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[ "All RNA viruses use their own RNA replicase enzymes to create copies of their genomes .", "All RNA viruses use their own RNA replicase enzymes to create copies of their genomes .79 DNA viruses The genome replication of most DNA viruses takes place in the cell 's nucleus ." ]
[ "An enormous variety of genomic structures can be seen among viral species ; as a group , they contain more structural genomic diversity than plants , animals , archaea , or bacteria .", "As a group they contain more structural genomic diversity than plants , animals , archaea , or bacteria ." ]
[ "When the adaptive immune system of a vertebrate encounters a virus , it produces specific antibodies that bind to the virus and often render it non-infectious .", "When it meets a virus , it produces specific antibodies that bind to the virus and render it non-infectious ." ]
[ "Rotaviruses have evolved to avoid this defense mechanism by not uncoating fully inside the cell , and releasing newly produced mRNA through pores in the particle 's inner capsid .", "Rotaviruses avoid this by not uncoating fully inside the cell and by releasing newly produced mRNA through pores in the particle '...
[ "This comprises cells and other mechanisms that defend the host from infection in a non-specific manner .", "This has cells and other mechanisms which defend the host from any infection ." ]
[ "Plant viruses tend to have single-stranded RNA genomes and bacteriophages tend to have double-stranded DNA genomes .", "Plant viruses tend to have single-stranded RNA genomes and bacteriophages tend to have double-stranded DNA genomes .96 \\ / 99 Viral populations do not grow through cell division , because they...
[ "Reverse transcribing viruses with RNA genomes ( retroviruses ) , use a DNA intermediate to replicate , whereas those with DNA genomes ( pararetroviruses ) use an RNA intermediate during genome replication .", "Those with DNA genomes ( pararetroviruses ) use an RNA intermediate during genome replication ." ]
[ "In eukaryotes the viral genome must cross the cell 's nuclear membrane to access this machinery , while in bacteria it need only enter the cell .", "In eukaryotes the viral genome must cross the cell 's nuclear membrane to access this machinery , while in bacteria it need only enter the cell .5478 Reverse transc...
[ "A second defense of vertebrates against viruses is called cell-mediated immunity and involves immune cells known as T cells .", "It involves immune cells known as T cells ." ]
[ "When such a virus infects a cell , it releases its RNA molecule or molecules , which immediately bind to a protein complex called a dicer that cuts the RNA into smaller pieces .", "When such a virus infects a cell , it releases its RNA molecule ." ]
[ "Viruses can have a lipid `` envelope '' derived from the host cell membrane .", "A virus has a simple structure ." ]
[ "The genetic material within virus particles , and the method by which the material is replicated , varies considerably between different types of viruses .", "The life cycle of viruses differs greatly between species but there are six basic stages in the life cycle of viruses :75 \\ / 91 The genetic material wit...
[ "This means that the cells of the innate system recognize , and respond to , pathogens in a generic way , but , unlike the adaptive immune system , it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host .", "The cells of the innate system recognize , and respond to , pathogens in a general way ." ]
[ "A virus has either a DNA or an RNA genome and is called a DNA virus or an RNA virus , respectively .", "There are millions of different types of viruses , but only about 5,000 of them have been described in detail .49 A virus has either RNA or DNA genes and is called an RNA virus or a DNA virus respectively ." ]
[ "Examples of the second type are the Hepadnaviridae , which includes Hepatitis B virus .", "Examples of the second type are the Hepadnaviridae , which includes Hepatitis B virus .88 \\ / 9 The body 's first line of defense against viruses is the innate immune system ." ]
[ "Other viruses , called neurotropic viruses , are disseminated by neural spread where the immune system may be unable to reach them .", "Other viruses , called neurotropic viruses , move along nerves to places the immune system can not reach ." ]
[ "Bacteria , like plants , have strong cell walls that a virus must breach to infect the cell .", "The viruses are released and are then able to infect other cells ." ]
[ "Such financing can be used to pay for a house , send a child to college , or pay off one 's debts .", "Such financing can be used to pay for a house , send a child to college , or pay debts ." ]
[ "Such financing will need the approval of a judge and the insurance company .", "Such financing need to be approved by judge and the insurance company ." ]
[ "Basically , such companies allow one to switch , for example , a structured settlement payment of over 20 years to one ( lesser-valued ) payment now .", "Basically such companies allow person to switch 20 yearly payments over 20 years to 1 instant payment of lower value ." ]
[ "Structured settlement payments are sometimes called periodic payments and when incorporated into a trial judgment is called a `` periodic payment judgment . ''", "Structured Settlements and Periodic Payment Judgements ." ]
[ "Federal structured settlement laws include sections of the ( federal ) Internal Revenue Code .", "Structured Settlement is being regulated by law in the section of Internal Revenue Code ." ]
[ "§ 47-18-2601 A purchaser of a structured settlement is an individual or company who buys a pre-existing structured settlement .", "However there are companies offering to buy such a structured settlement for upfront money ." ]
[ "The Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media has been awarded since 1988 and is awarded to songs written for films , television , video games or other visual media .", "The Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media has been awarded since 1988 ." ]
[ "In 1991 , the French government decided to create `` French Poles of Research and Higher Education '' .", "In 1991 , the French government decided to create the `` French Poles of Research and Higher Education '' ." ]
[ "It gathers 21 public universities , Grandes Écoles and National Research Center , covering nearly the whole spectrum of sciences ( fundamental , engineering , business ) .", "It groups 21 public universities and the national research center ." ]
[ "One of Pollard 's attempts to advertise his stallion involved letting one of his ranch hands take the horse to a local jackpot roping .", "One of Pollard 's attempts to advertise his stallion involved letting one of his ranch hands take the stallion to a local jackpot roping ." ]
[ "Five of Lightning Bar 's foals earned AQHA Championships : Cactus Comet , Crash Bang , Lightning Rey , Pana Bar and Relampago Bar ; Lightning Rey earned a Supreme Championship .", "Five of Lightning Bar 's foals earned AQHA Championships : Cactus Comet , Crash Bang , Lightning Rey , Pana Bar and Relampago Bar ."...
[ "Another time , Pollard remarked that `` Someone once said that a man deserves one good woman and one good dog in his lifetime .", "Another time , Pollard said that `` Someone once said that a man deserves one good woman and one good dog in his lifetime ." ]
[ "Lightning Bar was sired by Three Bars , a Thoroughbred stallion later inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame .", "He was fathered by Three Bars , a Thoroughbred stallion later inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame ." ]
[ "Two stakes races were run in Lightning Bar 's memory , the first at Los Alamitos Race track in California for one year in 1961 .", "Two stakes races were run in his memory , the first one at Los Alamitos Racetrack for one year in 1961 ." ]
[ "His most famous son was Doc Bar , who was also inducted into the Hall of Fame .", "Lightning Bar 's most famous son was Doc Bar , who also was inducted into the Hall of Fame ." ]
[ "When Lightning Bar was about five days old Pollard was afraid that he had leg problems and was buck-kneed , and considered putting the colt to sleep .", "When Lightning Bar was about 5 days old , Pollard was afraid that he had leg problems and was buck-kneed ." ]
[ "Pollard assumed that the hand would just ride Lightning Bar around and show him off , but he later discovered that more was involved .", "Pollard assumed that the employee would just ride Lightning Bar around and show him off ." ]
[ "His dam was Della P , a daughter of the Thoroughbred stallion Doc Horn .", "Lightning Bar 's mother was Della P , a daughter of the Thoroughbred stallion Doc Horn ." ]
[ "He was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Association 's ( AQHA ) Hall of Fame in 2008 .", "Lightning Bar was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Association 's ( AQHA 's ) American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2008 ." ]
[ "When mature , the sorrel-colored Lightning Bar stood 15.2 hands ( 62 inches , 157 cm ) tall and weighed about 1,250 pounds ( 570 kg ) .", "When mature , Lightning Bar stood 15.2 hands ( or 62 inches ( 160 cm ) ) tall and weighed about 1,250 pounds ( 570 kg ) ." ]
[ "Lightning Bar started on the racetrack ten times , winning four races , coming in second three times , and third once .", "Lightning Bar started ten times on the racetrack ." ]
[ "The second ran from 1962 to 1966 at Ruidoso Downs in New Mexico .", "The second ran from 1962 to 1966 and was at Ruidoso Downs in New Mexico ." ]
[ "Of his foals , 108 started races , and 77 won , earning a total of $ 476,949 .", "108 of his foals started races , and 77 of them won races , with a total of $ 476,949 total earnings ." ]
[ "His second dam , or maternal grandmother , was a mare who was never given a name , sired by Old D. J. Art Pollard purchased Della P from `` Dink '' Parker for $ 1,750 ( approximately $ 17,200 as of 2014 ) in the late 1940s .", "His maternal grandmother , was a mare who was never given a name and was sired by Old...
[ "Lightning Bar sired 148 foals in his eight breeding seasons , and 118 of those foals went on to either race or show careers .", "Lightning Bar sired 148 foals in his eight breeding seasons ." ]
[ "Lightning Bar was inducted into the AQHA 's American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2008 .", "Lightning Bar was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Association 's American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2008 ." ]
[ "Lightning Bar died in June 1960 from colitis-X , a disease of unknown origin that can kill rapidly and without warning .", "Lightning Bar died in June 1960 from Colitis-X , a virus of unknown origin that can kill quickly without warning ." ]
[ "He said later that `` it was a nightmare when they were wiped out .", "Pollard later said about the loss of his horses that `` it was a nightmare when they were wiped out ." ]
[ "He equalled one track record for two-year-olds at the Los Angeles County Fair race meeting in Pomona , California , running 330 yards ( 300 m ) in 17.2 seconds .", "He did equal one track record for two-year-olds at Pomona Racetrack , running 330 yards ( 300 m ) in 17.2 seconds ." ]
[ "Lightning Bar ( 1951-1960 ) was an American Quarter Horse who raced and subsequently became a breeding stallion .", "Lightning Bar was an American Quarter Horse racehorse and breeding stallion ." ]
[ "Heartbroken , Pollard sold his remaining stock and did not return to the Quarter Horse business for 15 years .", "Pollard was so heart-broken , he sold off his remaining stock and did not return to the Quarter Horse business for 15 years ." ]
[ "Della P was bred in Louisiana , a leader in breeding short distance racehorses between 1900 and 1940 , and was taken to Arizona by Parker .", "Della P was bred in Louisiana , which was a leading state breeding short distance racehorses during the years 1900-1940 ." ]
[ "In 1960 Lightning Bar died of an intestinal infection at the age of nine .", "Lightning Bar died in 1960 from disease , at the age of 9 ." ]
[ "He sought Parker 's advice , and as Pollard later related the story , `` Dink just looked at me and shook his head .", "Pollard later said about the story , `` Dink just looked at me and shook his head ." ]
[ "The first year Lightning Bar stood as a breeding stallion his stud fee , the amount charged to breed a mare to him , was $ 250 ( approximately $ 2,200 as of 2014 ) but only nine mares were bred to him .", "The first year Lightning Bar stood as a breeding stallion , his stud fee , or the fee charged to breed a ma...
[ "As a breeding stallion he sired seven crops , or years , of foals , among whom Doc Bar was the best known .", "As a breeding stallion , he only fathered eight crops of foals , but fathered a number of important horses ." ]
[ "In addition , Lightning Bar 's offspring earned $ 1,163.32 in National Cutting Horse Association sanctioned cattle cutting competitions , and four earned a Superior Halter Horse title from the AQHA .", "His offspring earned $ 1,163.32 in National Cutting Horse Association competition ." ]
[ "The next year , he bred 11 mares , but in 1956 , he bred 102 mares at $ 500 ( approximately $ 4,300 as of 2014 ) each .", "In 1956 , he bred 102 mares at $ 500 ( $ 3,920 as of 2014 ) each ." ]
[ "After his racing career Lightning Bar went on to become a show horse , earning 18 open halter points with the AQHA , and an AQHA Champion award in 1955 .", "He earned an AQHA Champion award in 1955 ." ]
[ "Among those finishes , he ran second and third in two stakes races , a type of race for higher quality horses with a higher payout .", "Among those finishes , he ran second and third in two stakes races ." ]
[ "His racing career was cut short by illness after only one year , following which he spent two years as a show horse .", "His racing career was cut short by illnesses ." ]
[ "Foaled , or born , in 1951 , Lightning Bar was bred to be a race horse , but injuries and bouts of illnesses kept him from racing past the age of two .", "Born in 1951 , Lightning Bar was bred to be a racehorse ." ]
[ "Lightning Bar raced for only one year , as he suffered from bouts of pneumonia , strangles , and leg injuries .", "He only raced for one year , as he suffered from pneumonia , distemper , and injured legs ." ]
[ "It infected many of Pollard 's horses ; of those affected only three survived .", "The virus infected a large number of Pollard 's horses ." ]
[ "His total earnings on the track were $ 1,491 ( approximately $ 13,100 as of 2014 ) , and his highest speed index , or comparative rating of his speed , was AAA , the highest achievable at the time .", "His highest speed index , or comparative rating of his speed , was AAA ." ]
[ "His breeder , Art Pollard , owned him for the horse 's entire life .", "He was bred by Art Pollard , who owned him his entire life ." ]
[ "The first hearing aids were ear trumpets , and were created in the 17th century .", "Before hearing aids were invented , people used `` ear trumpets '' also called ear horns ." ]
[ "Some of the first hearing aids were external hearing aids .", "The two most common types of modern hearing aids are behind the ear aids and in the ear aids ." ]
[ "The filing of patents on vaccine development processes can also be viewed as an obstacle to the development of new vaccines .", "The filing of patents on vaccine development processes can be viewed as an obstacle to the development of new vaccines ." ]
[ "Pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases , because there is little revenue potential .", "Pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases , because there is little revenue potential ...
[ "Thiomersal is more effective against bacteria , has a better shelf-life , and improves vaccine stability , potency , and safety ; but , in the U.S. , the European Union , and a few other affluent countries , it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines , as a precautionary measure due to its mercur...
[ "Some religious groups do not allow vaccination , and some political groups oppose mandatory vaccination on the grounds of individual liberty .", "Some religious groups do not allow uses of vaccines , and some political groups oppose mandatory vaccination on the grounds of individual liberty ." ]
[ "Even if the host develops antibodies , the human immune system is not perfect and in any case the immune system might still not be able to defeat the infection immediately .", "Even if the host develops antibodies , the immune system might still not be able to defeat the infection ." ]
[ "There are several types of vaccines in use .", "There are many types of vaccines currently in use ." ]
[ "The agent stimulates the body 's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign , destroy it , and keep a record of it , so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters .", "Then the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of t...
[ "Most vaccine development to date has relied on `` push '' funding by government , universities and non-profit organizations .", "Most vaccine development to date has relied on governments , universities and non-profit organizations ." ]
[ "One challenge in vaccine development is economic : Many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine , including HIV , malaria and tuberculosis , exist principally in poor countries .", "The diseases most demanding a vaccine , HIV , malaria and tuberculosis , exist principally in poor countries ." ]
[ "Beside the active vaccine itself , the following excipients are commonly present in vaccine preparations : Many vaccines need preservatives to prevent serious adverse effects such as Staphylococcus infection , which in one 1928 incident killed 12 of 21 children inoculated with a diphtheria vaccine that lacked a pr...
[ "Although the benefits of preventing suffering and death from serious infectious diseases greatly outweigh the risks of rare adverse effects following immunization , disputes have arisen over the morality , ethics , effectiveness , and safety of vaccination .", "Although the benefits of using vaccines in preventi...
[ "Vaccines can be prophylactic ( example : to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by any natural or `` wild '' pathogen ) , or therapeutic ( e.g. , vaccines against cancer are also being investigated ; see cancer vaccine ) .", "Vaccines can be prophylactic ( e.g. to make the effects of a future...
[ "A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe , its toxins or one of its surface proteins .", "A vaccine often contains something like a germ that has been weakened or killed or the germ 's toxins ." ]
[ "Adjuvants are typically used to boost immune response .", "The efficacy is dependent on a number of factors : Adjuvants usually boost immune response ." ]
[ "Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever , measles , rubella , and mumps , and the bacterial disease typhoid .", "In the 20th century vaccines were introduced against diphtheria , measles , mumps , and rubella ." ]
[ "Several preservatives are available , including thiomersal , phenoxyethanol , and formaldehyde .", "In vaccine preparations beside the active vaccine itself , the following components are commonly present : Preservatives in vaccines , such as thiomersal , phenoxyethanol , and formaldehyde , prevent serious adver...
[ "Only American films were nominated for the award until 1952 .", "Only American movies were nominated for the award until 1952 ." ]
[ "The Academy Award for Animated Short Film is an award which has been given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as part of the Academy Awards every year since the 5th Academy Awards , covering the year 1931-32 , to the present .", "The Academy Award for Animated Short Film is an award given by the ...
[ "This category was known as `` Short Subjects , Cartoons '' from 1932 until 1970 , and as `` Short Subjects , Animated Films '' from 1971 to 1973 .", "This category was known as `` Short Subjects , Cartoons '' from 1932 until 1970 ." ]
[ "Both the larvae of the death watch beetle ( Xestobium rufovillosum ) and the common furniture beetle ( Anobium punctatum ) will tunnel through wood and paper if it is nearby the wood .", "Both the larvae of the death watch beetle ( Xestobium rufovillosum ) and the common furniture beetle ( Anobium punctatum ) wi...
[ "Two moths , Tineola bisselliella and Hofmannophila pseudospretella , will attack cloth bindings .", "Tineola bisselliella and Hofmannophila pseudospretella will attack cloth bindings ." ]
[ "The bookworm moth ( Heliothis zea or H. virescens ) and its larvae are not interested in books : the larvae are pests for cotton or tobacco growers as the cotton bollworm or tobacco budworm .", "The bookworm moth ( Heliothis zea or H. virescens ) and its larvae are not interested in books ." ]
[ "Leather-bound books attract various other consumers , such as Dermestes lardarius and the larvae of Attagenus unicolor and Stegobium paniceum .", "Leather-bound books attract lots of bugs , like the Dermestes lardarius and the larvae of Attagenus unicolor and Stegobium paniceum ." ]
[ "It is not a true louse .", "It is also not a true louse ." ]
[ "These are tiny ( under 1 mm ) , soft-bodied wingless Psocoptera ( usually Trogium pulsatorium ) , which actually feed on microscopic molds and other organic matter found in ill-maintained works ( e.g. , cool , damp , dark , and undisturbed areas of archives , libraries , and museums ) , although they will also att...
[ "A major book-feeding insect is the book or paper louse ( also known as booklouse or paperlouse ) .", "A major book-feeding insect is the booklouse ( or book louse ) ." ]
[ "Its capital is the city of Kandahar , which is located on the Arghandab River .", "Its capital is the city of Kandahar ." ]
[ "Kandahar ( Pashto : کندھار ) \\ / ( Persian : قندهار ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan , located in the southern part of the country next to Pakistan .", "Kandahar or Qandahar ( Pashto : کندھار or قندهار ) ( Persian : قندهار ) is one of the largest of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan ....
[ "Each term at the college has a single primary sport : There are also alternative sports , including football , cross country , swimming , golf , tennis , squash , rowing , sailing , rugby fives , Fives and rounders .", "However there are also other sports played , such as football , cross country , swimming , go...
[ "The College was founded by the Duke of Devonshire and other prominent Eastbourne citizens in 1867 and has been growing ever since .", "The College was started by the Duke of Devonshire in 1867 and has been growing ever since ." ]
[ "The College 's current headmaster is Simon Davies .", "The headmaster is called Simon Davies ." ]
[ "Eastbourne College is a British co-educational independent school for day and boarding pupils aged 13-18 , situated on the south coast of England , included in the Tatler list of top public schools .", "Eastbourne College is a British co-educational day and boarding school for children aged 13-18 ." ]
[ "He was Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956 .", "He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956 ." ]
[ "In 1924 , he became secretary of the Christian workers union for the Düsseldorf region .", "He became Secretary of the Düsseldorf District of the Christian trade union in 1924 ." ]
[ "Arnold was born in Herrlishöfen in Württemberg on 21 March 1901 .", "Karl Arnold ( born 21 March 1901 in Herrlishöfen , died 29 June 1958 in Düsseldorf ) was a German politician ." ]