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Study design and participants | This cross-sectional analysis is based on the baseline data of the “Safer Cycling in Older Age” (SiFAr) project, a parallel group, randomized controlled intervention study with a duration of 3 years aiming to improve cycle competence by a structured training program on the bicycle (June 2020- August 2022). The results ... | PMC10261245 | ||
Ethics and study registration | The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and was performed in accordance with the guidelines published in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT04362514). Written informed consent was obtained f... | PMC10261245 | ||
Data collection and measures | Baseline data collection took place between April and June in person in the study center (participants’ characteristics, functional and psychological assessments) and in the outdoor cycle course (performance in the cycle course). All test appointments were scheduled as morning sessions. Demographics, health characteris... | PMC10261245 | ||
Health and functional assessments | Functional status was evaluated with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) testing three different domains of physical function: balance (side-by-side, semi-tandem, tandem stand), usual gait speed (4 m), and strength in lower extremities (5-repetition sit-to-stand). As suggested by Guralnik et al. [ | PMC10261245 | ||
Cycling skills assessment | Cycling performance was tested in a standardized cycle course with 7 tasks in the order specified (slalom, slow cycling, dismounting into a hula hoop and getting on the bicycle on both sides, cycling through a narrow alley, turning to the off-side, precise braking). Detailed description of the cycling course can be fou... | PMC10261245 | ||
Statistical analysis | Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Version 28 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Chigaco, IL, USA).Participants’ characteristics are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR) for continuous variables as they were not normally distributed. Dichotomous and categorical variables are shown as absolute numbers and per... | PMC10261245 | ||
Results | PMC10261245 | |||
Limitations in cycling skills | With the exception of As a sub analyses, we investigated via Chi-square tests whether the use of compensatory cycling strategies differed between women and men (see Fig. Use of compensatory cycling skills in women and men Descriptively, women seem to use all compensatory strategies more often men. However, if tested, s... | PMC10261245 | ||
Acknowledgements | This paper is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for obtaining the degree Dr. rer. biol. hum. (PhD in human biology) for the primary author. | PMC10261245 | ||
Author contributions | V.K., H.M.S, S.K., R.K., C.C.S. and E.F. conceived and designed the trial. V.K., H.M.S. and S.K. conceptualized the manuscript. V.K. and S.K. wrote the paper and H.M.S, R.K., C.C.S., E.F. revised it critically. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. | PMC10261245 | ||
Funding | Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This work was funded by a German non-profit foundation (ADAC Stiftung). The funding organization provides the budget for the project and controls that the received money is solely used for the study. Besides this, it has no further role and does not act as a sp... | PMC10261245 | ||
Data Availability | The datasets used and/or analysed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC10261245 | ||
Declarations | PMC10261245 | |||
Conflict of interest | All other authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC10261245 | ||
Ethical approval | The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the ethical committee of the local university and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. This study was approved by the Friedrich-Alexander-Un... | PMC10261245 | ||
Informed consent | All participants provided informed consent prior to their participation. | PMC10261245 | ||
References | PMC10261245 | |||
1. Introduction | cancer, deaths, breast cancer | CANCER, BREAST CANCER | Soy intake is associated with lower breast cancer risk in observational studies concerning Asian women, however, no randomized controlled trials (RCT) have been conducted among Asian women living in Asia. This three-armed RCT assessed the effects of one-year soy isoflavone (ISF) intervention on mammographic density (MD... | PMC9862880 |
2. Materials and Methods | PMC9862880 | |||
2.1. Study Participants | RECRUITMENT | The Malaysian Soy and Mammographic Density (MiSo) Study is a three-armed, randomized controlled trial with no blinding and no placebo control. Peri- and postmenopausal Malaysian women between 45 and 65 years old were invited to participate in the trial between November 2018 and December 2019 at a private tertiary hospi... | PMC9862880 | |
2.2. Data Collection | A structured questionnaire was used to collect information about participant characteristics at enrolment, including socio-demographic profiles, reproductive factors, physical activity, and medical history. The questions were adapted from a questionnaire previously used in this study population, as described elsewhere ... | PMC9862880 | ||
2.3. Intervention and Compliance | Women in the ISF supplement arm were asked to consume 2 soy ISF supplement tablets once daily. Each tablet of the supplement contained 125 mg of soybean (Glycine max) standardized extract that delivered 50 mg of ISFs (consisting of 92% daidzein and 8% genistein in aglycone weight). Women in the ISF diet arm were asked ... | PMC9862880 | ||
2.4. Outcome Measurements | The primary outcome in this trial was change in mammographic density (MD) over the study period. Mammography was conducted at enrolment and at Month 12 at the study site, using a single full-field digital mammography machine (Hologic Selenia Mammography System, Hologic Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA). MD was estimated from... | PMC9862880 | ||
2.5. Statistical Analysis | within-women | Sample size calculations estimated that a total enrolment of 228 women (76 per arm) were required to detect a 2.5% difference in percent density change between any two arms at 80% power and considering a 5.0% standard deviation [Standard descriptive statistics were used to describe differences across the study arms. Fi... | PMC9862880 | |
3. Results | PMC9862880 | |||
3.1. Follow Up during the Study Period | breast cancer | BREAST CANCER | In this randomized controlled trial to investigate the association between soy isoflavone intake and mammographic density as a biomarker of breast cancer risk, 118 women were enrolled and randomized into three study arms (Up to 23% of women were lost in follow up (Importantly, the women who completed the study were sim... | PMC9862880 |
3.2. Description of Participants in the Primary Analysis | obese or overweight | BREAST CANCER | A total of 90 women were included in the primary analysis (Twelve percent of women reported at least one first degree family member with breast cancer. For many women (65.6%), their last mammogram was more than 2 years ago. Four women reported that this was their first mammogram. Forty-one percent of women were obese o... | PMC9862880 |
3.3. Change in Mammographic Density over the Study Period | Women in the ISF Supplement arm appeared to have a larger absolute decline in dense area over time, by 1.3 cmWe conducted several sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of our observations. First, limiting the analysis to those who were compliant to the intervention (per-protocol analysis) did not improve the asso... | PMC9862880 | ||
3.4. Changes in Mammographic Density over Time | We observed that the decline in MD prior to the intervention, over an average of 5–7 years, appeared to be greater for women in the control arm (−9.4 cm | PMC9862880 | ||
3.5. Adverse Events | ADVERSE EVENT | Of the 118 participants who were enrolled and randomized, 62.7% reported at least one adverse event during the study period ( | PMC9862880 | |
4. Discussion | within-women, breast cancer | BREAST CANCER | In a randomized controlled trial of 90 healthy peri- and postmenopausal Malaysian women, we found no statistically significant differences in annual MD change for women with or without the soy isoflavone intervention. However, we found that high soy isoflavone intake may benefit women who are perimenopausal or recently... | PMC9862880 |
5. Conclusions | breast cancer | BREAST CANCER | We demonstrate a plausible causal association between soy isoflavone intake and mammographic density change, as a biomarker of breast cancer risk, among Asian women around or soon after menopause. However, due to the limited sample size in this trial, the findings should be interpreted with caution and require confirma... | PMC9862880 |
Supplementary Materials | The following supporting information can be downloaded at: Click here for additional data file. | PMC9862880 | ||
Author Contributions | P.H. | Conceptualization and methodology: N.R., E.L.M.H., C.H.Y., N.A.M.T., G.L.K., W.K.H., P.H., and S.H.T.; data curation, project administration, and investigation, N.R., B.Y., S.M., L.M.T., H.S., C.H.Y., and E.L.M.H.; formal analysis and validation, N.R., B.Y., S.M., M.E., E.L.M.H., C.H.Y., N.A.M.T., G.L.K., W.K.H., P.H.,... | PMC9862880 | |
Institutional Review Board Statement | All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committees and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study protocol and source documents were approved by the Ramsay Sim... | PMC9862880 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to any study procedures. | PMC9862880 | ||
Data Availability Statement | Data can be made available upon reasonable request. | PMC9862880 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC9862880 | ||
ABSTRACT | PMC10089046 | |||
Introduction: | ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction is frequently thought to be caused by incomplete blockage of the culprit artery, whereas ST elevation myocardial infarction is frequently thought to be caused by total occlusion of the culprit artery. The objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of occluded coronary a... | PMC10089046 | |
Methods: | -11, COMPLICATIONS | A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients in a tertiary care centre from 22 June 2020 to 21 June 2021 after taking ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee [Reference number: 4271 (6-11) E2 076/077]. A total of 196 patients were included in t... | PMC10089046 | |
Results: | Among 126 non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients included in the study, the prevalence of occluded coronary artery was 41 (32.54%) (24.36-40.72, 95% Confidence Interval). | PMC10089046 | ||
Conclusions: | The prevalence of occluded coronary arteries was similar to the studies done in similar settings. | PMC10089046 | ||
Keywords | PMC10089046 | |||
INTRODUCTION | NSTEMI | Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) is frequently thought to be caused by incomplete blockage of the culprit artery, whereas STEMI is frequently thought to be caused by total occlusion of the culprit artery.The objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of occluded coronary arteries among non-ST ... | PMC10089046 | |
METHODS | TIMI, NSTEMI, Major branch occlusion, ST-elevation myocardial infarction, stenosis | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, LBBB, -11, LEFT BRANCH BUNDLE BLOCK, STENOSIS, COMPLICATIONS, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE | This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary hospital of Manmohan cardiothoracic vascular and transplant centre (MCVTC) with a primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) facility.The patients with ages greater than 18 years old and NSTEMI who underwent coronary angiography from 22 June 202... | PMC10089046 |
RESULTS | OCA, NSTEMI | DYSLIPIDEMIA | A total of 126 patients were included with the diagnosis of NSTEMI who underwent coronary angiography during the study period. Among 126 NSTEMI patients, the prevalence of occluded coronary arteries (OCA) was 41 (32.54%) (24.36-40.72, 95% CI). However, in patients with OCA, there was female predominance. The mean age o... | PMC10089046 |
Baseline characteristics of the study population (n= 41). | OCA, Heart failure, NSTEMI | HEART FAILURE, COMPLICATIONS | The mean level of Troponin I was 6.59±12.58. Heart failure developed in 17 (41.46%) of NSTEMI patients with occluded arteries. The in-hospital mortality was 1(2.44%) patient with OCA and the baseline laboratory results and complications developed among patients ( | PMC10089046 |
Biochemical characteristics and in-hospital complications in patients with NSTEMI (n= 41). | TVD, NSTEMI | TVD was also the predominant lesion in NSTEMI with the occluded artery 18 (43.90%). In overall NSTEMI patients culprit artery was as follows: circumflex branch of left coronary artery (LCX) 20 (48.78%), RCA 6 (14.63%) ( | PMC10089046 | |
Coronary angiography and interventions in patients with NSTEMI (n= 41). | PMC10089046 | |||
DISCUSSION | OCA, NSTEMI, CAD, infarct, dyslipidemia | DIABETES MELLITUS, HYPERTENSION, INFARCT, CAD, DYSLIPIDEMIA | In this study out of 126 patients, 32.50% were NSTEMI with occluded coronary arteries while 67.5% were NSTEMI with non-occluded coronary arteries.In our study, 32.50% of NSTEMI patients had occluded coronary arteries which were similar to previously conducted studies.There was male predominance (59.5%) in our study pre... | PMC10089046 |
CONCLUSIONS | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | The prevalence of occluded coronary arteries was similar to the studies done in similar settings. There is as yet no reliable tool to identify this group of patients before performing angiography. These patients have similar presentations and angiographic findings as ST-segment Elevation myocardial infarction. So wheth... | PMC10089046 | |
Conflict of Interest | PMC10089046 | |||
REFERENCES | PMC10089046 | |||
Subject terms | DH.Dentin hypersensitivity, DH, pain | COMMON COLD, COLD, DENTIN HYPERSENSITIVITY | The 4-week double-blind clinical trial to manage dentin hypersensitivity (DH) using different desensitizing toothpastes was conducted. 53 participants with DH were enrolled in this trial. The participants were randomized into 3 groups: Group N; no active ingredient-containing toothpaste (Pleasia fluoride-free), Group S... | PMC10066268 |
Methods | The participants were randomly grouped as: (1) Group N; no active ingredient-containing toothpaste as negative control (Pleasia fluoride-free; Amorepacific, Seoul, Korea), (2) Group SC; a commercially available toothpaste containing strontium chloride (Sensodyne Original; GlaxoSmithKline, Brendtford, UK), (3) Group TP;... | PMC10066268 | ||
Sample size determination | The sample size was determined according to the previous trials using G Power | PMC10066268 | ||
Inclusion and exclusion criteria | A total of 112 patients volunteered to participate in this study. Prior to enrollment in the clinical trial, a survey was conducted to identify DH, and participants who did not meet the criteria were excluded. Initially, 78 participants (age, 18–65 y) were enrolled and underwent a primary screening assessment prior to ... | PMC10066268 | ||
Randomization | HYPERSENSITIVITY | Participants were assigned to each experimental group using a block randomization scheme stratified according to the severity of hypersensitivity. Severity was determined by the average Schiff sensitivity score (mild, 1.167–1.5; moderate: 1.57–1.857, severe: 1.9–2.625) during the screening session. Finally, the 53 part... | PMC10066268 | |
Clinical assessment | JJ | COLD | Patients were assessed at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks. The assessment was conducted by three authors of the study (JJ, HK and DK). At each assessment, the tooth surface was exposed to three different stimuli: air-blast, cold, and application of an acidic solution. Each stimulus was applied according to a standardized... | PMC10066268 |
(1) Air-blast | Air was delivered from a standard dental unit air syringe at a distance of approximate 1 cm for 5 s at an operating temperature of 23 °C (±4 °C), directed at the exposed buccal surface of the hypersensitive tooth. The Schiff sensitivity score was used to assess the subject’s response to this stimulus, as follows0 = Sub... | PMC10066268 | ||
(2) Cold | RITTER, COLD | Thermal stimuli from the microbrush sprayed immediately with ethyl chloride ice spray (Walter Ritter, Hamburg, Germany) were applied for 1 s to the teeth that had already been tested for air-blast and scored equal to or greater than 1. The Schiff sensitivity score was used to assess the subjects’ response to cold stimu... | PMC10066268 | |
(3) Acid | COLD | A 20% lemon solution (Fior di Limone; Ital Lemon SPA, Lodi, Italy) was used as the acidic stimulus to assess the DH. The solution was applied for 3 s to the identified tooth surface that had already been tested with air-blast and cold using a microbrush at room temperature and scored using Schiff’s sensitivity score. | PMC10066268 | |
(4) VAS | At every visit, participants rated subjective DH of the entire dentition based on VAS, with 0, “None” and 10, “Extremely severe” during the usage of their respective toothpastes. VAS scores were recorded in a case record. | PMC10066268 | ||
Safety report | Visual soft-and hard-tissue | ADVERSE EVENTS, CAVITY | Each participant was interviewed regarding the adverse events at each visit. Visual soft-and hard-tissue examinations of the oral cavity were performed at every visit to assess the safety of the products. Spontaneous reports of adverse events were also recorded. | PMC10066268 |
Statistical analyses | tooth | COLD | The primary outcomes for this study were the Schiff sensitivity scores for air, cold, and acidic stimuli and VAS scores at baseline (0) and at 2 and 4 weeks. For each test group, the Schiff sensitivity score for each stimulus modality was calculated for each patient and tooth at each assessment. Descriptive statistics ... | PMC10066268 |
Ethics approval | All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This research was performed and reported according to... | PMC10066268 | ||
Consent to participate and publish | Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. | PMC10066268 | ||
Results | PMC10066268 | |||
Baseline summary | ALLERGIC REACTIONS | Of the 53 participants enrolled in the study, 2 dropped out due to loss of contact and insistence on allergic reactions; hence, 51 participants completed the study. The study population had a mean age of 32.08 y and a range of 22–65 y. Patient demographics are displayed in Table | PMC10066268 | |
Efficacy assessment | tooth | COLD | This study was sufficiently powered (1-β = 0.94) to demonstrate the clinical equivalence of group SC and TP. They were significantly different from group N in the aspect of the reduction of Schiff sensitivity score. A mixed-effects model was used for statistical analysis with adjustments for age, sex, and tooth positio... | PMC10066268 |
(1) Air-blast | The reduction in air Schiff sensitivity scores of Group TP at 4 weeks from baseline was significantly greater than the reduction in scores of group N (p = 0.0002) (Table Statistics of the Schiff sensitivity score and post-hoc analysis of the mixed effect model for repeated data [mixed effect model; LS mean and 95% CI].... | PMC10066268 | ||
(2) Cold | COLD | The Group TP exhibited a significantly higher efficacy of desensitization to cold stimuli than the N group (p = 0.0205). There was no significant difference between Groups TP and SC (p = 0.6944) and Groups SC and N (p = 0.4782). | PMC10066268 | |
(3) Acid | There were no significant differences among the three groups in terms of the alleviating effects of acidic sensitivity. However, for acidic stimuli, all groups showed a time-dependent decrease in the Schiff sensitivity score from baseline (2 weeks, p = 0.0159; 4 weeks, p < 0.0001). | PMC10066268 | ||
(4) VAS | The mean VAS scores at each follow-up are shown in Table | PMC10066268 | ||
Safety reports | allergic lesion, aphthous, traumatic | Over the 4-week follow-up period, soft tissue abnormalities which was not presented at baseline were reported by one participant in group SC. After thorough clinical examination and photographic evaluation, the patient consulted a specialist in oral internal medicine. The lesion was localized on the right side of the t... | PMC10066268 | |
Discussion | COLD, TOOTH SENSITIVITY | To relieve DH, various desensitizing modalities have been used at home or professionally applied. Toothpaste is an important agent for the relief of DH. The first desensitizing toothpastes claimed to either occlude dentinal tubules (those that contained strontium salts and fluorides) or destroy vital components within ... | PMC10066268 | |
Acknowledgements | This study was funded from Osstem Implant Co., LTD (Seoul, Korea). The author would like to thank to Dr. Su-Jin Jung, statistician of Kyung Hee Medical Center, for analyzing the statistics of this study. | PMC10066268 | ||
Author contributions | All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collections were performed by J.-H. J., H.-J. K. and D.-S. K. Data analysis was performed by S. O. The first draft of the manuscript was written by J.-H. J. and S. O. and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and a... | PMC10066268 | ||
Data availability | The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in patients’ records attending the Conservative Dentistry Department, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital. The datasets used and/or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request and also with the p... | PMC10066268 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10066268 | ||
References | PMC10066268 | |||
Subject terms | BLOOD | Although weekend recovery sleep is common, the physiological responses to weekend recovery sleep are not fully elucidated. Identifying molecular biomarkers that represent adequate versus insufficient sleep could help advance our understanding of weekend recovery sleep. Here, we identified potential molecular biomarkers... | PMC10689438 | |
Introduction | SECONDARY | In the United States, more than one-third of adults report sleeping less than the recommended seven hours per night and 30% report sleeping less than six hours per nightRecent advances in machine learning and omics technologies, including metabolomics, have enhanced the biomarker discovery and development pipeline and ... | PMC10689438 | |
Materials and methods | PMC10689438 | |||
Participants | All study procedures were approved by the Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board (IRB), and the University of Colorado Boulder IRB, and were conducted in accordance to the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants signed the informed consent prior to ini... | PMC10689438 | ||
Untargeted metabolomics | Methods for sample preparation, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and data extraction were conducted similar to our previous work and described in Supplementary Material | PMC10689438 | ||
Compound annotation | First, for all compounds in the dataset we used Mass Profiler Professional (v.B.14.5; Agilent Technologies, Inc.) to putatively annotate common chemical names based on mass and isotope ratios with an error window of < 10 ppm. In this workflow, compounds are first searched against an in-house database of authentic stand... | PMC10689438 | ||
Compound selection for biomarker model development | We detected a total of 3596 compounds. To identify the compounds that most effectively distinguish between the CON (9h per night sleep opportunities) versus SR (5h per night sleep opportunities) groups, we applied a random forest (RF) algorithm. We chose RF for its ability to handle and integrate such a high number of ... | PMC10689438 | ||
Biomarker model building | Machine learning models perform differently based on the dataset and datatype they are applied toSchematic representation of the workflow used for biomarker algorithm development. Black sample indicators represent the CON group. Red sample indicators represent the SR group. Blue sample indicators represent the WR group... | PMC10689438 | ||
Performance metrics for biomarker models | Our objective was to build a balanced model capable of effectively distinguishing samples from participants in the SR group versus the CON group. Given the early stage of this research, we aimed for a model that equally prioritized sensitivity and specificity, which helps minimize bias from unbalanced sample sizes. A c... | PMC10689438 | ||
Machine learning voting ensemble | Prior data shows combining machine learning models, called ensemble methods, can produce better classifiers than single models and their use in biomedical science is increasing | PMC10689438 | ||
Biomarker model testing in the weekend recovery group | Because the ensemble method produced the highest overall G-Mean, it was used to classify the WR samples (Fig. WR samples classification by a voting ensemble algorithm. WR, insufficient sleep with weekend recovery sleep group; ML, machine learning; WR-Adequate, samples from WR group scored as adequate sleep by ML ensemb... | PMC10689438 | ||
Results | INSULIN SENSITIVITY | The published primary findings from this study were focused on the effect of weekend recovery sleep on metabolic health outcomes including insulin sensitivity | PMC10689438 | |
Top 25 compounds that differentiate adequate versus insufficient sleep | Out of the top 25 compounds identified as most important to differentiate samples from the CON group versus SR group (Fig. Principal Components Analysis of the SR and CON samples using the top 25 compounds. (The loadings plot (Fig. | PMC10689438 | ||
Biomarker model performance | G-mean values, sensitivity, and specificity from the 8 machine learning algorithms are represented in Fig. G-mean, sensitivity and specificity for each machine learning algorithm trained and tested on sample from the CON and SR groups.The four algorithms with the highest G-means (glmnet, knn, rf, svm) were selected to ... | PMC10689438 | ||
Classification of samples from the WR group | When the ensemble algorithm was applied to samples from the WR group, 22 (55%) samples were classified as adequate sleep (WR-ADEQUATE) and 18 (45%) samples were classified as insufficient sleep (WR-INSUFFICIENT).The PCA representation (Fig. Principal component analysis of the CON, SR, and WR samples. The color of sampl... | PMC10689438 | ||
Discussion | We used data from a rigorous randomized controlled trial to determine if a blood metabolomics-based biomarker can distinguish between participants that received a week of adequate sleep versus a week of insufficient sleep. We also examined the impact of a weekend of recovery sleep on our top-performing biomarker. Our f... | PMC10689438 | ||
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-023-48208-z. | PMC10689438 | ||
Acknowledgements | WRIGHT | We thank the study participants, the University Colorado Boulder Clinical Translational Research Center staff, and B. Smith, B. Brainard, B. Griffin, T. Dear, A. McHill, T. Moehlman, E. Stothard, and G. Wright, for study assistance. | PMC10689438 |
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