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DISCUSSION | satiety, weight loss, aortic stiffness | In the current study we aimed to see how an acute 3‐day very low‐calorie CR diet might affect body weight/ composition, metabolism, cardiovascular health, and circulating metabolic factors which may explain changes in these parameters in Ow and Ob men and women. Three days of CR resulted in significant weight loss, los... | PMC10659943 | |
Impact of | weight loss | COMPLICATIONS | Caloric restriction is not a novel approach of losing weight, in those that desire to do so, and has even been purported to induce health benefits beyond weight loss (Fontana et al., This 3‐day CR diet may be a way to commence an individual's weight loss in a distinct but effective way, but perhaps more importantly cou... | PMC10659943 |
Impact of | reductions in blood pressure | Long‐term caloric restriction has been demonstrated to induce favorable cardiovascular effects, namely reductions in blood pressure and improved lipid profile (Fontana et al., Although, in the present study, using a short‐term 3‐day CR down to 590 kcal/d of intake we observed no significant changes in systolic, diastol... | PMC10659943 | |
Impact of | Obesity, metabolic inflexibility | OBESITY | Obesity is associated with impaired ability to use fat or metabolic inflexibility (Kelley et al., | PMC10659943 |
Impact of | satiety, fullness, Anton | There is less known about the effects of acute or short‐term CR on perceptions hunger/desire to eat or satiety/fullness, although longer term CR is known to induce psychological predilection to hunger and less so to feelings of satiety or fullness (Anton et al., | PMC10659943 | |
Limitations | Dietch & Taylor, | SECONDARY | The present study, as with every study, was not conducted without limitations. As a secondary or tertiary outcome, in assessing sleep we opted for a less invasive option to minimize participant burden, which does relate significantly to sleep duration, even if perhaps imperfectly (Dietch & Taylor, | PMC10659943 |
CONCLUSION | weight loss | In summary, the findings from the current study highlight that 3 days of a novel standardized very low‐calorie diet CR (ca. 590 kcal/d intake) induces significant weight and fat loss, increases circulating leptin, increases fat oxidation, without much change to blood lipid profile, blood pressure, feelings of hunger, o... | PMC10659943 | |
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS | Conceptualization, JD and SI; methodology, JD and SI.; formal analysis, AC, BY, JD, SI.; investigation, JD, AC, BY, CK, AC, SI.; resources, SI AC; data curation, AC, BY, JD, SI.; writing—original draft preparation, JD, SI, CK; writing—review and editing, JD, SI, AC, BY CK AC.; visualization, AC BY SI; supervision, SI J... | PMC10659943 | ||
FUNDING INFORMATION | This research was funded by Plexus Worldwide, grant number 2204‐1028. | PMC10659943 | ||
DISCLOSURES | Plexus Worldwide provided funding and product for the current study although the funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. | PMC10659943 | ||
ETHICS STATEMENT | All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at Skidmore College (#2204‐1028) and registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05422391). This study was carried out in accordance with the principles set forth in the most rece... | PMC10659943 | ||
Supporting information |
Table S1.
Click here for additional data file.
Table S2.
Click here for additional data file. | PMC10659943 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | The authors would like to thank the participants for volunteering and completing the study. We would also like to thank the health services nursing team at Skidmore for their assistance in completing the study. | PMC10659943 | ||
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT | The data are available upon reasonable request by the corresponding author. | PMC10659943 | ||
REFERENCES | PMC10659943 | |||
1. Introduction | oxidant damage | SKIN | These authors contributed equally to this work.Preliminary findings from multiple studies indicate that dietary intake of soy-derived isoflavones exert beneficial effects on the skin including defense against oxidant damage, stimulation of collagen synthesis, and increased hydration. This study aims to investigate how ... | PMC10574417 |
2. Methods and Materials | PMC10574417 | |||
2.1. Materials | The SPII used in this study was provided by Dupont (Wilmington, DE, USA) and contained the following ingredients: soy protein (isolated soy protein with less than 2% lecithin), sugar, fructose, resistant maltodextrin, spray-dried corn oil shortening (corn oil, corn syrup solids, sodium caseinate, and BHT and propyl gal... | PMC10574417 | ||
2.2. Study Design, Recruitment, and Randomization | SKIN, RECRUITMENT | This prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted in the greater Sacramento area at Integrative Skin Science and Research (Sacramento, CA, USA). Methods of recruitment included local dermatology clinics and social media advertising. The study protocol and consent were reviewed and approved by th... | PMC10574417 | |
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria | Healthy postmenopausal women aged 50 to 70 were eligible to participate if they were Fitzpatrick skin types I, II, or III and had a BMI between 18.5 and 35 kg/m | PMC10574417 | ||
2.4. Facial Imaging and Skin Biophysical Measurements | The BTBP 3D Clarity Pro | PMC10574417 | ||
2.5. Statistical Analysis | The primary endpoint of this study was to assess whether SPII supplementation could decrease wrinkle severity and pigment intensity compared to the casein group after 24 weeks. Secondary endpoints included assessments of skin hydration and sebum excretion within groups. The data were analyzed at 0, 8, 16, and 24 weeks.... | PMC10574417 | ||
3. Results | Out of 135 participants who were screened, 44 postmenopausal females met the enrollment criteria and were randomized into the SPII (n = 23) or the casein group (n = 21). The mean (SD) age for participants in SPII and casein groups was 62 ± 6 y and 64 ± 4 y, respectively. | PMC10574417 | ||
3.1. Imaging System-Based Photographic Analysis of Wrinkle Severity and Pigment Intensity | The average wrinkle severity in the SPII group decreased by 5.9% and 7.1% at week 16 and 24, respectively. Wrinkle severity was decreased in the SPII group compared to the casein protein group at week 16 ( | PMC10574417 | ||
3.2. Skin Hydration | SKIN | Skin hydration was significantly increased in the soy protein intervention group by 39% in the left cheek and 68% in the right cheek at week 24 ( | PMC10574417 | |
3.3. Sebum Excretion | Compared to baseline, there were no significant changes in sebum production in either group at any time point ( | PMC10574417 | ||
3.4. Facial Photography | High-resolution photography was taken for both groups at baseline and week 8, 16, and 24 ( | PMC10574417 | ||
3.5. Adverse Events | constipation | There was one episode of constipation that led to withdrawal in the casein group. | PMC10574417 | |
4. Discussion | Estrogen-deficient, malignant melanoma, hyperpigmentation, breast cancer, merkel cell carcinoma, hair loss, acne | MALIGNANT MELANOMA, HYPERPIGMENTATION, BREAST CANCER, MERKEL CELL CARCINOMA, HAIR LOSS, ACNE | In this 24-week, prospective, randomized controlled trial, 30 g/d of soy protein powder containing 50 mg of isoflavones daily showed significant improvements in wrinkle severity, pigmentation, and hydration at week 24. In addition to sun protective habits such as sunscreen use and sun protective clothing, the current r... | PMC10574417 |
Limitations | This study had numerous dietary restrictions that may not be fully representative of a person’s true diet outside of a clinical research setting. However, these restrictions also reduced potential confounding. This study had a relatively small sample size with all subjects being postmenopausal women, and the soy and ca... | PMC10574417 | ||
5. Conclusions | SKIN PIGMENT | In conclusion, supplementation with a standardized, multicomponent soy protein isolate with added isoflavones may improve facial wrinkle severity, reduce skin pigment intensity, and increase skin hydration in postmenopausal women with Fitzpatrick skin types I, II, and III. Future studies assessing supplementation of a ... | PMC10574417 | |
Author Contributions | Conceptualization, R.K.S. and V.F.; Methodology, R.K.S., V.F. and J.M.; Formal Analysis M.M., N.A. and R.K.S.; Investigation, J.R., N.A., S.A. and J.M.; Resources, R.K.S. and C.J.C.; Data Curation, J.R. and N.A.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, M.M. and R.K.S.; Writing—Review and Editing, J.R., N.A., J.M., C.J.C. a... | PMC10574417 | ||
Institutional Review Board Statement | The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Allendale Institutional Review Board (protocol # SYW_01). | PMC10574417 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. | PMC10574417 | ||
Data Availability Statement | The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. | PMC10574417 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | R.K.S. serves as a scientific advisor for LearnHealth, Arbonne, and Codex Labs and has served as a consultant or speaker for Burt’s Bees, Novozymes, Biogena, Novartis, Sanofi, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Nutrafol, Galderma, Novartis, Abbvie, Leo, UCB, Sun, and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. J.M. serves as a scientific ad... | PMC10574417 | ||
References | SKIN | CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) flow diagram.Computer-based photographic analysis of wrinkle severity was significantly decreased in the soy protein intervention group compared to the casein protein intervention group by −4.8% and −6.5% at week 16 and 24, respectively. Error bars represent the stan... | PMC10574417 | |
Subject terms | major depression, cognitive symptoms, anxiety, psychic anxiety, reductions in affective symptoms, depressed mood, depression, Depression | The clinical response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in depression takes weeks to be fully developed and is still not entirely understood. This study aimed to determine the direct and indirect effects of SSRIs relative to a placebo control condition on clinical symptoms of depression. We included da... | PMC9867733 | |
Introduction | depression, psychic anxiety, depressed mood | The clinical response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in depression takes weeks to be fully developed [A recent comprehensive post hoc analysis [An interesting next step would be to focus on the interrelatedness of clinical symptoms. In the past decade, network estimation techniques have shown to be ... | PMC9867733 | |
Methods | PMC9867733 | |||
Study design | major depression | We requested patient-level data for all industry-sponsored, US Food and Drug Administration- (FDA) registered, placebo-controlled, acute-phase, and HDRS-based trials of adults with major depression regarding citalopram from Lundbeck (Valby, Denmark), regarding paroxetine from GlaxoSmithKline (Brentford, UK), and regard... | PMC9867733 | |
Assessment of clinical symptoms | Individual clinical symptoms were assessed by the separate items of the 17-item HDRS [ | PMC9867733 | ||
Statistical analyses | First, baseline characteristics were compared between the treatment conditions using All network estimations were performed using R (version 3.6.2). First, we examined the We also focused on the Lastly, we performed a set of sensitivity analyses. To evaluate the edge weight accuracy of the network models (at week 1, 2,... | PMC9867733 | ||
Results | PMC9867733 | |||
Baseline characteristics | Participants with complete data at one or more post-assessments (Baseline characteristics. | PMC9867733 | ||
The direct and indirect symptom-specific effects of SSRIs | To explore how the clinical response to SSRIs progressed over time, we estimated separate networks including treatment condition and symptom scores at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks of treatment (see Fig. | PMC9867733 | ||
Direct effects | psychic anxiety, depressed mood | At almost all assessments, the strongest direct beneficial effects of SSRIs were found for the two affective symptoms, i.e., depressed mood (e.g., edge weight = −0.17 at week 6) and psychic anxiety (e.g., edge weight = −0.11 at week 6). The effect on depressed mood was already substantial at week 1 (i.e., edge weight =... | PMC9867733 | |
Indirect effects | Figure | PMC9867733 | ||
Overall effects of SSRIs over time | Lastly, we focused on the overall symptom-specific effects of SSRIs at all assessments (i.e., not adjusted for other symptom-specific effects; Fig. | PMC9867733 | ||
Sensitivity analyses | psychic anxiety, depressed mood | To assess the accuracy of the most relevant edge weights in the estimated networks (Fig. To test the robustness of our network findings across trials, we estimated the networks while adjusting for trial-id and found no substantial differences in estimations; at week 6, for example, the beneficial effects of SSRIs on de... | PMC9867733 | |
Discussion | guilt, major depression, psychic anxiety, anxiety, reductions in affective symptoms, agitation, depressed mood, hypochondriasis | To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that uses network estimation techniques to shed light on the complex clinical response of SSRIs relative to placebo over a 6-week period. The most profound direct effects of SSRIs were found for the two affective symptoms, for which the effect on depressed mood was ... | PMC9867733 | |
Supplementary information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41398-022-02285-2. | PMC9867733 | ||
Acknowledgements | ALF | BRAIN | This research was funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (Zon-MW; grant number 016-186-139), Swedish Research Council (grant number 2020-02194), Swedish Brain Foundation (FO2018-0331) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (grant number ALF 73300). The funders of the study had no role i... | PMC9867733 |
Author contributions | LB conceived and designed the study and drafted the paper. LB also prepared the statistical analyses, while FH ran the scripts on the full dataset. FH and AL had full access to all data in the study, verified the data and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. EE superv... | PMC9867733 | ||
Competing interests | Dr FH has received lecture honoraria from H Lundbeck and Servier. Professor EE has been on advisory boards or received lecture honoraria from H Lundbeck, Janssen‐Cilag and Servier. Dr LB, Dr AL, and professor PC report no financial relationships with commercial interests. | PMC9867733 | ||
References | PMC9867733 | |||
Introduction | basketball, FMS | FMS | Experts argue that participation in youth sports such as basketball is a healthy activity for youngsters [Although engagement in youth sports may contribute to the development of PL, early specialisation (which is defined as year-round participation and competition within a single sport [Despite the purported issues re... | PMC10337934 |
Materials and methods | PMC10337934 | |||
Participants | A total of 34 youth basketball players (mean age 11.4 ± 0.67 years) consented to participate in the in the pre-post study design across an 8-week intervention period. To increase homogeneity of the population sample [ | PMC10337934 | ||
Phase 1 –Quantitative measures and analysis | PMC10337934 | |||
Testing procedures | All testing was carried out by the first author and took place in gymnasiums across two sites used by the respective basketball clubs for regular practice. Testing took place one week before and after the eight-week intervention period and included: anthropometry (height, seated height, mass), overhead squat (OHS) asse... | PMC10337934 | ||
Training interventions | Participants of both experimental groups were required to complete a 15-minute warm-up once per week before their regular basketball practice across 8-weeks. The warm-up was led by the principal researcher (also a qualified S&C coach) and conducted in the same school gymnasium located in a separate building to the bask... | PMC10337934 | ||
Exercises and activities included within the 15-minute warm-up for the respective experimental groups. | PMC10337934 | |||
Data analysis | Within subject coefficient of variation (CV) and average CV measures for each test were determined using the spreadsheet software, Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Office 365). ICC calculation and inferential analyses were performed using the statistical analysis software, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 28.0. All m... | PMC10337934 | ||
Phase 2 Qualitative data and analysis | PMC10337934 | |||
Semi-structured interviews | Ponizovsky-Bergelson et al. | Based upon recommendations by Ponizovsky-Bergelson et al. [ | PMC10337934 | |
Data analysis | A thematic analysis was undertaken using the codes developed through three rounds of iterative coding. In addition, inductive analysis technique were also utlised in the analysis of the transcripts, creating additional codes deemed to be pertinent to the study aims (see for e.g., Fereday and Muir-Cochrane, [ | PMC10337934 | ||
Results | Having been calculated to be approximately classified as either circa- or post-PHV, five participants were removed from the analysis. Additionally, due to low adherence levels (< 6 from a total of 9 exposures), a further three participants’ data were removed from the analysis. In addition, one participant was removed d... | PMC10337934 | ||
Average physical characteristics of the participants by group. | PMC10337934 | |||
Descriptive pre- and post-intervention test measures. | ± | Means, standard deviations (±) and within-group Cohen’s A high degree of reliability was found between familiarisation scores and the pre-intervention test scores for the speed-run. Based on an absolute agreement, 2-way mixed-effects model, the ICC estimate was .963 with a 95% confidence interval from .600 to .994. The... | PMC10337934 | |
Average pre- and post-intervention coefficient of variation (%) per group. | All pre- and post-intervention data was determined to be normally distributed (p > 0.5). The Repeated Measures MANOVA revealed no significant effects of group on pre-post intervention measures, The repeated measures ANOVA used for the analysis of the parkour-based speed run revealed no significant effects of time x gro... | PMC10337934 | ||
Individual pre-post intervention mean 10-m sprint data. | Dashed lines represent % changes > than pre-intervention CV; solid lines represent difference that was not > CV. | PMC10337934 | ||
Individual pre-post intervention mean Speed-Run data. | Dashed lines represent % changes > than pre-intervention CV; solid lines represent difference that was not > CV. | PMC10337934 | ||
Individual pre-post intervention mean CMJ data. | Dashed lines represent % changes > than pre-intervention CV; solid lines represent difference that was not > CV. | PMC10337934 | ||
Individual pre-post intervention mean Overhead Squat knee flexion data. | Dashed lines represent % changes > than pre-intervention CV; solid lines represent difference that was not > C. | PMC10337934 | ||
Qualitative findings | Data was categorised into three higher order themes drawing on data from the young players’ responses: enjoyment; physical literacy; and docility. These themes included subthemes that related to the young players’ reflections on the value and purpose of the warm-up intervention and perceived benefits on basketball play... | PMC10337934 | ||
Higher order themes and associated subthemes. | PMC10337934 | |||
Theme 1 – | Most participants indicated that they enjoyed the warm-up activities, irrespective of the experimental group they were assigned to:“Yeah, it’s definitely one of the things that I enjoy doing a lot because it’s not just like running there and back, but it’s including like jumps and then like moving around more rather th... | PMC10337934 | ||
Theme 2 – | Improved confidence in relation to movement competency and motor abilities was identified by the participants. In addition, participants displayed critical reflection of the activities prescribed and self-awareness of their movement capabilities. When asked whether the warm-up activities benefitted basketball, one part... | PMC10337934 | ||
Theme 3 – | In some of the participants, docility was detected through responses that conveyed an indifferent attitude or appeared to indicate a level of performativity. In response to whether they enjoyed the warm-up activities one individual commented:“I don’t know. I can’t think right now that nothing was not fun. I liked it.”A... | PMC10337934 | ||
Discussion | knee flexion | The results of the quantitative phase of our study revealed no differences between conventional neuromuscular training exercises and parkour-based actions when utilised within the warm-up protocols of pre-PHV basketball players. In relation to the Conventional warm-up group, our findings appear to contradict previous s... | PMC10337934 | |
Qualitative research better psycho-social and embodied outcomes consistent with phenomenological definitions of PL | The thematic analysis revealed that the intervention warm-ups may have aligned to the concept of holistic development of the young basketball players that is typically emphasised within youth athletic development literature [While the Parkour warm-up group indicated greater levels of enjoyment, both groups appeared to ... | PMC10337934 | ||
Conclusions | FMS | Collectively, the results of our two investigations suggest that NMT-based warm-ups can be effective in the broader development of pre-adolescent basketball players beyond the typical aims and objectives of athletic development. Although limited, our findings highlight potential benefits of parkour-related activities a... | PMC10337934 | |
Supporting information | (XLSX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10337934 | ||
Abstract | vascular dysfunction | High sodium diets (HSD) can cause vascular dysfunction, in part due to increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Melatonin reduces ROS in healthy and clinical populations and may improve vascular function. The purpose was to determine the effect of melatonin supplementation on vascular function and ROS during 10 days... | PMC10727961 | |
INTRODUCTION | macrovascular and microvascular function | SECONDARY | The average sodium intake in the United States is ~3500 mg/day while the Dietary Reference Intakes recommend ≤2300 mg/day (Stallings et al., Melatonin is a hormone synthesized in the pineal gland predominantly at night and has been shown to have antioxidant properties (Tengattini et al., Therefore, the primary aim of t... | PMC10727961 |
MATERIALS AND METHODS | PMC10727961 | |||
Participants | The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Delaware and conformed to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was registered on Participants completed a medical history questionnaire, a menstrual cycle form (women only), and a global physical activity question... | PMC10727961 | ||
Experimental protocol | This was a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover study which consisted of two 10‐day conditions separated by a washout period of at least 14 days. During both conditions, participants consumed salt pills and supplemented with either 10 mg of melatonin (HSD + MEL) or a lactose placebo (HSD + PL) capsule d... | PMC10727961 | ||
Sleep assessment | Participants wore wrist accelerometers (Motionlogger Micro watch, Ambulatory Monitory Inc, Tokyo, Japan) on their nondominant wrist for 9 days and nights, except for activities involving water. Data were collected in the zero‐crossing mode (ZCM) and saved in 1‐min epochs. The University of California San Diego algorith... | PMC10727961 | ||
Urine collection | Participants collected their urine for 24 h starting on Day 9. Urine was assessed for volume, urine specific gravity (Goldberg Brix Refractometer, Reichert Technologies, Depew, NY), electrolyte concentrations (EasyElectrolyte Analyzer, Medica, Bedford, MA), and osmolality (Advanced 3D3 Osmometer, Advanced Instruments, ... | PMC10727961 | ||
Experimental visit | Experimental visits were scheduled in the morning (7 | PMC10727961 | ||
Macrovascular function | DILATION | Brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) was performed according to established guidelines as an assessment of macrovascular function (Thijssen et al., | PMC10727961 | |
Microvascular function | vascular occlusion | VASCULAR OCCLUSION | Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and a vascular occlusion test (VOT) were performed as a test of microvascular function following established guidelines (Barstow, | PMC10727961 |
Oxidative stress measurement | Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to measure O | PMC10727961 | ||
Statistical analysis | Our primary outcome was brachial artery FMD measured on Day 10 of each condition. Secondary outcomes included TSI reperfusion slope and TSI AUC acquired from the NIRS‐VOT. An a priori power analysis determined that a sample size of 21 participants provided 95% power to detect a difference in FMD of at least 1% (effect ... | PMC10727961 | ||
RESULTS | vascular occlusion | DILATION, VASCULAR OCCLUSION, REACTIVE HYPEREMIA | Participant screening characteristics and blood chemistries for the 27 participants who completed this study are presented in Table Screening characteristics.Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL,... | PMC10727961 |
DISCUSSION | impaired microvascular function | OXIDATIVE STRESS | We performed a randomized controlled crossover trial in young, healthy, normotensive adults to evaluate the effect of melatonin during a HSD on vascular function. Melatonin has been shown to have antioxidant‐like properties and has been effective in reducing oxidative stress in clinical populations as well as improving... | PMC10727961 |
Limitations | While we utilized a randomized, crossover design, we did not collect baseline measures and can only compare our outcomes on day 10. Due to this design, we did not control for the menstrual cycle phase in our female participants. Studies have shown no difference in FMD between distinct phases of the menstrual cycle in p... | PMC10727961 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | macrovascular or microvascular function, inflammation | INFLAMMATION | In conclusion, our findings showed that 10 days of melatonin supplementation (10 mg/d) did not improve macrovascular or microvascular function compared to a placebo and did not decrease ROS in our sample of young healthy normotensive adults consuming a HSD. Future studies should investigate different melatonin doses an... | PMC10727961 |
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