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Descriptive statistics | The means and standard deviations for compassion, relevance, and interest in each video are presented in Table
Relevance(Range: 13.33–100) | PMC10061748 | ||
Engagement in videos among women | All descriptive statistics for ANOVAs and ANCOVA analyses for women examining the differences in engagement by video condition are displayed in Table
Note: | PMC10061748 | ||
Engagement in videos among men | As measures of pre-test muscularity, weight, and shape dissatisfaction were unrelated to interest in women, a univariate ANOVA was conducted to examine the differences between video conditions on interest. There was no significant effect of video condition on interest, As measures of pre-test weight satisfaction, shape... | PMC10061748 | ||
Discussion | SE, cognitive and affective, eating disorders, cognitive, affective, and behavioural | As measures of pre-test muscularity, weight, and shape dissatisfaction were unrelated to interest in men, a univariate ANOVA was conducted to examine the differences between video conditions on interest. There was no significant effect of video condition on interest, As measures of pre-test weight satisfaction, shape s... | PMC10061748 | |
Strengths and Limitations | eating disorders | A strength of this study was its generalisability; a mixed-age, community sample of men and women was used, which is not common in evaluating social marketing or anti-stigma campaigns for body image and eating disorders [Further limitations were that engagement was examined at one point in time, which precluded examina... | PMC10061748 | |
Acknowledgements | Thank you to The Mannequin Project at Big Picture Storytelling for video production and permission to use the videos in this research. | PMC10061748 | ||
Authors’ contributions | Jo Doley: conceptualisation, formal analysis, data curation, writing – original draft preparation, writing – review and editing. Siân McLean: conceptualisation, data curation, supervision, methodology, resources, investigation, writing – original draft preparation, writing – review and editing, project administration, ... | PMC10061748 | ||
Funding | This research was partially supported by funding from Australian Rotary Health to the second author. | PMC10061748 | ||
Data Availability | The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available as this was not a condition outlined to our participants, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC10061748 | ||
Declarations | PMC10061748 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | This study was approved by the La Trobe University Human Research Ethics Committee, approval number HEC15-116. All methods were carried out in accordance with the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research, the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research and Commonwealth and state laws. All par... | PMC10061748 | ||
Consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC10061748 | ||
Competing interests | The authors have no competing interests to declare. | PMC10061748 | ||
References | PMC10061748 | |||
Subject terms | hypoxia, fatigue, impairments in exercise performanceMoreover | HYPOXIA | Ten male cyclists were randomized into four experimental conditions in this randomized, cross-over, double-blind, and sham-controlled study to test the combined effect of acute dark chocolate (DC) ingestion and anodal concurrent dual-site transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) targeting M1 and left DLPFC on c... | PMC10542360 |
Results | PMC10542360 | |||
Effect of the demanding cognitive task | fatigue | Performing the incongruent only Stroop task for 30 min did not induce a state of mental fatigue as we found no significant main effect of time Reaction time changes in the four experimental conditions. Comparison of choice reaction time performance ( | PMC10542360 | |
Effect of DC and a-tDCS | Our results showed a significant condition x time interaction | PMC10542360 | ||
Effect of DC and a-tDCS | The concomitant use of DC and a-tDCSEndurance performance and physiological responses in the four experimental conditions. Time to exhaustion test ( | PMC10542360 | ||
Effect of DC and a-tDCS | DC and/or a-tDCS | PMC10542360 | ||
Effect of DC and a-tDCS | RPE | DC and/or a-tDCSPsychophysiological responses to exercise in the four experimental conditions. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE; | PMC10542360 | |
Discussion | hypoxia, cognitive improvements | HYPOXIA, VASODILATION | The main results of the present study were that (1) ‘DC + a-tDCS’ resulted in longer TTE in hypoxia than ‘WC + a-tDCS’ and ‘WC + sh-tDCS’ conditions, (2) with greater EMG activity of the VM muscle, and (3) improved cognitive performance during and after TTE. These results suggest the possibility of a synergistic effect... | PMC10542360 |
Methods | PMC10542360 | |||
Participants | Ten endurance-trained male cyclists voluntarily participated in this randomized, sham-controlled, and double-blind trial. The general characteristics of the participants are presented in Table General characteristics of the participants (n = 10). | PMC10542360 | ||
General experimental procedure | hypoxia | HYPOXIA | The participants visited the laboratory on six different occasions at one-week intervals. In the first session, participants underwent an anthropometric assessment and were familiarized with the whole experimental procedure. An individual not involved in the research team randomized the order of four experimental condi... | PMC10542360 |
Maximal incremental test | hypoxia | HYPOXIC, HYPOXIA | In the second session, after 30 min being under hypoxia at rest, participants underwent the maximal incremental test (Astrand Test for Men) on a cycle ergometer (Cyclus 2, RBM Elektronik-Automation GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) to measure PPO under the hypoxic condition. The test was started with 100 watts and a cadence of 6... | PMC10542360 |
Dark chocolate supplementation | In the DC conditions (DC), 2 h before the experimental sessions participants consumed ~ 467 kcal of a typical commercial 70% cocoa product (Nestlé Noir 70%) containing the ingredients cocoa liquor, sugar, cocoa butter, milk fat, lecithin and vanilla | PMC10542360 | ||
Cognitive function—choice reaction time | hypoxia | HYPOXIA | The Visual Choice Reaction Time Apparatus (Model 63035A, Lafayette Instrument Company, Indiana, USA) with a four-choice compatible stimulus–response paradigm was used to measure cognitive performance. Three visual stimuli (lights turning on) were manually given to the participants, and they were instructed to respond a... | PMC10542360 |
MIVC | At the beginning of each session, participants performed 3–5 s knee extension MIVC three times with a 150-s rest in between on a custom-made chair with knee and hip fixed at 90° as recommended for VL, VM, and RF muscles MIVC test | PMC10542360 | ||
EMG | The surface EMG signals were collected strictly according to the recommended standards | PMC10542360 | ||
Hypoxic exposure | HYPOXIC | The hypoxic condition (O | PMC10542360 | |
Prolonged cognitive effort | hypoxia | HYPOXIA | Participants performed a modified computerized version of CWST (100% incongruent) for 30 min under hypoxia. The incongruent CWST consisted of four-color words (yellow, blue, green, and red) in different font inks (yellow, blue, green, and red) that were randomly displayed on a computer screen until the participant ente... | PMC10542360 |
Transcranial direct current electrical stimulation (tDCS) | CORTEX | Two-channel battery-driven stimulators (NeuroStim 2, Medina Tebgostar, Tehran, Iran) were used to apply tDCS over the target brain areas during the 3rd to 6th experimental sessions (two devices were used). Four carbon electrodes covered by saline-soaked surface sponges (NaCl 140 mmol dissolved in Milli-Q water) were us... | PMC10542360 | |
tDCS modeling | The brain current flow during tDCS was calculated using a finite element model (FEM) following the standard pipeline in SimNIBS 4.0.0 | PMC10542360 | ||
tDCS-induced sensations and blinding assessment | Participants completed a questionnaire provided by Fertonani et al. | PMC10542360 | ||
Whole-body exhausting endurance task | hypoxia | HYPOXIA | Within the 3rd to 6th sessions, after 30 min performing CWST, followed by 20 min of tDCS, participants performed the TTE on a cycle ergometer (Cyclus 2, RBM Elektronik-Automation GmbH, Leipzig, Germany), all under hypoxia. Before TTE, participants warmed up cycling for 5 min at 45% PPO. After warming up, TTE started wi... | PMC10542360 |
HR and SpO | During the whole experimental session, HR was continuously monitored by the use of a chest strap (M430, Polar, Finland) connected to the cycle ergometer. SpO | PMC10542360 | ||
Ratings of perceived exertion | RPE, hypoxia | HYPOXIA | The 0–100 Borg scale was used to measure RPE. Participants received the instruction to report their RPE at the end of each stage and the point of exhaustion in the incremental test, and every 3 min and upon reaching the point of exhaustion in the TTE in hypoxia | PMC10542360 |
Affective responses and felt arousal | bipolar | The affective responses were reported using the Feeling Scale (FS), which is a bipolar scale comprising eleven items ranging from − 5 (very bad) to + 5 (very good), validated by Hardy and Rejeski | PMC10542360 | |
Statistical analyses | The normal distribution of each data set was evaluated by the Shapiro–Wilk normality test. Values are presented as means and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR) as stated. The Friedman test was used to compare tDCS-induced sensations, end-of-study guess rate accuracy, and active stimulation ... | PMC10542360 | ||
Acknowledgements | The authors would like to thank Iman Talebi-Rasa and Matin Etemadi for their help in data acquisition. The authors also express their sincere gratitude to the participants for their commitment to the experimental procedure. This research was conducted in the Exercise Metabolism and Performance Lab (EMPL), Faculty of Sp... | PMC10542360 | ||
Author contributions | P.B., V.T., E.A., and D.M. conceptualized and designed the study. P.B., V.T., and E.A. conducted the experiments. P.B., V.T., E.A., and D.M. participated in the formal analysis. P.B. wrote the original draft of the manuscript. V.T., E.A., and D.M. reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the fi... | PMC10542360 | ||
Funding | This research was conducted in the Exercise Metabolism and Performance Lab (EMPL), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. | PMC10542360 | ||
Data availability | The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. | PMC10542360 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10542360 | ||
References | PMC10542360 | |||
Keywords | CONTRACTION, CONTRACTIONS | Communicated by Francesco Lacquaniti.This study used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to determine if muscarinic receptor blockade affects muscle responses during voluntary contractions. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from biceps brachii in 10 subjects (age: 23 ± 2) during 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 1... | PMC10224869 | |
Introduction | gain of motor circuits, voluntary muscle contraction, muscle fatigue, voluntary muscle contractions | CONTRACTION, CORTEX | Four primary neuromodulator systems exist in the central nervous system (CNS): dopaminergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic. While there is a good understanding of how the first three systems regulate the gain of motor circuits in the CNS, our understanding of how the cholinergic system regulates the excitab... | PMC10224869 |
Methods | PMC10224869 | |||
Participants | Ten healthy individuals (mean age 23 ± 2) were involved in the study. Each participant attended two sessions spaced 10 days apart. Participants were screened using a modified medical history questionnaire that identified contraindications to promethazine, TMS, percutaneous electrical stimulation, and the exercise tasks... | PMC10224869 | ||
Compliance with ethical standards | Written and informed consent was obtained before the commencement of testing. This experiment was approved by the Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee and conformed to the standards set by the Declaration of Helsinki. | PMC10224869 | ||
Experiment design and drug administration | This study was a human, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Participants were administered either a placebo or 25 mg promethazine capsule. Promethazine was chosen for its high potency and antagonistic affects upon mAChRs (Kubo et al. | PMC10224869 | ||
Force and EMG recording | Participants were seated with their elbow flexed and held at 90° in a custom designed force transducer (Fig. Participants were seated with their arm attached to a custom designed force transducer. Biceps brachii EMG was recorded from the right limb following the administration of promethazine or a placebo ( | PMC10224869 | ||
Motor cortical stimulation | CORTEX | A circular coil with a 90 mm outside diameter was positioned over the vertex of the head and delivered single-pulse stimulations to the motor cortex via a MagStim 200 | PMC10224869 | |
Active motor threshold (AMT) | CONTRACTION | Each participant’s motor threshold was determined during light contraction of the biceps brachii. To ensure consistency between participants and between sessions, a horizontal cursor of 0.01% peak-to-peak Mmax was displayed on a monitor, and participants were required to track the cursor with their rectified biceps bra... | PMC10224869 | |
TMS stimulus–response curves | Muscle responses were obtained from the lightly contracted biceps brachii from 90% AMT to 190% AMT in 10% AMT increments in a semi-randomised protocol. Six stimulations were delivered for each of the 11 stimulator intensities, where a 20 s rest was provided between each stimulation. One participant did not reach 190% A... | PMC10224869 | ||
Contraction protocol 1: unfatigued muscle | torques | CONTRACTION, CONTRACTIONS | Participants performed 5 maximal effort contractions, where the trial that produced the largest torque was deemed the participants maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Cortical and brachial plexus stimulation was delivered during initial baseline contractions, with a minimum of 2 min rest occurring between each effort.... | PMC10224869 |
Contraction protocol 2: fatigued muscle | fatigue | CONTRACTION, CONTRACTIONS | After the unfatigued protocol was completed, a second protocol was performed that involved a fatigue-inducing sustained maximal contraction. Each participant held a maximal contraction until their force had reduced to 60% of their initial unfatigued MVC. This ensured that each trial, and each participant, had the same ... | PMC10224869 |
Data analysis | EVENT, CONTRACTION | Data were analysed using built-in functions in Spike2 v7.02a software (Cambridge Electronic Design). MEP area and Mmax area were calculated from biceps brachii EMG following cortical and brachial plexus stimulations, respectively. MEP area and Mmax area was calculated from the first deflection from baseline created by ... | PMC10224869 | |
Statistical analysis | All statistical analyses were performed in R, using RStudio (version 2022.02.0 + 443 "Prairie Trillium" release, Boston, MA) where significance level of Input–output curve for MEP area ( | PMC10224869 | ||
Results | PMC10224869 | |||
Active motor threshold and TMS stimulus–response | Promethazine did not affect AMT as there were no drug-related differences in stimulator output when MEPs were first detected in the lightly contracting muscle ( | PMC10224869 | ||
Maximal voluntary contraction torque | Promethazine did not affect maximal elbow flexion torque as there were no drug-related differences in MVC ( | PMC10224869 | ||
MEP and silent period duration during brief voluntary contractions. | CONTRACTIONS | There was no main effect of drug on MEP area during brief unfatigued voluntary contractions (Protocol 1 MEP area (There was a main effect of drug identified for the TMS-evoked SP ( | PMC10224869 | |
MEP and silent period duration following fatiguing sustained contractions | CONTRACTIONS | There was no main effect of drug on MEP area following the maximal effort sustained contractions (Protocol 2 MEP area (Unlike the unfatigued contractions, there was no main effect of the drug detected for TMS-evoked SP duration following the sustained voluntary contractions ( | PMC10224869 | |
Discussion | voluntary muscle contractions, fatigue | CONTRACTION, CONTRACTIONS | The present study assessed the effects of a potent antimuscarinic drug on MEP area and TMS-evoked SP during voluntary contractions. To achieve this, a contraction protocol was used to assess cholinergic effects during brief contractions of 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% MVC. This was followed by a second protocol that as... | PMC10224869 |
Silent period is affected by antimuscarinic activity during unfatigued voluntary contractions | voluntary muscle contractions | CONTRACTION, CONTRACTIONS | The current study revealed that SP duration shortened during voluntary muscle contractions, where the duration of TMS-evoked SP progressively reduced with an increase in contraction intensity. The relationship between SP and contraction intensity has been reported on a number of occasions, where many studies report tha... | PMC10224869 |
Antimuscarinic activity did not affect MEP area during unfatigued voluntary contractions | CONTRACTION | A hypothesis of the current study was that mAChRs would modulate MEPs. However, there were no antimuscarinic effects detected for MEP area measured during a full range of voluntary contraction intensities. While the TMS-evoked SP involved inhibitory processes that are mediated by GABA | PMC10224869 | |
The cholinergic system did not modulate MEPs or SPs under conditions of fatigue | failure of the muscle, fatigue | CONTRACTIONS | Fatigue-inducing contractions cause a reduction in the maximal force generating capacity of the muscle, where the decline in force may be due to an inability of the nervous system to activate the muscle, or a failure of the muscle itself to contract. The current study normalised the amount of fatigue that was induced f... | PMC10224869 |
Considerations | Although we have attributed our findings for the motor system to anticholinergic effects, we must acknowledge that the medication used in this study also has strong antihistaminergic effects. We have previously used single choice, and multiple choice, reaction time paradigms to demonstrate that CNS acting antihistamine... | PMC10224869 | ||
Funding | Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript. No funding was received for conducting this study. No funds, grants, or other suppor... | PMC10224869 | ||
Data availability | The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC10224869 | ||
Declarations | PMC10224869 | |||
Ethical approval | This experiment was approved by the Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee and conformed to the standards set by the Declaration of Helsinki. | PMC10224869 | ||
References | PMC10224869 | |||
Background | advanced-stage solid, tumors | GSK3368715, a first-in-class, reversible inhibitor of type I protein methyltransferases (PRMTs) demonstrated anticancer activity in preclinical studies. This Phase 1 study (NCT03666988) evaluated safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of GSK3368715 in adults with advanced-stage solid tumor... | PMC10338470 | |
Methods | TEEs | THROMBOEMBOLIC EVENT | In part 1, escalating doses of oral once-daily GSK3368715 (50, 100, and 200 mg) were evaluated. Enrollment was paused at 200 mg following a higher-than-expected incidence of thromboembolic events (TEEs) among the first 19 participants, resuming under a protocol amendment starting at 100 mg. Part 2 (to evaluate prelimin... | PMC10338470 |
Results | toxicities, tumor | PULMONARY EMBOLISM, TUMOR, DISEASE, BEST, EVENTS | Dose-limiting toxicities were reported in 3/12 (25%) patients at 200 mg. Nine of 31 (29%) patients across dose groups experienced 12 TEEs (8 grade 3 events and 1 grade 5 pulmonary embolism). Best response achieved was stable disease, occurring in 9/31 (29%) patients. Following single and repeat dosing, GSK3368715 maxim... | PMC10338470 |
Conclusion | Based on higher-than-expected incidence of TEEs, limited target engagement at lower doses, and lack of observed clinical efficacy, a risk/benefit analysis led to early study termination. | PMC10338470 | ||
Trial registration number | NCT03666988.
| PMC10338470 | ||
Subject terms | PMC10338470 | |||
Background | tumor | TUMOR | Arginine methylation is an important posttranslational modification of proteins involved in diverse cellular processes such as gene regulation, ribonucleic acid (RNA) processing, mRNA splicing, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair, and signal transduction [GSK3368715 is a potent, reversible, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-un... | PMC10338470 |
Methods | PMC10338470 | |||
Study design | This was a Phase 1, open-label study consisting of a dose escalation, followed by a planned dose-expansion cohort of oral administration of GSK3368715 conducted between October 26, 2018 and March 4, 2021 (Fig. | PMC10338470 | ||
Planned study design. | thrombosis, tumor, DLTs, toxicity, toxicities, TEEs, chemotherapy-associated venous thromboembolism, PK/PD, DLBCL, PD | THROMBOSIS, DISEASE PROGRESSION, TUMOR, THROMBOEMBOLIC EVENT, ADVERSE EVENTS, EVALUABLE, REGRESSION, DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA | DLBCL diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, PD pharmacodynamic, PK pharmacokinetic, po orally, qd once daily, RP2D recommended Phase 2 dose. Part 1 of this study included a dose-escalation cohort to assess the incidence of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and adverse events, and a PK/PD cohort to characterize the PK/PD profile... | PMC10338470 |
Study population | venous thromboembolism | Full inclusion/exclusion criteria for both parts 1 and 2 are included in Supplemental Table As mentioned above, following the study amendment, patients at high risk of venous thromboembolism as defined by either Khorana Score of ≥3, or prior medical history of venous thromboembolism, were ineligible. | PMC10338470 | |
Study assessments | tumor, Tumor, cancer, PK/PD, partial loss, PD | TUMOR, TUMOR, ADVERSE EVENT, CANCER, BLOOD | Adverse events were coded using the standard MedDRA groupings and graded according to NCI-CTCAE version 5.0. Clinical chemistry, urinalysis, and coagulation tests were performed predose on days 1, 8, 15, 22, and weekly thereafter. Tumor imaging occurred every 8 weeks until week 33, and then every 16 weeks thereafter.In... | PMC10338470 |
Statistical analyses | toxicity, tumor, DLTs, PK/PD | ADVERSE EVENT, TUMOR, BEST | The Neuenschwander Continual Reassessment Method dose-escalation design has been previously described. Briefly, the dose level with the highest posterior probability of having a DLT rate within the target toxicity range (≥16% and <33%) was recommended for the next cohort. Additionally, following the protocol amendment,... | PMC10338470 |
Results | PMC10338470 | |||
Pharmacokinetics | Following single and repeated oral administration, GSK3368715 was rapidly absorbed, with maximum plasma concentration (Two metabolites (GSK3963583, GSK3983164) rapidly formed with time to | PMC10338470 | ||
Pharmacodynamics | SE | Reduction of levels of ADMA-R225-hnRNP-A1 in PBMCs was time dependent with a mean (SE) reduction of 54.7% (6.92%) in the GSK3368715 200-mg dose group on day 15. A mean (SE) day 15 reduction of 43.1% (5.81%) was observed at 100 mg (Fig. | PMC10338470 | |
Discussion | tumor, cancers, TEEs, cancer, pleomorphic adenoma, tumors, MTAP loss | TUMOR, CANCERS, CANCER, DISEASE, ADVANCED CANCER, PERIVASCULAR EPITHELIOID CELL TUMOR, DELETION, PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA, TUMOR GROWTH, TUMORS, DISEASE CHARACTERISTIC | GSK3368715 is a first-in-class type I PRMT inhibitor that exhibited strong anticancer activity in preclinical studies. Despite this encouraging finding, and early evidence in the current study of target engagement in peripheral blood at doses of 200 mg, the study was paused due to concern over a higher-than-expected ra... | PMC10338470 |
Conclusions | TEEs, tumor, cancer | CANCER, TUMOR | Despite promising preclinical results and observed peripheral target engagement at higher doses, the incidence of TEEs, variable target engagement at the tumor level, and observed limited clinical efficacy led to early termination of this trial. It is not known whether the lack of clinical efficacy and elevated risk of... | PMC10338470 |
Supplementary information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41416-023-02276-0. | PMC10338470 | ||
Acknowledgements | HORNER, BRUCE | All listed authors meet the criteria for authorship set forth by the International Committee for Medical Journal Editors. Editorial support (Allyson Lehrman, DPM, assembling tables and figures, collating author comments, copyediting, fact checking, and referencing) and graphic services were provided by AOIC, LLC and we... | PMC10338470 | |
Author contributions | ABE-K, TN, IG-L, EC, JR, BT, PJO’D, AC, and ARAR contributed to the conception or design of the study. ABE-K, EC, JR, BT, PJO’D, AC, and ARAR contributed to the acquisition of the data. JC, TN, TC, NR, CR, PN, AT, IG-L, and AC data analysis or interpretation. ABE-K, JC, TN, TC, NR, CR, PN, AT, IG-L, EC, JR, BT, PJO’D, ... | PMC10338470 | ||
Funding | Authors who are or were employees of GSK contributed to the design of the study, analysis of the data, and in the decision to publish. Funding for this study (NCT03666988 available from | PMC10338470 | ||
Data availability | Within 6 months of this publication, anonymized individual participant data, the annotated case report form, protocol, reporting and analysis plan, dataset specifications, raw dataset, analysis-ready dataset, and clinical study report will be available for research proposals approved by an independent review committee.... | PMC10338470 | ||
Competing interests | Cancer, Oncology/Cancer | ONCOLOGY, CANCER, FOUNDER, EMD | ABE-K reports honoraria from ABL bio, Agenus, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CytomX Therapeutics, EISAI, EMD Serono, Exelixis, Gilead Sciences, Merck, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, QED Therapeutics, Roche/Genentech, SERVIER, and Tallac Therapeutics; consulting or advisory board roles with BL Bio, Agenus,... | PMC10338470 |
Ethics approval and consent to participate | Cancer | DEL, CANCER | The study was approved by the ethics committee at every participating institution [Melbourne Health Human Research Ethics Committee Parkville, Australia; University Health Network Research Ethics Board, Toronto, Canada; Comite Etico De Investigacion Clinica con medicamentos (CEIm) CEIC del Hospital Universitari Vall d’... | PMC10338470 |
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