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Ways of coping questionnaire (WCQ) | WCQ is an established measure based on Lazarus and Folkman’s process-oriented stress and coping theory. It was originally developed with 68 items to identify the coping strategies people use in stressful situations | PMC10050170 | ||
Multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) | MSPSS | PMC10050170 | ||
Perceived stress scale (PSS-10) | PSS-10 | PMC10050170 | ||
Spiritual well-being scale (SWBS) | SWBS | PMC10050170 | ||
Educational intervention programme | The intervention consisted of six face-to-face educational sessions held for the intervention group—which was divided into six subgroups. Each of the six weekly sessions lasted 1.5–2 h. The training programme is outlined in Table Content of educational session.All the educational content was provided to the control gro... | PMC10050170 | ||
Data analysis | In both evaluation phases, histograms and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test were first used to check the distribution and skewness of data. The dependent variables were all normally distributed, thus, chi-square, t-tests, and analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to compare the data. All analyses were performed using SPS... | PMC10050170 | ||
Discussion | DECAY | This randomized controlled trial assessed the effect of an educational intervention based on the TMSC on stress management and coping skills among industrial workers in Iran. The results suggest that the educational intervention could significantly improve coping skills strategies, spiritual well-being, and perceived s... | PMC10050170 | |
Acknowledgements | This work was supported by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences under Grant number: 98-01-04-21905. The authors would like to thank the employees for participating in the study. | PMC10050170 | ||
Author contributions | M.H.K.: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, , investigation, participant management, data assessment and curation, writing: original draft review and editing of the manuscript; F.M.: methodology, investigation, validation, data assessment and curation, writing: original draft review and editing; R.C.: methodol... | PMC10050170 | ||
Data availability | Data associated with this study is available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. | PMC10050170 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10050170 | ||
References | PMC10050170 | |||
Methods | BPD, HC | A total of 1465 mother-child dyads were included. Ultrasound based fetal anthropometric parameters which included the head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), biparietal diameter (BPD) and transcerebellar diameter (TCD) were collected at 26–28 weeks of gestation and their association wi... | PMC10745170 | |
Results | neurodevelopment impairment | Only the transcerebellar diameter z score was positively associated +0.54 units (95% CI: 0.15, 0.93) with motor composite score. When the neurodevelopment outcomes were analyzed as categorical, none of the fetal variables were associated with risk of moderate to severe neurodevelopment impairment. | PMC10745170 | |
Conclusion | The findings suggest that transcerebellar diameter could be useful for early prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood. | PMC10745170 | ||
Clinical trial registration | Clinical trial registration of Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study Clinical Trial Registry–India, #CTRI/2017/06/008908; Registered on: 23/06/2017, ( | PMC10745170 | ||
Data Availability | All relevant data are within the manuscript and its | PMC10745170 | ||
Introduction | PROLIFERATION | The largest number of under five children with impaired neurodevelopment are in sub-Saharan Africa followed by South Asia [The human brain starts developing early in pregnancy. During the second trimester, it tends to speed up with neuron proliferation axon and dendritic growth and synaptogenesis [Studies have used bir... | PMC10745170 | |
Materials and methods | PMC10745170 | |||
Study design and population | SECONDARY, DELHI | Secondary analysis of the data from a large community based randomized controlled trial (WINGS) conducted in low and middle socioeconomic urban and peri-urban population in South Delhi, India was done [Ultrasonography was done for fetal growth assessment for all pregnant women between 26–28 and 35–36 weeks of gestation... | PMC10745170 | |
Ultrasonography and neurodevelopment assessment | During pregnancy trans-abdominal ultrasounds were done in all enrolled women at one of the three designated ultrasound centers. Between 9 and 13 weeks of gestation a dating ultrasound was done to estimate gestational age. Gestational age was calculated using fetal crown-rump length (CRL). In cases where the CRL was > 9... | PMC10745170 | ||
Exposure and outcome | cognitive, motor and language domains, neurodevelopmental impairment | Exposure was defined as z scores of ultrasound based fetal anthropometric parameters collected at 26–28 weeks of gestation. We had two outcomes; the first was continuous with composite scores for cognitive, motor and language domains. For the second outcome we considered a composite score of less than 85 on BSID-III to... | PMC10745170 | |
Data collection for other variables | A detailed description of the variables on which data were collected in the primary trial along with the methods adopted has been published previously [ | PMC10745170 | ||
Statistical analysis | BPD | Baseline characteristics of the mothers and their children were presented as means along with standard deviations (SD) for continuous and proportion for categorial variables. The measurements of HC, AC, FL, and BPD were converted to gestational age adjusted z scores using INTERGROWTH 21 calculator [ | PMC10745170 | |
Ethics | DELHI | The trial was conducted according to the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. It was approved by the ethics committees of the Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (SAS/ERC/LG/2017); Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital (IEC/SJH/VMMC/PROJECT-2017/694), New Delhi; and WHO, Geneva (ERC... | PMC10745170 | |
Results | Of the 4921 pregnancies identified at second randomization of the main trial, data for ultrasound parameters at 26–28 weeks were available for 4602 women and neurodevelopment assessment at 24 months was available for 1769 mother child dyads. Data for both ultrasound at 26-28weeks and neurodevelopment assessment at 24mo... | PMC10745170 | ||
Association of fetal USG anthropometric parameters at 26–28 weeks of gestation and neurodevelopment at 24 months | TCD was positively associated with motor composite scores. Each unit increase in TCD was associated with +0.54 units (95% CI: 0.15, 0.93) increase in motor composite score ( | PMC10745170 | ||
Association between fetal ultrasonography anthropometric parameters and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months of age. | BPD, neurodevelopment impairment, HC | HC: Head circumference, AC: Abdominal circumference, FL: Femur Length, BPD: Biparietal Diameter, TCD: Trans cerebellar diameter; *Statistically significant at P<0.05When we examined the association between the fetal anthropometric variables and risk of moderate to severe neurodevelopment impairment, there were no signi... | PMC10745170 | |
Discussion | The current analysis was done to understand the association between ultrasound based fetal anthropometric parameters and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months of age. We did not find any significant association with parameters at 26–28 weeks gestation, except for a positive association of TCD with motor composite sc... | PMC10745170 | ||
Conclusion | The findings of our analysis indicate the possible usefulness of fetal ultrasound based transcerebellar diameter in the prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood. The findings also generate important questions regarding the associations particularly for the AC and the HC/AC ratio which need to be res... | PMC10745170 | ||
Supporting information | DELHI | (XLS)Click here for additional data file.We acknowledge the contribution and support of the enrolled women and their families. We are thankful to the community leaders for their cooperation and support. We also acknowledge the support of Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research and Associated Hakeem Abdul Ham... | PMC10745170 | |
Background | ICDs, PD, Parkinson’s disease | DISORDERS | Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are frequently encountered in Parkinson’s disease (PD). | PMC10511565 |
Objectives | We aimed to assess whether clonidine, an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, would improve ICDs. | PMC10511565 | ||
Methods | PD, ICDs, movement disorder | MOVEMENT DISORDER | We conducted a multicentre trial in five movement disorder departments. Patients with PD and ICDs ( | PMC10511565 |
Results | MAY | Between 15 May 2019 and 10 September 2021, 19 patients in the clonidine group and 20 patients in the placebo group were enrolled. The proportion difference of success in reducing QUIP-RS at 8 weeks, was 7% (one-sided upper 90% CI 27%) with 42.1% of success in the clonidine group and 35.0% in the placebo group. Compared... | PMC10511565 | |
Discussion | Clonidine was well tolerated but our study was not enough powerful to demonstrate significant superiority compared to placebo in reducing ICDs despite a greater reduction of total QUIP score at 8 weeks. A phase 3 study should be conducted. | PMC10511565 | ||
Trial Registration | The study was registered (NCT03552068) on clinicaltrials.gov on June 11, 2018. | PMC10511565 | ||
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-023-11814-y. | PMC10511565 | ||
Keywords | PMC10511565 | |||
Introduction | ICDs, hypersexuality, behavioural disorders, PD, Parkinson’s disease, binge eating, compulsive shopping | DYSFUNCTION, DISORDERS | Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are behavioural disorders frequently encountered in Parkinson’s disease (PD) treated by dopamine replacement therapies (DRT). The main ICDs are pathological gambling, binge eating, compulsive shopping, and hypersexuality [A recent study reported a 5‐year cumulative ICD incidence rate of... | PMC10511565 |
Patients and methods | PMC10511565 | |||
Patients | Parkinson’s, PD, movement disorder | MOVEMENT DISORDER, DISORDERS, MOVEMENT DISORDER, -20 | Patients were screened in five university hospital movement disorder departments in France (Lyon, Clermont-Ferrand, Saint Etienne, Grenoble, and Nice). We included patients diagnosed with PD at least 1 year previously and in accordance with the Movement Disorder Society criteria, who were aged [30–80] years, and who we... | PMC10511565 |
Methods | PD, Depression | Patients received oral clonidine (75 µg twice a day, a morning and an evening) or a placebo for 8 weeks without any titration. Patients were instructed not to change their PD treatment (medications and/or DBS settings) during the study and treatment was checked at each visit. Randomisation and allocation to the trial g... | PMC10511565 | |
Primary endpoint | The efficacy of the clonidine after 8 weeks of treatment was determined using the QUIP-RS. Success corresponded to a decrease of more than 3 points of the more elevated sub-score, without elevation of another sub-score of the QUIP-RS. This criterion was chosen to consider the most marked ICD for a given patient, which ... | PMC10511565 | ||
Secondary endpoints | depression | MOVEMENT DISORDER, COMPLICATIONS | Change in ICD severity was assessed by the variation of the total QUIP-RS score between baseline and week 4 and between baseline and week 8. Secondary outcomes were the changes between baseline and week 8 of the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale MDS-UPDRS part I (Non-Motor Aspects of Ex... | PMC10511565 |
Statistical analysis | The primary outcome was a reduction of QUIP-RS score between baseline and 8 weeks. We defined a success as a reduction by 3 points or more between baseline and 8 weeks of the highest QUIP-RS subscore at baseline, without any augmentation in the other QUIP-RS dimension. The minimal clinical difference was set at a 15% d... | PMC10511565 | ||
Role of the funding source | The funding sources had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The corresponding author has full access to all the data and takes final responsibility to submit for publication. | PMC10511565 | ||
Results | MAY | Between 15 May 2019 and 10 September 2021, 41 patients were screened and 39 enrolled and randomly assigned. Nineteen received clonidine and 20 placebos (ITT population). One patient in the placebo arm decided to stop the study because of a personal issue independent of ICD. 19 patients in the clonidine arm and 19 patie... | PMC10511565 | |
Primary endpoint | The difference of success rate in reducing QUIP-RS at 8 weeks, was of 7% between groups (one-sided upper 90% CI 27%), with 8/19 patients experiencing success in the clonidine group (42.1%) and 7/20 in the placebo group (35.0%) in the ITT population. In the PP population, the proportion difference was of 10% (one-sided ... | PMC10511565 | ||
Secondary endpoints | At 4 weeks, compared to patients in the placebo arm, patients receiving clonidine had a larger reduction of the mean total QUIP-RS score (7.9 versus 2.9 points). At 8 weeks, this difference became greater; 11.0 points under clonidine versus 3.6 under placebo (Fig. QUIP-RS total score at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks for plac... | PMC10511565 | ||
Adherence | Patients in the clonidine group had a good adherence monitored using capsule count; 74% of the patients received at least 75% of treatment doses for all periods between visits. | PMC10511565 | ||
Safety | ADVERSE EVENT | Overall, clonidine was well tolerated with no unexpected safety issues (Table Adverse events related to the treatment | PMC10511565 | |
Discussion | PD | CORTEX, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | This study found that clonidine was well tolerated by PD patients, and the results indicate that a phase 3 trial should be conducted. Although the rate of success was not significantly different between groups, patients receiving clonidine had a greater and faster, reduction of the total QUIP-RS score at 8 weeks; it is... | PMC10511565 |
Supplementary Information | Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.Supplementary file1 (DOCX 20 KB)Supplementary file2 (DOCX 14 KB) | PMC10511565 | ||
Author contributions | MH, TD | CL: design, execution, analysis, writing and editing of the final version of the manuscript. NT: analysis. AM: execution and editing of the final version of the manuscript. DDD: execution and editing of final version of the manuscript. CG: execution and editing of the final version of the manuscript. SM: execution and ... | PMC10511565 | |
Declarations | PMC10511565 | |||
Conflicts of interest | The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. | PMC10511565 | ||
References | PMC10511565 | |||
Background | HIV infection, sexual behaviors | STIS, HIV INFECTION, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS | Men who have sex with men (MSM) who practice chemsex have a higher likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behaviors and higher rates of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) than those who do not. | PMC9893729 |
Objective | This trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a web-based intervention in reducing the sexual harms of chemsex among MSM. | PMC9893729 | ||
Methods | sexual behaviors | SECONDARY | The study was a 2-arm, assessor-blinded, randomized, parallel-group trial with a 3-month follow-up period. The study was conducted in the year 2021 in Hong Kong. Underpinned by the theory of planned behaviors and a harm reduction approach, the intervention consisted of interactive components and knowledge-based informa... | PMC9893729 |
Results | In total, 316 MSM enrolled in the study. The intervention group demonstrated a significantly larger improvement in condom-use self-efficacy (as measured by CSES scores; time-by-group interaction: β=4.52, 95% CI 2.03-7.02; | PMC9893729 | ||
Conclusions | sexual behaviors | This study suggests that a web-based intervention with a harm reduction approach can enhance the self-efficacy of MSM in refusing risky sexual behaviors and chemsex and improve the uptake of HIV testing. We also provide initial evidence that such interventions can reduce both the intention of MSM to engage in chemsex a... | PMC9893729 | |
Trial Registration | ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN20134522; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN20134522. | PMC9893729 | ||
International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) | RR2-10.1186/s12889-021-10742-8 | PMC9893729 | ||
Introduction | sexual behaviors, MSM | STIS, HIV INFECTION, HEPATITIS C INFECTION | “Chemsex” is defined as the use of psychoactive substances before or during planned sex to facilitate, initiate, prolong, sustain, or intensify the sexual encounter [Empirical studies have reported that the practice of risky sexual behaviors is prevalent among MSM who engage in chemsex. A systematic review reported tha... | PMC9893729 |
Methods | PMC9893729 | |||
Study Design | This study was a 2-arm, assessor-blinded, randomized, parallel-group trial with a 3-month follow-up period. The trial protocol has been published [ | PMC9893729 | ||
Study Participants and Setting | The study participants were enrolled using convenience sampling from June 15, 2021, to November 5, 2021. To ensure that we could recruit the required number of study participants from diverse backgrounds, potential participants were approached using social media (eg, Instagram). Local nongovernmental organizations that... | PMC9893729 | ||
Screening, Baseline Assessment, and Randomization | An online screening questionnaire was used to screen the study participants for eligibility. Eligible participants were asked to sign an electronic consent form and use their email addresses to register for the study. They also needed to set a personal password to gain access to the study intervention. After completing... | PMC9893729 | ||
Interventions | STIS | The intervention was divided into 2 parts. The first part involved an interactive component. Enrolled participants were first invited to complete 2 quizzes to review their level of understanding of chemsex. The quizzes assessed how much the participants knew about chemsex. Each quiz contained 10 multiple-choice questio... | PMC9893729 | |
Outcomes | sexual behaviors | SECONDARY | The primary outcome was self-efficacy in refusing risky sexual behaviors and chemsex. As there was no well-established study instrument to specifically assess this primary outcome, the traditional Chinese version of the Condom Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES) [The CSES is a 14-item instrument covering 3 domains: (1) consiste... | PMC9893729 |
Sample Size | To detect a small-to-moderate between-group difference (Cohen d=0.4) in the primary outcome through an independent samples | PMC9893729 | ||
Statistical Analysis | Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the sociodemographic characteristics and study outcomes of the participants at each time point. Baseline characteristics and study outcomes (1) between the intervention and control groups and (2) between participants who completed the study and those who did not (dropouts) ... | PMC9893729 | ||
Ethics | WEST | The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (HKU/HA HKW IRB; reference number: UW 20-650). Electronic informed consent was obtained from each study participant. Study information such as aims, nature of the study, and brief overview o... | PMC9893729 | |
Results | In total, 316 participants were enrolled and randomized into intervention (n=158) and control (n=158) groups. However, 41 participants (22 participants in the intervention group and 19 participants in the control group) did not complete the follow-up survey. The overall dropout rate was 13.0%, (41/316), and there was n... | PMC9893729 | ||
Secondary Outcomes | Participants in the intervention group demonstrated significantly larger reductions in the likelihood to have engaged in chemsex in the last 3 months (time-by-group interaction: OR=0.23, 95% CI 0.10-0.53; | PMC9893729 | ||
Discussion | PMC9893729 | |||
Principal Findings | primary HIV prevention, sexual behaviors, MSM | In this randomized controlled trial, we found that a web-based intervention with a harm reduction approach could enhance the self-efficacy of MSM in refusing risky sexual behaviors and chemsex. The intervention enhanced HIV testing but had no effects on other STI testing. Importantly, we found that the intention of MSM... | PMC9893729 | |
Limitations | sexual behaviors | SECONDARY, RECRUITMENT | There are several limitations and implications for further studies. First, social media, such as Instagram, was used to recruit participants. An online screening survey and electronic consent forms were also used in this study. Participants who were not technology-savvy may thus have been excluded in the recruitment ph... | PMC9893729 |
Conclusion | AIDS, sexual behaviors | AIDS | This study suggests that a web-based intervention with a harm reduction approach can enhance the self-efficacy of MSM in refusing risky sexual behaviors and chemsex and improve HIV testing in the 3-month follow-up interview. We also provide initial evidence that such interventions can reduce both the intention of MSM t... | PMC9893729 |
Abbreviations | Condom Self-Efficacy ScaleDrug Avoidance Self-Efficacy Scalemen who have sex with menNational Health and Medical Research Councilpre-exposure prophylaxisSelf-Efficacy for Sexual Safetysexually transmitted infectionundetectable equals untransmittable | PMC9893729 | ||
Data Availability | The content of the web-based intervention, data sets generated during or analyzed during the current study, and related syntax are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC9893729 | ||
1 Introduction | Peer review is the backbone of academia. As a means of pre-publication verification of scientific works, it has been widely adopted by conferences and journals across many fields of science. In addition to being the cornerstone for the dissemination of completed research, peer review nowadays plays a crucial role in sh... | PMC10337975 | ||
1.1 Discussion stage in scientific peer review | BOIL | In many journals (e.g., Nature and PNAS) reviewers do not communicate with each other, and decisions are made by editors based on independent opinions of reviewers. In contrast, many conferences (which in computer science are considered to be a final destination for research and typically ranked higher than journals) a... | PMC10337975 | |
2 Methods | In this section, we outline the design of the experiment we conducted to investigate the research question of this paper. | PMC10337975 | ||
2.1 Setting of the experiment | The experiment was conducted in the peer-review process of ICML 2020—a flagship machine learning conference that receives thousands of paper submissions and manages a pool of thousands of reviewers. The ICML peer review is organized in a double-blind manner and, similar to most other top machine learning and artificial... | PMC10337975 | ||
Timeline of the peer-review process of typical machine learning and artificial intelligence conferences. | Upon the release of initial reviews, authors of papers have several days to write a response to reviewers, followed by the discussion stage. Finally, program chairs aggregate the results of the review process into final decisions. The duration of each stage varies across conferences, and this figure corresponds to the ... | PMC10337975 | ||
3 Results of the experiment | In this section, we present the results of the experiment. First, we empirically check whether our treatment scheme satisfies requirements formulated in Section 2. In that, we begin with some general statistics on the discussion process to check satisfaction of Requirement 2 (Section 3.1). We then discuss the efficacy ... | PMC10337975 | ||
3.1 Preliminary analysis (data to check for satisfaction of Requirement 2) | We begin with providing data-based evidence which lets us verify whether our treatment scheme satisfies Requirement 2, that is, does not introduce differences across | PMC10337975 | ||
Comparative statistics on the discussion process. | Table notes: Comparison of some discussion statistics between two groups of papers (Looking closer at the most relevant parameters, we first focus on Rows 2 and 4 of that compare mean overall scores (the overall score takes integer values from 1 to 6 where larger values indicate higher quality) given by reviewers in th... | PMC10337975 | ||
3.2 Efficacy of the intervention (data to check for satisfaction of Requirement 1) | In the previous section we confirmed that our intervention did not introduce a difference across conditions in metrics such as intensity of discussions and the population of participating reviewers. This observation suggests that our treatment scheme satisfied Requirement 2 and indicates the appropriateness of our inte... | PMC10337975 | ||
Does the intervention affect who initiates the discussion?. | Table notes: The impact of the intervention on who initiates the discussion. To compute values for Row 1, we use 1,140 papers for which (i) the discussion was initiated, and (ii) the discussion initiator was a reviewer (and not the area chair). For the last two rows, we use all papers including those with no discussion... | PMC10337975 | ||
3.3 Main causal analysis | Having confirmed that the intervention we implemented in the experiment reasonably satisfies the necessary requirements, we now continue to the analysis directly related to the research question we study in this work. Specifically, as we explained in the introduction and in Section 2, if herding behaviour exists, we ex... | PMC10337975 | ||
Does the intervention affect the outcome of the papers?. | Table notes: The impact of the intervention on the final outcome of papers. For Row 2, we use 1,140 papers for which (i) the discussion was initiated, and (ii) the discussion initiator was a reviewer (and not the area chair). For Row 4, we use papers with discussion. For all other rows, we use all papers including thos... | PMC10337975 | ||
4 Discussion | arbitrariness | Past work has documented an undue influence of the first piece of information on the final decision [In this work, we focused on the manifestation of herding effect in peer-review discussions. In future work, it is of interest to understand whether the separate cognitive biases attributed to herding behavior such as an... | PMC10337975 | |
Supporting information | PMC10337975 | |||
Caveats regarding the design and analysis of the experiment [ | (PDF)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10337975 | ||
Additional details on the experiment. | Fig 2. Timeline of the experiment. Day X is the day of the official discussion opening.(PDF)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10337975 | ||
Additional analysis. | (PDF)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10337975 |
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