, data curation, visualization, writing of the original draft. LX: Clinical trial implementation, specimen collection. ZQZ: Conceptualization, design of methodology. YTY and PXL: Formal analysis, software testing and verification. TM and SG: Supervision of clinical trial, manuscript revision. L-YK: W...
PMC9936311
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all the researchers, clinicians, and subjects for their participation in this study.
PMC9936311
Conflict of interest
Authors ZQZ, YTY, and PXL were employed by company Qingyitang Industrial Co.,.The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
PMC9936311
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or ...
PMC9936311
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: Differential bacterial genera identified before and after using the postbiotic gel.Click here for additional data file.Differential pathway identified before and after using the postbiotic gel.Click here for additional data file.Spearman correlation an...
PMC9936311
References
PMC9936311
1. Introduction
obesity, cancer
OBESITY, CANCER
Motivational interviewing (MI) is a promising behavioral intervention for improving parent and adult caregiver (PAC) health behavior for obesity and cancer prevention. This study explored the preliminary effects of MI from a registered dietitian (RDMI) within an obesity prevention intervention to promote PAC behavior c...
PMC10048747
2. Materials and Methods
PMC10048747
2.1. Participants and Recruitment
communication disabilities
RECRUITMENT, MALABSORPTION, PACS
Parents/adult caregivers and one 8–9-year-old child from the central Ohio area were invited to participate as dyads. Recruitment occurred via communication with local schools that received federal funding for free, as well as reduced-price, breakfast and lunch to students, in order to target dyads from low-resource/und...
PMC10048747
2.2. Study Design
obesity
OBESITY
The Summer Harvest Adventure is a five-year, randomized controlled trial designed to determine the efficacy of a multicomponent obesity prevention intervention to improve the consumption of fruits and vegetables in youth; RDMI was offered as one intervention component. Enrolled participants were randomized to the inter...
PMC10048747
2.3. Weekly Intervention Sessions
Each week of the intervention included education focused on obesity-preventive behaviors, including foundational healthy habits (e.g., avoidance of sugar-sweetened beverages), with an emphasis on fun physical activity and improving adherence to the US Dietary Guidelines for Americans [
PMC10048747
2.4. Remote Motivational Interviewing from a Registered Dietitian (RDMI)
weight loss
PACS
As part of the intervention, each PAC was introduced to the RD providing RDMI at baseline data collection visits (RDMI interactions focused on issues related to the dietary patterns of PACs; PACs were able to discuss other related topics of interest (e.g., weight loss) if desired. If PACs brought up questions regarding...
PMC10048747
2.5. Data Collection
Comprehensive data collection visits occurred before and after (i.e., baseline and post-intervention) the ten-week intervention period for dyads, during which data were recorded using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) tools hosted at The Ohio State University [
PMC10048747
2.6. Survey Measurements
Attitudinal ambivalence
At baseline, sociodemographic questions adapted from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were administered [Attitudinal ambivalence was assessed using the validated Change Questionnaire [
PMC10048747
2.7. Dietary Patterns and Diet Quality
Cancer
CANCER, PACS
PACs completed the National Cancer Institute’s Diet History Questionnaire III (DHQIII) [
PMC10048747
2.8. Anthropometric and Clinical Measurements
PACS
For dyads, height was measured with a seca 213 portable stadiometer (seca North America, China, CA). Weight was measured on a Tanita SC-331S Total Body Composition Analyzer (Tanita, Arlington Heights, IL, USA). Height and weight were used to calculate body mass index (BMI) for PACs in kg/m
PMC10048747
2.9. Interaction and Process Data
PACS
Data on all interactions with the RD were recorded. Each interaction was coded as a reciprocal interaction (RI) if the participant responded to the RD’s communication in any capacity, regardless of the content of the response. Each RI was then further classified as a dose of RDMI if the RD and participant engaged in a ...
PMC10048747
2.10. Attendance and Participation
PACS
Dyad participation in the other intervention components was collected. At each weekly session, dyad attendance was collected. Although dyads were encouraged to attend these activities together, PACs could attend independently if the child was unable to do so, while children could attend alone as long as they were accom...
PMC10048747
2.11. Fidelity to MI
With PAC approval, phone calls were audio-recorded for the purposes of MI fidelity assessment. Recordings were selected at random and reviewed with the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Tool (Version 4.2.1) [
PMC10048747
2.12. Statistical Analyses
PACS
Descriptive statistics were computed for PAC socio-demographics, baseline characteristics, and measures of RDMI use. For the purposes of baseline descriptions, the cohort was defined in three ways: (1) all PACs who were classified as Pearson correlations were used to explore the relationship between measures of RDMI us...
PMC10048747
3. Results
PMC10048747
3.1. Baseline Characteristics and Measures of RDMI Use
REGRESSION, PACS
Thirty-six PACs were enrolled in the Summer Harvest Adventure; 78% (n = 28) participated in at least one RDMI session, and 44% (n = 16) were considered Logistic regression was utilized to determine the likelihood of classification as a
PMC10048747
3.2. Ambivalence
A strong statistically significant relationship was found between percentage change in Change score from baseline to post-intervention and
PMC10048747
3.3. PAC Clinical Outcomes and Diet Quality
PACS
A weak positive correlation between measures of RDMI use and percentage weight change among PACs existed (e.g.,
PMC10048747
3.4. Child and Home-Related Outcomes
The lowest contribution towards child skin carotenoids was noted for
PMC10048747
3.5. Programmatic Evaluations and Autonomy
PACS
Fifty-eight percent of PACs (n = 14) rated RDMI as “excellent”, 21% (n = 5) as “very good”, and 4% (n = 1) as “good”; 17% (n = 4) stated they “did not use” RDMI. Of those, n = 2 did not engage in any RDMI interactions. However, n = 2 did, reporting “Did not really know what to discuss…and find the recipes helpful we le...
PMC10048747
4. Discussion
obesity
OBESITY, REGRESSION, PACS
The objective of this study was to explore the preliminary effects of PAC-focused RDMI on outcomes among dyads in a multicomponent obesity prevention intervention. Addressing PACs in this context is critical [A primary advantage of using MI is its focus on the psychological and/or cognitive predictors of behavior chang...
PMC10048747
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: Click here for additional data file.
PMC10048747
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, A.B., J.P., L.W., K.P., A.D. and C.K.S.; methodology, A.B., J.P. and C.K.S.; formal analysis, A.B. and M.X.; investigation, A.B. and C.K.S.; data curation, A.B.; writing—original draft preparation, A.B.; writing—review and editing, A.B., J.P., M.X., L.W., K.P., A.D. and C.K.S.; supervision, C.K.S.; p...
PMC10048747
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of The Ohio State University (IRB# 2017B0110, approved 6 July 2017).
PMC10048747
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
PMC10048747
Data Availability Statement
Data may be made available upon reasonable request.
PMC10048747
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
PMC10048747
Abstract
PMC10770821
Objective
To investigate the effect of music on heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) after intense exertion.
PMC10770821
Methods
Five hundred male students enrolled at Yongin University, Korea, underwent a cycling test to assess aerobic capacity; 180 students with equal scores were selected for a music intervention, which was conducted after vigorous exercise. The 180 participants were randomized into three music groups and a control group; the ...
PMC10770821
Results
The results revealed no significant variation in HRR and HRV indexes between the four cohorts (
PMC10770821
Conclusion
high‐intensity
After rigorous activity, listening to Music is an effective tool for regulating mood and autonomic function; it also has potential as a low‐cost, safe intervention and therapeutic adjunct, The melody, tempo, volume, and other variables may have varying impacts on HRR and HRV. Consequently, finely controlling variables ...
PMC10770821
INTRODUCTION
sudden cardiac death
SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH, ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, AMI, CARDIAC EVENTS, HEART
According to a 2018 poll by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (American College of Sports Medicine, Cardiovascular episodes evoked by strenuous exertion can be categorized as sudden cardiac death (SCD) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (Maron et al., Heart rate variability (HRV) describes the variation ...
PMC10770821
METHODS
PMC10770821
General information
cardiovascular ailments
A total of 500 male college students attending Yongin University, South Korea, on September 1, 2019, were randomly selected as the study population.The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the students were registered and enrolled in the university's student administration center as of September 1, 2019; (2) the stu...
PMC10770821
Methods and observation indexes
PMC10770821
Grouping methodology
The 500 respondents underwent anaerobic power cycling tests; on the basis of their scores, 180 students with similar scores were selected as participants and randomly divided into four subgroups: group A, the slow (
PMC10770821
Fundamental profile collection
General demographic information (age, gender, height, weight, and body mass index [BMI]) was collected from the 180 participants using a questionnaire developed for this study.
PMC10770821
Power cycling test
The power cycling test was conducted by two professionals independently; the relevant test methods and precautions were explained to each participant before the test. Using a power bicycle (Lode, Netherlands), the participants were allowed to warm up by pedaling for 2 min. The exercise load was based on the participant...
PMC10770821
HEART
The HRR and HRV testing was completed independently by two professionals, and the relevant test methods and precautions were explained to each participant before the test. The HRV measurement system Ubpuse T1 (Biospace, Korea) was used to measure the HRV index 0–1 min before the warm‐up. During the recovery period (0–1...
PMC10770821
Track name and beat test
One researcher completed the track name and beat test and, according to the measurement specifications, used an electronic metronome (Seiko SP70, Japan) to test the average tempo of the piano tracks and recorded the results (see Table Track information.
PMC10770821
Participant consent and experimental setup
At the beginning of the experiment, all participants were informed of the precautions, specific test time, and test plan. To minimize the influence of external factors on the experimental results, the environment of this experiment was kept quiet. The temperature in the laboratory was maintained at 23°C, and the relati...
PMC10770821
Data entry and statistical analysis methods
high‐intensity
The data were entered and checked in two ways. For missing data, if the missing data accounted for less than 1/3 of the total data, the average of the available data was used to replace the missing data; if the missing data accounted for over 1/3 of the total data, they were omitted. The input data were sorted in Excel...
PMC10770821
RESULTS
PMC10770821
Basic information
The basic information about the participants is presented in Table Physical morphological characteristics of 173 participants (
PMC10770821
Analysis of
No significant differences in HR and HRV were observed between the four groups (Analysis of HR and HRV indicators before exercise (
PMC10770821
Analysis of the differences in the outcome measures of the power bicycle test during high‐intensity exercise among the four groups
high‐intensity, MP, fatigue
The absolute and relative values of average power, absolute and relative values of maximum power, fatigue index, maximum power arrival time, and total power among the four groups were not among the statistical significance (Analysis of differences in the outcome measures of the power bicycle test during high‐intensity ...
PMC10770821
Differences in the changes in the
Time‐domain
HEART
Heart rate differed significantly between the groups (Analysis of the HRR time domain variation index during the recovery period (Illustration of experimental results. Group A, Time‐domain variation index SDNN in the recovery period.
PMC10770821
Analysis of
The frequency domain variation indicators LFAnalysis of HRV frequency domain indicators during the recovery period ( Frequency domain indices LFFrequency domain indices HFFrequency domain indices LF/HF
PMC10770821
DISCUSSION
high‐intensity, moderato
AMI, CARDIAC EVENTS, GROUP B
Multiple studies have revealed a significant correlation between vigorous and high‐intensity exercise and the risk of SCD and AMI (Balnave et al., During and after physical exercise, HR increases sharply, parasympathetic nervous system activity decreases, and sympathetic nervous system activity increases; this elevated...
PMC10770821
CONCLUSIONS
high‐intensity, arrhythmia
ARRHYTHMIA
After rigorous activity, listening to allegretto transcriptions improved HRR and restored HRV equilibrium, which is critical for preventing and minimizing arrhythmia and SCD.Music is an effective tool for regulating mood and autonomic function; it also has potential as a low‐cost, safe intervention and therapeutic adju...
PMC10770821
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Niu Mingyang and Wang Jiameng designed the experiment, Niu Mingyang and Zhao Ruixue collected the data, Wang Jiameng conducted the data analysis, Niu Mingyang and Zhao Ruixue provided experimental guidance, and Wang Jiameng and Niu Mingyang completed the manuscript writing and the revision of important content.
PMC10770821
FUNDING INFORMATION
This article was supported by the 2022 Hainan Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project (HNSK(QN)22‐84) and the 2021 Project supported by the Education Department of Hainan Province (project number: Hnky2021‐41).
PMC10770821