title stringlengths 1 1.19k | keywords stringlengths 0 668 | concept stringlengths 0 909 | paragraph stringlengths 0 61.8k | PMID stringlengths 10 11 |
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End point | SECONDARY | The primary endpoints included changes in MBG, SDBG, MAGE, PPGE, LAGE, MODD, TIR, breakfast AUCpp, lunch AUCpp, and dinner AUCpp readings during the screening period, lead-in period, and after 12 weeks of treatment.The secondary endpoints were changes in HbA1c, FBG, 1h-PBG, 2h-PBG, fasting blood lipids, postprandial bl... | PMC10653384 | |
Statistical method | All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0. For normally-distributed numerical variables, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare differences between groups, and paired Student’s t-tests were used before and after treatment to assess differences in intra-group outcome measures. For non-nor... | PMC10653384 | ||
Results | PMC10653384 | |||
Baseline patient characteristics | T2DM, TG, diabetes | INS, DIABETES | We included 30 patients with T2DM for whom blood glucose levels could not be successfully controlled. Of them, 10 were assigned to each of the INS, INS+Met, and INS+SZ-A groups. No significant differences were observed in the general characteristics (such as age, sex ratio, weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hi... | PMC10653384 |
General conditions at baseline and after the 12-week treatment | TG | Compared those during screening period, HbA1c and FBG in the three groups were significantly improved after 12 weeks of treatment (P<0.05), but weight changes were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Compared with those during the lead-in period, the insulin doses in the Ins+Met and Ins+SZ-A groups decreased after ... | PMC10653384 | |
Fasting and postprandial blood glucose and lipid levels after 12 weeks of treatment | TG | BLOOD | After 12 weeks of treatment, FBG and 1h-PBG levels were lower in the Ins+Met and Ins+SZ-A groups than in the Ins group (P<0.05;Fasting and Postprandial Blood Glucose and Lipid Levels After 12 Weeks of Treatment After 12 weeks of treatment, the fasting TG, 1-hour postprandial TG, 2-hour postprandial TG, and TG AUC indic... | PMC10653384 |
Continuous glucose monitoring results | No statistically significant differences were noted in terms of CGM indicators such as MBG, SDBG, LAGE, PPGE, MAGE, MODD, TIR, breakfast AUCpp, lunch AUCpp, and dinner AUCpp among the three groups during the screening and lead-in period (P>0.05). Compared to the screening period, the MBG, SDBG, LAGE, PPGE, MAGE, MODD, ... | PMC10653384 | ||
Adverse reactions | diarrhea, hypoglycemic reactions | ADVERSE REACTIONS, EVENTS, HYPOGLYCEMIC REACTIONS | After 12 weeks of treatment, there were no statistically significant changes in ALT, AST, Cr, and UA in any of the groups (P>0.05). The three treatment regimens did not show any severe hypoglycemic reactions during any of the study phases. There were no significant differences in the hypoglycemic responses of the three... | PMC10653384 |
Discussion | flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal pain, TIR, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, reduced fasting blood lipids, ’ blood glucose, abdominal distension, postprandial hyperglycemia, T2DM, diabetes | HYPERLIPIDEMIA, ASYMPTOMATIC HYPOGLYCEMIA, HYPOGLYCEMIA, HYPERGLYCEMIA, DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS, DIABETES | It is important to reach the target levels for blood glucose and HbA1c when treating patients with T2DM. Good control over blood glucose fluctuations is also important. Patients with diabetes who have similar HbA1c levels may have different blood glucose stabilities, and large blood glucose fluctuations may be associat... | PMC10653384 |
Data availability statement | The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. | PMC10653384 | ||
Ethics statement | The studies involving humans were approved by Ethics Review Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. ... | PMC10653384 | ||
Author contributions | MH, WL, HL | ZM: Writing – original draft. CX: Writing – original draft. HL: Writing – original draft. XG: Writing – original draft. XL: Writing – original draft. WL: Writing – original draft. XM: Writing – original draft. CY: Writing – original draft. MH: Writing – original draft. KZ: Writing – original draft. YH: Writing – origin... | PMC10653384 | |
Acknowledgments | The authors thank the doctors and nurses of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University. | PMC10653384 | ||
Conflict of interest | The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. | PMC10653384 | ||
Publisher’s note | All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or ... | PMC10653384 | ||
References | PMC10653384 | |||
Purpose | paraplegia, CIVD | VASODILATION, PARAPLEGIA | Communicated by George Havenith.This study examined physiological and perceptual parameters related to cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) in the fingers and toes of people with paraplegia and compared them with responses observed in able-bodied individuals. | PMC10363085 |
Methods | paraplegia | COLD, PARAPLEGIA | Seven participants with paraplegia and seven able-bodied individuals participated in a randomized matched-controlled study involving left-hand and -foot immersion in cold water (8 ± 1 °C) for 40 min during exposure to cool (16 ± 1 °C), thermoneutral (23 ± 1 °C), and hot (34 ± 1 °C) ambient conditions. | PMC10363085 |
Results | paraplegia | PARAPLEGIA | Similar CIVD occurrence was observed in the fingers in the two groups. In toes, three of the seven participants with paraplegia revealed CIVDs: one in cool, two in thermoneutral, and three in hot conditions. No able-bodied participants revealed CIVDs in cool and thermoneutral conditions, while four revealed CIVDs in ho... | PMC10363085 |
Conclusion | paraplegia, CIVD | PARAPLEGIA | Our findings demonstrated considerable inter-individual variability in CIVD responses in both the paraplegic and able-bodied groups. While we observed vasodilatory responses in the toes of participants with paraplegia that technically fulfilled the criteria for CIVD, it is unlikely that they reflect the CIVD phenomenon... | PMC10363085 |
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-023-05175-7. | PMC10363085 | ||
Keywords | Open access funding provided by HEAL-Link Greece. | PMC10363085 | ||
Introduction | CIVD, cold injury, paraplegia, heat loss | HEAT, COLD, PARAPLEGIA | Exposure to a cold stimulus causes vasoconstriction of the cutaneous vasculature to reduce heat loss (Tyler et al. It has been proposed that the purpose of the CIVD response may be cryoprotective, that is to minimize the risk of cold injury (Daanen and Ducharme The CIVD response is characterized primarily by the magnit... | PMC10363085 |
Materials and methods | PMC10363085 | |||
Experimental protocol | The study included a familiarization session and three experimental sessions. During the familiarization session, participants were informed about all data collection procedures/equipment and underwent anthropometric and body composition (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; (Lunar model DPX Madison, WI).) assessments. Th... | PMC10363085 | ||
Measurements | PAD, HEART, COLD | Gastro-intestinal (Physiological and perceptual measurements during the experimental protocolGastro-intestinal temperature (Using surgical tape (3 M Transpore Tape, 3 M Canada), six ceramic chip skin thermistors (MA-100, Thermometrics) were attached on the lower part of the pad on the 2nd finger (i.e., index finger) of... | PMC10363085 | |
Statistical analysis | The 20-s average values for Number of waves (Minimum temperature (Maximum temperature (Onset time (Peak time (Average temperature (Temperature amplitude (ΔA Shapiro–Wilks test was used to test the normality assumption in continuous variables, demonstrating that they were distributed normally. Chi-square tests were used... | PMC10363085 | ||
Results | PMC10363085 | |||
Frequency of CIVD | C)Colors, CIVD | HEAT, COLD | According to the above definition of CIVD, we observed 75 CIVDs in both groups, distributed as follows: 13 in the cool environment, 17 in the thermoneutral environment, and 45 in the hot environment (Heat map presenting the number of paraplegic and able-bodied participants that demonstrated a CIVD reaction for each min... | PMC10363085 |
Characteristics of CIVD | SD | SKIN, COLD | The characteristics of CIVD waves across groups and environments are shown in Table S1 as well as in Figs. Skin temperature in the fingers and toes as well as skin blood flow (mean ± SD) in the cool environment (16 ± 1 °C) in the two groups. The first 20 min (00:00–00:20) indicate data collected during the baseline pha... | PMC10363085 |
Physiological responses | COLD | The physiological parameters monitored during the protocol are shown in Table S2 as well as Figs. Physiological parameters (mean ± SD) during exposure to the cool environment (16 ± 1 °C) in the two groups. The first 20 min (00:00–00:20) indicate data collected during the baseline phase, the next five min (00:20–00:25) ... | PMC10363085 | |
Perceptual data | paraplegia, pain | HEAT, COLD, PARAPLEGIA | Perception of pain and distress in the hand during the cold water immersion were markedly lower for the paraplegic group (small to very large effect sizes; Table S2). Compared to the able-bodied participants, the finger tactile sensitivity of the paraplegic group tended to be higher when assessed using the Semmes–Weins... | PMC10363085 |
Discussion | paraplegia | COLD, PARAPLEGIA | The principal finding of the present study is the presence of a vasodilatory response in the fingers and toes of participants with paraplegia during immersion of the hands and feet in cold water; a response that is defined as a CIVD in able-bodied individuals. The elevations in the digit skin temperature undoubtedly re... | PMC10363085 |
Effect of paraplegia and ambient temperature on the CIVD response based on finger/toe temperature | paraplegia, CIVD | HEAT, VASODILATION, COLD, PARAPLEGIA | In able-bodied participants, immersion of the hands and feet in cold water during exposure to a hot environment elicited a CIVD response in fingers and toes. The CIVD response in the toes was absent during exposure to thermoneutral and cool ambient conditions. The participants with paraplegia showed a similar reduction... | PMC10363085 |
Effect of paraplegia and ambient temperature on skin blood flow and CIVD | cord injury, paraplegia | PARAPLEGIA | The most pertinent issues with regards to the observed indirect evidence (i.e., skin temperature) of the skin blood flow responses in the fingers and toes of participants with paraplegia are: can the responses be defined as CIVDs in the same manner as in the able-bodied population, or are these responses of a different... | PMC10363085 |
The possible implication of muscular and vascular atrophy | paraplegia | PARAPLEGIA | Compared to able-bodied individuals, participants with paraplegia demonstrated lower | PMC10363085 |
The contribution of central and peripheral mechanisms in the etiology of CIVD | paraplegia | COLD, PARAPLEGIA | The present study was designed with the view of contributing to the resolution of the issue regarding the contribution of central and peripheral (local) mechanisms in the initiation of CIVDs during immersion of either the hands or feet in cold water. We considered that our approach of comparing the CIVD response in fin... | PMC10363085 |
Limitations | paraplegia, CIVD | PARAPLEGIA | We did not monitor bladder stretching or urine production, which could have provided insightful information with regards to the unexplained fluctuations in skin temperature and blood flow of individuals with paraplegia. Also, it is important to note that we did not directly assess sympathetic vasomotor control in the f... | PMC10363085 |
Practical implications | paraplegia | DER, COLD, PARAPLEGIA | In regions with colder climates, it is often rare for individuals with paraplegia to venture outdoors during periods of extreme cold. Without feedback regarding the thermal status of their feet, they cannot appropriately behaviourally thermoregulate (i.e., adding more insulation, removing themselves from the cold, etc.... | PMC10363085 |
Conclusions | paraplegia, CIVD | COLD, PARAPLEGIA | In conclusion, our findings demonstrated considerable inter-individual variability in CIVD responses in both the paraplegic and able-bodied groups. We observed vasodilatory responses in the fingers and toes of participants with paraplegia during immersion of the hands and feet in cold water; a response that is defined ... | PMC10363085 |
Supplementary Information | Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.Supplementary file1 (PDF 303 kb) | PMC10363085 | ||
Author contributions | HAD | LT and ADF conceived and designed the research; LT, LGI and ADF performed the experiments; LT and ADF analyzed the data; LT and ADF interpreted the results of experiments; LT prepared the figures; LT, and ADF drafted the manuscript; LT, LGI, BKA, SSC, HAD, IBM, ADF edited and revised the manuscript; LT, LGI, BKA, SSC, ... | PMC10363085 | |
Funding | Open access funding provided by HEAL-Link Greece. This study received no external funding. | PMC10363085 | ||
Data availability statement | The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request. | PMC10363085 | ||
Declarations | PMC10363085 | |||
Conflict of interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC10363085 | ||
Ethical approval | The experimental protocol (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04215939) conformed to the standards set by the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Bioethics Review Board of the University of Thessaly Department of Physical Education and Sport Science (protocol no.: 1320). | PMC10363085 | ||
Informed consent | Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. | PMC10363085 | ||
Disclaimer | The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the U.S. Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Citations of commercial organizations and trade... | PMC10363085 | ||
References | PMC10363085 | |||
Abstract | PMC10655060 | |||
Aims | HF, heart failure, T2DM | HEART FAILURE, RECURRENCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (AF) | Dapagliflozin has been widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure (HF). However, data concerning the association between dapagliflozin and the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF), especially in patients following Cox-Maze IV (CMIV), are rare. We aim to explore the effect of da... | PMC10655060 |
Methods and results | The study of dapagliflozin evaluation in AF patients followed by CMIV (DETAIL-CMIV) is a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 240 AF patients who have received the CMIV procedure will be randomized into the dapagliflozin group (10 mg/day, | PMC10655060 | ||
Conclusion | T2DM | RECURRENCE | DETAIL-CMIV will determine whether the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin, added to guideline-recommended post-operative AF therapies, safely reduces the recurrence rate of AF in patients with and without T2DM or HF. | PMC10655060 |
Graphical Abstract | PMC10655060 | |||
Introduction | coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, cardiovascular adverse | HEART, CORONARY HEART DISEASE, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (AF), ARRHYTHMIA | Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia. Based on data from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), the prevalence of AF has increased three-fold over the last 50 years.A new oral hypoglycaemic drug, dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), was confirmed to reduce the risk of cardiov... | PMC10655060 |
Objectives | T2DM | RECURRENCE | Accordingly, we are conducting a randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether post-operative oral dapagliflozin can improve AF recurrence after CMIV, regardless of concomitant T2DM or HF. | PMC10655060 |
Study design | cardiac or cerebrovascular event, AF/AT, atrial flutter | ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, ATRIAL FLUTTER, ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA | This is a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The manufacturer of dapagliflozin did not provide any financial support or take part in the design of the study. This study is investigator initiated, and the study protocol was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ... | PMC10655060 |
Current status of the trial | RECRUITMENT | The study has not yet begun. The start date of recruitment is expected to be 1 September 2023, and the completion of recruitment is expected by late June 2024. | PMC10655060 | |
Patient population | cerebral apoplexy, vascular disease, hyperthyroidism, apoplexy, T2DM | HYPERTHYROIDISM, ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, APOPLEXY, VASCULAR DISEASE | Patients who were hospitalized in Beijing Anzhen Hospital for CMIV of AF were screened for inclusion with written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Patients aged 18 or older with AF undergoing first-time isolated or concomitant CMIV, regardless of concomitant T2DM or HF, were eligible for inclusion. ... | PMC10655060 |
Randomization and blinding | SEPARATION | The random allocation sequence was generated with computer-generated random numbers by the study statistician, and sequentially numbered opaque envelopes containing the treatment allocation were utilized to conceal the sequence. Participants will be randomly assigned 1:1 to dapagliflozin (10 mg once a day) or matched p... | PMC10655060 | |
Surgical procedure | RA, bipolar, transmurality | WEST, ARRESTED | All the CMIV procedures were performed under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with median sternotomy. To reduce the variation among surgeons, we require the CMIV to be performed by qualified surgeons. After the initiation of normothermic CPB, both sets of pulmonary veins are then bluntly dissected, mobilized, and encircled... | PMC10655060 |
Study intervention and background medication | Following CMIV, patients will be randomly assigned to oral dapagliflozin therapy or matched placebo in blocks of ten. Dapagliflozin will be initiated on the first morning after CMIV at a dose of 10 mg once daily until 3 months post-operation. The start date of the observation will be set as the first intervention date.... | PMC10655060 | ||
Outcome measurement | malignant arrhythmias, AF/AT, cardiovascular death, atrial tachycardia, atrial tachyarrhythmia, stroke, MACCEs, atrial flutter | STROKE, EVENTS, ATRIAL FLUTTER, ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA | Primary endpoint is any documented atrial tachyarrhythmia [AF, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia (AF/AT)] lasting 30 s following a blanking period of 3 months after CMIV.Secondary endpoints are as follows: (i) any documented atrial tachyarrhythmia [AF, (AF/AT)] at the 6-month follow-up monitoring session after CMIV;... | PMC10655060 |
Data collection | arrhythmia, arrhythmia-related | EVENTS, EVENT, ARRHYTHMIA, COMPLICATIONS | Study visits are scheduled to occur before randomization and at 3, 6, and 12 months; a detailed medical history, a routine blood pressure measurement and physical examination, laboratory testing, and 48- to 72-h Holter monitoring will be conducted at each visit. All patients with arrhythmia-related symptoms, especially... | PMC10655060 |
Adverse events monitoring and interim analysis | DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, ADVERSE EVENT, EVENTS, HYPOGLYCAEMIA | Adverse events will be constantly monitored by investigators during the process of the study through regular medical check-ups, and the details will be immediately reported to the principal investigator once an AE occurs, regardless of the causal relationship with dapagliflozin. Only serious AEs and AEs of interest or ... | PMC10655060 | |
Sample size estimation | RECURRENCE | According to our published work, the recurrence rate of AF after CMIV is 37.9% in patients without oral dapagliflozin therapy. | PMC10655060 | |
Statistical analysis | REGRESSION, EVENT, RECURRENCE | Analyses will be performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Patients who are lost or die before completing the 3-month follow-up visit will be excluded from the analysis of the primary endpoint. The proportions of patients with recurrence at follow-up in the dapagliflozin group and the placebo group will ... | PMC10655060 | |
Discussion | T2DM | RECURRENCE, EVENTS, TUMOUR NECROSIS, INFILTRATION | Dapagliflozin has emerged as a powerful agent to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with T2DM and HF. Although the mechanisms of dapagliflozin with cardiovascular events have not been fully demonstrated, studies have shown that dapagliflozin can reduce the production of the inflammatory cytokines... | PMC10655060 |
Authors’ contributions | Z.P., Y.X.Y., F.O., K.H., and X.B.Y. conducted the study, reviewed the manuscript, and contributed to the discussion. Z.P. wrote and edited the manuscript. Z.P., Y.X.Y., F.O., K.H., and X.B.Y. made substantial contributions to the conception and design and acquisition of data, drafted the article or revised it critical... | PMC10655060 | ||
Funding | None declared | PMC10655060 | ||
Data availability | All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. | PMC10655060 | ||
Clinical trial registration number | NCT05816733. | PMC10655060 | ||
Ethics approval | The study protocol was in accord with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of Beijing Anzhen Hospital (No. KS2023017). | PMC10655060 | ||
References | PMC10655060 | |||
Introduction | Assessment in the educational field commonly uses Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs), because this question type offers high reliability and easy machine-marking. However, it also allows for cueing (i.e., answering questions based on cues in the question or answer options rather than on content knowledge) and stimulates ... | PMC10348524 | ||
Methods | PMC10348524 | |||
Setting | AEES | This study was simultaneously performed in two different student cohorts (cohort 2019 and cohort 2020) using the same study design. First year students (cohort 2020) followed the fundamental course “(A) Set-up of both courses (RM and DA) with the formative exam and contents, summative exam and contents, and the Automat... | PMC10348524 | |
Formative exam | To determine reliability, discrimination, cueing effects, and students’ insights in the formative exams of the RM and DA courses, students were randomly assigned to a group starting with MCQs (RM-MCQAfter having finished the first part of the formative exam (either MCQs or VSAQs) students were asked to rate three state... | PMC10348524 | ||
Summative exam | AEES | The summative exams of RM and DA were rewritten to replace part of the MCQs with VSAQs (45 in RM and 16 in DA). For RM, this was done through rewriting existing MCQs, whereas for DA, a 2-hour workshop was organized for teachers on how to write VSAQs. Question writers in both courses received written instructions about ... | PMC10348524 | |
Statistical analysis | Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) depending on their distribution. Categorical variables are presented as number (proportion). Reliability was determined by calculating the Cronbach’s α or the VSAQs and MCQs in both formative exam formats, which is a measure... | PMC10348524 | ||
Ethical approval | This study was reviewed and approved by the Educational Research Review Board of the Leiden University Medical Center (file number: OEC/ERRB/20201208/1). | PMC10348524 | ||
Results | Of the 335 students who took the formative exam in RM, 216 students were included in our study. In DA, 159 of the 259 students who took the formative exam were included ( | PMC10348524 | ||
Reliability and discrimination | We compared the VSAQs of students starting with VSAQs with the MCQs of students starting with MCQs. This comparison reflects the results of the VSAQs and MCQs that are not influenced by prior questions. VSAQs had higher reliability compared to MCQs (Cronbach’s α 0.74 vs. 0.57 in RM; 0.87 vs. 0.83 in DA for VSAQs vs. MC... | PMC10348524 | ||
Cronbach’s alpha, average R | MCQ, multiple choice question; VSAQ, very short answer question; SD, standard deviation. | PMC10348524 | ||
Acceptability | In the initially collected data, the average reviewing time per VSAQ by one teacher in the summative exam of DA (7 VSAQs, 308 students) was 2 minutes and 20 seconds (SD 52 seconds). Additionally, on average 2 minutes and 9 seconds (SD 2 minutes and 36 seconds) were spent replying to comments and consultation of other t... | PMC10348524 | ||
Secondary outcomes | POSITIVE | Positive cueing, defined as a correctly answered MCQ with an incorrectly answered equivalent VSAQ, occurred on average more often per student in RM-VSAQ | PMC10348524 | |
Positive and negative cueing per person in MCQ | MCQ, multiple choice question; VSAQ, very short answer question; IQR, interquartile range. | PMC10348524 | ||
Positive and negative cueing per question in MCQ | MCQ, multiple choice question; VSAQ, very short answer question; IQR, interquartile range.When asked whether they found the questions easy, students who had been answering only VSAQs more often disagreed compared to students who had been answering MCQs only in the DA course (EQ2: 3, IQR 2–3 vs. 2, IQR 2–2), but student... | PMC10348524 | ||
Students’ experiences and grade estimates of the MCQs and VSAQs in the formative exam. | Distribution of the answers given to the 5-point Likert scale evaluation questions halfway through the exam after the MCQs or VSAQs and at the end of the exam; and estimates of their grade halfway through the exam in RM (A, B, C) and DA (D, E, F). | PMC10348524 | ||
Discussion | POSITIVE | In this study we aimed to externally validate the earlier results regarding reliability, discrimination, and acceptability of VSAQs compared to MCQs in a cohort of Dutch medical undergraduate students, based on earlier work by Sam The higher reliability and discrimination but lower test scores of VSAQs compared to MCQs... | PMC10348524 | |
Supporting information | PMC10348524 | |||
Median (IQR) scores of the 5-point Likert scale evaluation questions (EQ1-3 and EQ5-9) and estimated grade question (EQ4) in the formative exam. | EQ1-4 halfway of the exam after the MCQs (MCQ(DOCX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10348524 | ||
Distribution of the answers given to the 5-point Likert scale evaluation questions halfway of the formative exam after MCQs (MCQ | (DOCX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10348524 | ||
Distribution of the answers given to the 5-point Likert scale evaluation questions at the end of the formative exam. | (DOCX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10348524 | ||
Median (IQR) scores and distribution of the answers given to the 5-point Likert scale evaluation questions after the summative exam. | (DOCX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10348524 | ||
Median (IQR) scores of the 5-point Likert scale questions on constructive alignment after the summative exam (1: strongly disagree, 2: disagree, 3: neutral, 4: agree, 5: strongly agree). | (DOCX)Click here for additional data file.The authors wish to thank all members of the research group of the Centre for Innovation in Medical Education at Leiden University Medical Centre for their critical appraisal of the research protocol and all the students for their willingness to participate and valuable feedbac... | PMC10348524 | ||
References | PMC10348524 | |||
Purpose | MBC | METASTATIC BREAST CANCER | A substantial need for effective and safe treatment options is still unmet for patients with heavily pre-treated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Herein, we assessed the efficacy and safety of pyrotinib plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy in patients with heavily tr... | PMC9823079 |
Methods | BRAIN METASTASES, DISEASE | In this single-arm exploratory phase II trial, patients with HER2-positive MBC previously treated with trastuzumab plus lapatinib or pertuzumab, received pyrotinib plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) in the total population (TP). Secondary end points included PFS... | PMC9823079 |
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