title stringlengths 1 1.19k | keywords stringlengths 0 668 | concept stringlengths 0 909 | paragraph stringlengths 0 61.8k | PMID stringlengths 10 11 |
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Types of studies | Observational studies such as analytical cross-sectional studies, case–control studies, and longitudinal studies (e.g., cohort studies) will be included for information on factors associated with PA participation among children. We will also include experimental study designs such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs)... | PMC10134558 | ||
Conceptual framework | We hypothesize several factors’ direct and indirect effects on PA participation in children through the conceptual framework (Fig. Conceptual Framework of direct and indirect factors effecting PA participation in childrenThe social factors also play an essential role in PA participation [Policy factors are another infl... | PMC10134558 | ||
Searching for studies | We will search Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed and Web of Science, Scopus, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), The Cochrane Library (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Control... | PMC10134558 | ||
Selection of studies | Two reviewers (PS and ER) will independently screen the titles and abstracts of potential studies for eligibility based on the eligibility criteria of the review. Any disagreement at this stage will be resolved via discussion or in consultation with the third reviewer (SB). Full texts of all the included studies will b... | PMC10134558 | ||
Data management and extraction | Data will be managed using the EndNote reference manager and Microsoft Excel Office software. Data will be extracted by two review authors (PS and ER) independently by using the pre-tested data extraction sheet. All the reviewers will perform pilot testing of the data extraction sheet. Information related to bibliograp... | PMC10134558 | ||
Critical appraisal of the included studies risk of bias in individual studies | The reviewers will use the Cochrane Risk of Bias (ROB2) for assessing the quality of included RCTs [ | PMC10134558 | ||
Measure of effects | If continuous, data will be reported as mean and standard deviation with a 95% confidence interval (CI). For categorical data, estimates of odds ratio (OR) and risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI will be used for reporting.Odds ratio will be extracted and reported for observational studies where the estimation of risk is diffi... | PMC10134558 | ||
Data synthesis | PMC10134558 | |||
For primary objective | Findings of the review will be presented via “the characteristics of included studies” and “summary of findings” table (as shown in Table 0 to 40%: might not be important30 to 60%: may represent moderate heterogeneity50 to 90%: may represent substantial heterogeneity75 to 100%: considerable heterogeneityRandom effects ... | PMC10134558 | ||
For secondary objective | The primary objective findings, i.e., the factors associated with PA participation among children will be used to frame the policy and practice recommendations. The different factors for PA participation will be listed, based on our contextual framework. Additionally, a list of recommendations present in the available ... | PMC10134558 | ||
Meta-biases | Funnel plots will be used for the identification of reporting or publication bias. The identification of reporting bias will be done based on a visual assessment of the funnel plot, where a symmetrical funnel plot will be interpreted as the absence of reporting bias and an asymmetrical plot will indicate the presence o... | PMC10134558 | ||
Discussion | obesity | OBESITY, DISEASES | Physical inactivity is one of the leading risk factors for lifestyle diseases and increased morbidity worldwide. PA is a modifiable factor and increasing PA levels among children can help reduce health risk factors, promote healthy lifestyles, and improve their quality of life.In this review, we expect to identify the ... | PMC10134558 |
Acknowledgements | We would like to acknowledge the Manipal Academy of Higher Education for technological and logistic support. | PMC10134558 | ||
Authors’ contributions | PS and ER conceptualized the topic. PS, ER, and SB drafted the manuscript. PS and ER edited and finalized the final version of the manuscript. All the authors (PS, ER, SB, VK, HVB) read, provided intellectual feedback, and approved the final version of the manuscript. | PMC10134558 | ||
Funding | No financial support from any commercial or non-commercial funders was done to support this systematic review. | PMC10134558 | ||
Availability of data and materials | Data sharing is not applicable to this protocol as datasets are not generated or analysed.
| PMC10134558 | ||
Declarations | PMC10134558 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | Not applicable. | PMC10134558 | ||
Consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC10134558 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare that they have no competing interests. | PMC10134558 | ||
References | PMC10134558 | |||
1. Introduction | obesity, Obesity, weight loss, bodyweight loss | OBESITY, OBESE, OBESITY | Although bariatric surgery is known to change the metabolome, it is unclear if this is specific for the intervention or a consequence of the induced bodyweight loss. As the weight loss after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) can hardly be mimicked with an evenly effective diet in The prevalence of obesity has nearly trip... | PMC9916678 |
2. Results | PMC9916678 | |||
2.1. Participants from the WAS Trial | weight loss | Characteristics of the patient cohort at the start of the study have been described in detail previously [At 1-year follow-up patients of the RYGB-surgery group achieved a significant weight loss of −34.3% (BMI 49.1 [46–51] kg/mA total of 188 metabolites were measured in 46 serum samples at randomization and one year a... | PMC9916678 | |
2.2. Rodent Model | Characteristics of the rodent model have been described in detail previously [Further analysis of these metabolites (2 acylcarnitines, 6 amino acids, 2 biogenic amine, 3 lysoPCs, 41 PCs and 8 sphingolipids) with PCA showed that the first two components explained 74% of the variance. PC1 was mainly characterized by phos... | PMC9916678 | ||
2.3. Analysis of Overlapping Metabolomic Profiles in the Human OP and the Rat RYGB Group | Thirty-one metabolites with significant differences in both OP vs. LS and RYGB_rat vs. BWM_rat could be identified (see In terms of individual metabolites, six amino acids with a significant difference between RYGB_rat and BWM_rat were also found to be significantly different in the Analyzing the phosphatidylcholines w... | PMC9916678 | ||
3. Discussion | obesity, weight loss | OBESITY, SEPARATION | The aim of our study was to identify and characterize a comprehensive metabolomic profile, which highlights the effect of bariatric surgery on the metabolome beyond weight loss. Whereas patients of the WAS intensified lifestyle group failed to lose weight significantly, patients with bariatric surgery lost a significan... | PMC9916678 |
4. Materials and Methods | PMC9916678 | |||
4.1. Patients | OBESE | The Würzburg Adipositas Study is a randomized trial comparing the effects of RYGB vs. psychotherapy-enhanced lifestyle intervention not including calorie-limited nutrition in morbidly obese patients. Details of the design of the study are published elsewhere [ | PMC9916678 | |
4.2. Animals | As described in detail elsewhere, adult male Wistar | PMC9916678 | ||
4.3. Laboratory Measurements | In brief, serum samples from patients were obtained upon enrolment under standardized conditions. After an overnight fast, the blood was drawn from the cubital vein with a Safety-MultiflyPlasma samples from | PMC9916678 | ||
4.4. Targeted Metabolomics | Reagents, standards and controls were prepared according to manufacturer’s instructions (Biocrates UM-P180-SCIEX-13) for mass spectrometry. Analytical columns (Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 µm 2.1 mm × 75 mm, Waters) and pre-column (Acquity BEH C18 1.7 VANGUARD) from Waters (Eschborn, Germany) were used. Targeted metabolomi... | PMC9916678 | ||
4.5. Statistical Analysis | Analyses were conducted using SPSS software (PASW version 25.0, SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA), GraphPad Prism version 9.1.2 for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) and MetaboAnalyst (version 5.0, Clinical data of the WAS cohort was not normally distributed (Shapiro–Wilk test, Data in the rodent model were norm... | PMC9916678 | ||
5. Conclusions | OBESE | We analyzed the effects of surgical vs. lifestyle intervention on the serum metabolome of obese and insulin resistant | PMC9916678 | |
Supplementary Materials | The following supporting information can be downloaded at: Click here for additional data file. | PMC9916678 | ||
Author Contributions | Conceptualization, U.D., I.B. and M.F.; methodology, M.K. and I.B.; software, M.K. and U.D.; validation, U.D., M.K. and M.F.; formal analysis, I.B.; investigation, U.D.; resources, M.F., A.-C.K., C.S. and U.D.; data curation, M.K.; writing—original draft preparation, I.B.; writing—review and editing, U.D., M.F., M.K., ... | PMC9916678 | ||
Institutional Review Board Statement | The WAS study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Wuerzburg (182/08, approved on 16 December 2014). The rodent model was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the local regulatory ... | PMC9916678 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. | PMC9916678 | ||
Data Availability Statement | Data are contained within the article or | PMC9916678 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. | PMC9916678 | ||
References | Unsupervised principal component analysis of 57 significantly different metabolites between lifestyle intervention and surgery group in the WAS cohort at 1-year follow-up. The first component explains 32% of the variation, and the second component 17%. C, acylcarnitine; lysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; PC aa, phosphati... | PMC9916678 | ||
2. Materials and Methods | PMC10384820 | |||
2.1. Study Design | This was an assessor-blind three-armed randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT05680467) conducted under the supervision of the Department of Physiotherapy of the International Hellenic University during the period December 2022–March 2023. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the ... | PMC10384820 | ||
2.2. Participants | diagnosed neurodegenerative diseases, neuropathic pain, Pain, epilepsy, cancer, fracture, systemic musculoskeletal diseases, psychiatric, Parkinson’s, trauma | CANCER, NERVE ROOT COMPRESSION, DISORDERS, EPILEPSY | The inclusion criteria of the participants were (1) duration of symptoms longer than 12 weeks, (2) Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) score higher than 3 during the baseline assessment, and (3) written consent to participate in the research. The exclusion criteria of the participants were (1) neuropathic pain extending a... | PMC10384820 |
2.3. Outcome Measures | The following measurements were performed at the beginning (baseline), after two weeks, and at a one-month follow-up. Participants of both intervention groups attended a total of six sessions (three sessions per week). Each session lasted 30 min. All outcome measurements were considered primary. | PMC10384820 | ||
2.3.1. Pain with the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) | pain | The NPRS is an 11-point pain scale numbered from 0 to 10. The left end of the scale is marked 0 with the phrase “no pain at all”, while the right end is marked 10 with “worst possible pain”. Therefore, a higher value corresponds to more intense pain [ | PMC10384820 | |
2.3.2. Functional Ability with the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) | low back pain, disability | The disability of participants related to CNSLBP was evaluated with the Greek version of the Roland–Morris Questionnaire (RMDQ). The RMDQ consists of 24 questions related to daily activities that patients often report difficulty performing due to low back pain [ | PMC10384820 | |
2.3.3. Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) with Pressure Algometry | sacroiliac joints, pain | Pressure pain threshold (PPT) is defined as the minimal amount of pressure that produces pain. The PPT assessment was performed with a digital algometer (Wagner FPX 25 Digital Algometer; Wagner Instruments, Greenwich, CT, USA) bilaterally in the quadratus lumborum muscle, in the sacroiliac joints, and paravertebrally i... | PMC10384820 | |
2.3.4. Lumbo-Pelvic Region Mobility with the Fingertip-to-Floor (FTF) Test | lumbar spine flexion | Changes in the lumbar spine flexion range of motion were evaluated with the Fingertip-To-Floor (FTF) test [ | PMC10384820 | |
2.4. Experimental Protocols | PMC10384820 | |||
2.4.1. Manual Therapy (MT) Protocol | The protocol included the application of a series of MT soft tissue techniques for the lumbar area as suggested by Kaltenborn [ | PMC10384820 | ||
2.4.2. Manual Therapy with TECAR (MT + TECAR) Protocol | TECAR | The participants of this group followed the same MT protocol as the first group with the addition of high-frequency current with the WinBack—TECAR device (WINBACK 3SE, Villeneuve Loubet, France). Soft tissue mobilization manipulations were applied in combination with a capacitive conventional electrode (6 cm diameter) ... | PMC10384820 | |
2.4.3. Control | pain | Participants in this group received general instructions about managing their back pain and counseling about avoiding activities that may worsen their symptoms. | PMC10384820 | |
2.5. Sample Size Determination | A total sample size of at least 45 subjects was calculated based on an a priori power analysis (G*Power 3.0.10). As a basic prerequisite for this calculation, the power (1-β) was set at 95% and the detection of a difference in the order f = 0.5 (Cohen’s f) [ | PMC10384820 | ||
2.6. Statistical Analysis | Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Normal distribution was checked using the Shapiro–Wilk test and Q-Q and P-P plots. To analyze the data, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was conducted. The ANOVA was applied to examine the inte... | PMC10384820 | ||
3. Results | During December 2022, a total of 78 persons were screened for eligibility. Sixty of them (76.9%) met the inclusion criteria and were randomly allocated into one of the three groups ( | PMC10384820 | ||
3.1. NPRS Score | The statistical analysis revealed a significant interaction effect between “Group” and “Time” for the NPRS score in the two-way ANOVA analysis ( | PMC10384820 | ||
3.2. RMDQ Score | The statistical analysis revealed a significant interaction effect between “Group” and “Time” for the RMDQ score in the two-way ANOVA analysis ( | PMC10384820 | ||
3.3. PPT of L4-L5 Paraspinal Intervertebral Space | The statistical analysis revealed a significant interaction effect between “Group” and “Time” for the right PPT of L4-L5 paraspinal intervertebral space in the two-way ANOVA analysis ( | PMC10384820 | ||
3.4. Sacroiliac Joint PPT | The statistical analysis revealed a significant interaction effect between “Group” and “Time” for the right PPT of the sacroiliac joint in the two-way ANOVA analysis ( | PMC10384820 | ||
3.5. Quadratus Lumborum Muscle PPT | The statistical analysis revealed a significant interaction effect between “Group” and “Time” for the right quadratus lumborum muscle PPT in the two-way ANOVA analysis ( | PMC10384820 | ||
3.6. FTF Test Score | The statistical analysis revealed a significant interaction effect between “Group” and “Time” for the FTF test score in the two-way ANOVA analysis ( | PMC10384820 | ||
4. Discussion | tightness, low back pain, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, pain | HEAT, BENDING, SACROILIAC JOINT DYSFUNCTION | In our research, the same MT protocol was applied with and without the application of a TECAR high-frequency current to investigate whether the simultaneous application of the two methods could be more effective, compared to the individual application of MT, in the treatment of symptoms in people with CNSLBP. Modern TE... | PMC10384820 |
5. Conclusions | disability, pain | The application of an MT protocol with TECAR using a resistive special bracelet electrode seems to improve pain and disability further than conventional MT in individuals with CNSLBP. The positive effect seems to be due to the combination of mechanical and thermal effects offered simultaneously by the two therapeutic m... | PMC10384820 | |
Author Contributions | D.L. | Conceptualization, K.K., P.I., D.L., G.K. and T.A.; methodology, I.P.C., G.K., D.L., P.I., A.F. and G.T.; software, I.P.C., D.L., N.-M.K., A.S. and T.A.; validation, I.P.C., D.L. and G.C.; formal analysis, I.P.C., K.K. and G.T.; investigation, G.K., K.K., A.F., S.R.N. and P.I.; resources, G.K., I.P.C., D.L., P.I., K.K.... | PMC10384820 | |
Institutional Review Board Statement | The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Physiotherapy of the International Hellenic University (No. EC-06/2022). | PMC10384820 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. | PMC10384820 | ||
Data Availability Statement | The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. | PMC10384820 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC10384820 | ||
References | MT protocol with TECAR: (CONSORT flow diagram of the study.Demographic characteristics of the three groups.MT = manual therapy; MT + TECAR = manual therapy plus TECAR.The mean (SD) values of the outcome measures for each time point for the three groups. The “Group” × “Time” interaction Between-group comparison: a = Gro... | PMC10384820 | ||
1. Introduction | infection | CORONAVIRUS, INFECTION, CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019, SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME | These authors contributed equally to this work.Despite the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine-induced responses decline over time; thus, booster vaccines have been approved globally. In addition, interest in natural compounds capable of improving host immunity has increased. This study aimed to exam... | PMC10097014 |
2. Materials and Methods | PMC10097014 | |||
2.1. Study Design and Participants | This longitudinal study evaluated KRG intake’s effect on COVID-19 antibodies after vaccination in Korean adults (Clinical Research Information Service, KCT0007342). The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yongin Severance Hospital (IRB no. 9-2021-0101) and was conducted in compliance with the Declar... | PMC10097014 | ||
2.2. Study Outcomes | diabetes, psychiatric, angina, cardiovascular diseases | MALIGNANT TUMORS, DIABETES, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, STROKE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES | The inclusion criteria for this study included the following: adults aged 30 years or older, participants who had taken red ginseng for at least one month within the last month prior to vaccination (KRG group), and individuals who had not taken red ginseng for two or more months before vaccination (control group). Subj... | PMC10097014 |
2.3. Measurement of Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters | hypertension, diabetes | DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, -20 | Participants underwent five examinations: at baseline; 2, 4, and 12 weeks after their second COVID-19 vaccination, and 4 weeks after their third vaccination. At each visit, body weight, height, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded. Height and weight were obtained with subjects... | PMC10097014 |
2.4. Detection of Virus-Specific Antibodies | VIRUS | Automated ECLIA tests were performed with two types of SARS-CoV-2 antibody kits using the Cobas 8000 e801 module (Roche Diagnostics). The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay (Roche Diagnostics) uses a recombinant protein representing the nucleocapsid (NC) antigen for the qualitative detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2... | PMC10097014 | |
2.5. Statistical Analysis | Data are shown as the means ± standard deviations for continuous variables and frequency (percentage) for categorical variables. Statistical significance for differences in baseline characteristics between the KRG and control groups was analyzed using independent Longitudinal antibody data were analyzed using the linea... | PMC10097014 | ||
3. Results | A total of 350 subjects who received three COVID-19 vaccines participated in this study. Subjects were allocated to the KRG group (Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to evaluate the association of anti-N-Ab and other covariates four weeks after the first dose (baseline). Age and vitamin D level were inversely corr... | PMC10097014 | ||
4. Discussion | PROLIFERATION, INFLAMMATION | In this study, vaccine-induced humoral responses in both the KRG and control groups significantly increased two weeks after the second administration of all vaccines; then, a decrease was observed until 12 weeks or just before booster vaccination. However, after booster vaccination, humoral responses increased again; t... | PMC10097014 | |
5. Conclusions | The protection against COVID-19 tends to decline over time after vaccination. This study showed the potential of KRG for boosting immunity and helping maintain a higher vaccine-induced humoral response after COVID-19 vaccination. Further studies will be needed to explain the mechanisms of these relationships in detail. | PMC10097014 | ||
Author Contributions | Conceptualization, J.Y., B.P., H.K., S.C. and D.J.; methodology, S.C. and H.K.; formal analysis, D.J.; investigation, J.Y., B.P., H.K., S.C. and D.J.; data curation, D.J.; writing—original draft preparation, J.Y., S.C. and D.J.; writing—review and editing, J.Y. and D.J.; supervision, D.J. All authors have read and agre... | PMC10097014 | ||
Institutional Review Board Statement | The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yongin Severance Hospital (IRB No. 9-2021-0101). | PMC10097014 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. | PMC10097014 | ||
Data Availability Statement | All data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author upon proper request. | PMC10097014 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC10097014 | ||
Abstract | PMC9854322 | |||
Background | cancer | CANCER | Health literacy plays an essential role in how individuals process health information to make decisions about health behaviours including cancer screening. Research is scarce to address health literacy as a strategy to improve cancer screening participation among women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), pa... | PMC9854322 |
Aim | CERVICAL CANCER | To assess the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a health literacy‐focused intervention called CHECC‐uP—Community‐based, HEalth literacy focused intervention for Cervical Cancer control—among women living with HIV. | PMC9854322 | |
Methods | CERVICAL CANCER | We conducted a community‐based, single‐blinded randomized pilot trial. A total of 123 eligible women were enrolled and randomized to one of two conditions, control (i.e., cervical cancer brochure) or intervention (cervical cancer brochure plus 30–60 min health literacy‐focused education followed by monthly phone counse... | PMC9854322 | |
Results | All intervention participants who completed the programme would recommend the CHECC‐uP to other women living with HIV. However, adherence in the experimental conditions was low (49.6% attrition rate including 20 women who dropped out before the intervention began) due, in large part, to phone disconnection. Those who h... | PMC9854322 | ||
Conclusions | The CHECC‐uP was highly acceptable and led to improved Pap testing rates among Black women living with HIV. Future research should consider addressing social determinants of health such as phone connectivity as part of designing a retention plan targeting low‐income Black women living with HIV. | PMC9854322 | ||
Implications | The findings should be incorporated into a future intervention framework to fulfil the unmet needs of Black women living with HIV to facilitate their decision‐making about Pap test screening. | PMC9854322 | ||
Patient or Public Contribution | CERVICAL CANCER | Nineteen community members including women living with HIV along with HIV advocates and care providers participated in four focus groups to develop cervical cancer screening decision‐relevant information and the health literacy intervention. Additionally, a community advisory board was involved to provide guidance in t... | PMC9854322 | |
INTRODUCTION | cancer | CANCER, VIRUS, CERVICAL CANCER, CERVICAL CANCER | Despite considerable progress in US cancer control over the past decades, certain groups continue to experience significant health disparities. Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (WLH) experience a disproportionate cervical cancer burden because of an impaired immune response to the human papillomavir... | PMC9854322 |
METHODS | PMC9854322 | |||
Design and sample | HIV | We used a community‐based, randomized controlled trial design to pilot test the CHECC‐uP intervention compared to an educational control (Clinical Trials Registry NCT03033888). Women were recruited from inner‐city HIV clinics, community organizations serving people with HIV or a university‐based HIV/AIDS research centr... | PMC9854322 | |
Randomization and intervention | HIV, human immunodeficiency virus | CERVICAL CANCER | We used computer‐generated random numbers to randomize women to either the intervention or control arm. The control arm received an educational brochure related to cervical cancer among WLH created for the purpose of the study. Women in the intervention arm received the educational brochure plus the study intervention,... | PMC9854322 |
Procedures | CERVICAL CANCER | The Johns Hopkins Institutional Review Board approved the study protocol. Once eligible women were identified, trained research assistants scheduled a visit to obtain written informed consent and collect baseline data at several community sites (e.g., nurse‐run community health centres or community organizations servin... | PMC9854322 | |
Measures | Depressive, cancer, PHQ‐9, depressive, depression, breast and cervical cancer, Cancer | CANCER, RECRUITMENT, CERVICAL CANCER, CERVICAL CANCER, CANCER | A study questionnaire was used to collect participants sociodemographic and medical characteristics. Data regarding Pap test status were assessed via medical record review. We used several study instruments to assess changes in WLH's psychosocial outcomes: Health literacy, cancer knowledge, self‐efficacy, cultural beli... | PMC9854322 |
Statistical analyses | Analysis was performed using data from the 58 participants who completed all data points and whose Pap test status was confirmed objectively by medical records (Figure | PMC9854322 |
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