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[ "In the Percy Anecdotes , published pseudonymously in 1820 , the authors state that `` How long the ducking-stool has been in disuse in England does not appear . ''", "In the Percy Anecdotes , published in 1820 , the authors state that `` How long the ducking-stool has been in disuse in England does not appear . ...
[ "The English common law as received by the law of the United States included the offence of being a common scold .", "The common law included the offence of being a common scold ." ]
[ "In the United States many states have laws restricting public profanity , excessive noise , and disorderly conduct .", "Many states have laws restricting public profanity , loud noise in public , and disorderly conduct ." ]
[ "In England and Wales , the only part of the United Kingdom where the law had any effect , no prosecutions of common scolds have occurred for a considerable period .", "In England and Wales , the only parts of the United Kingdom where the law was in use , no prosecutions of common scolds have occurred for a long ...
[ "In 1817 Sarah Leeke , also from Leominster was sentenced to be ducked but the water in the pond was so low that the authorities merely wheeled her round the town in the chair .", "In 1817 , Sarah Leeke , also from Leominster , was sentenced to be ducked ." ]
[ "If jarring females kindle strife ... While these literary sources do not prove that the punishment still took place they do provide evidence that it had not been forgotten .", "If jarring females kindle strife ... These poems do not prove that the punishment took place at the time they were written ." ]
[ "The offence of being a common scold has become obsolete in the state of New Jersey because only women could commit it , contrary to current interpretations of the Equal Protection Clause .", "The offence of being a common scold has also become obsolete in the United States because only women could commit it ." ]
[ "In 1829 , a Washington , D.C. court found the American anti-clerical writer Anne Royall guilty of being a common scold , the outcome of a campaign launched against her by local clergymen .", "In 1829 , a Philadelphia , Pennsylvania court found American writer and journalist Anne Royall guilty of being a common s...
[ "The cucking stool , according to Blackstone , eventually became known as a ducking stool by folk etymology .", "The cucking stool , according to Blackstone , later was called a ducking stool ." ]
[ "In The Queen v. Foxby , 6 Mod .", "In a 1704 legal case called The Queen v. Foxby , 6 Mod ." ]
[ "This would be pushed into the ducking pond and the shafts would be released , tipping the chair up backwards and ducking the occupant .", "The tumbrel would be pushed into the ducking pond and the shafts would be released ." ]
[ "The last recorded uses of the stool for ducking involve a Mrs. Ganble at Plymouth ( 1808 ) and Jenny Pipes , a notorious scold from Leominster ( 1809 ) .", "The last written record of stools being used for ducking involved a Mrs. Ganble at Plymouth in 1808 , and one Jenny Pipes from Leominster ( a town in Herefo...
[ "Francois Maximilian Misson , a French traveller and writer , recorded the method used in England in the early 18th century : The ducking stool , rather than being fixed in position by the river or pond , could be mounted on wheels to allow the convicted woman to be paraded through the streets before punishment was...
[ "Some have claimed that convicted common scolds had to wear such a device as a preventive or punitive measure .", "Some people say that common scolds had to wear a scold 's bridle to stop them from scolding ." ]
[ "None of these laws carry the distinctive punishment reserved for the common scold .", "None of these laws have any punishment similar to those traditionally used for the common scold ." ]
[ "A plaque on the Fye Bridge in Norwich , England claims to mark the site of a `` cucking '' stool , and that from 1562-1597 `` strumpets '' and common scolds suffered the punishment of dunking there .", "A piece of writing mounted on the Fye Bridge in Norwich , England says it marks the place where a `` cucking '...
[ "Counsel in Sykes v. Director of Public Prosecutions ( 1962 ) AC 528 described the offence as `` obsolete '' , and section 13 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Criminal Law Act 1967 eventually abolished it .", "The lawyers in Sykes v. Director of Public Prosecutions ( 1962 ) AC 528 , described the offence as `` obsolete '' ." ]
[ "Another method of ducking was to use the tumbrel , which consisted of a chair on two wheels with two long shafts fixed to the axles .", "Another way of ducking was to use a device called a `` tumbrel '' ." ]
[ "The Domesday Book notes the use of a cucking stool at Chester , a seat also known as cathedra stercoris , a `` dung chair '' , whose punishment apparently involved exposing the sitter 's buttocks to onlookers .", "The Domesday Book mentions the use of a cucking stool in the town of Chester ." ]
[ "On her fourth conviction , the King 's Bench declined to dunk her again , and instead ordered her to pay a fine of three marks , and ordered her imprisoned until payment took place .", "Instead , they ordered her to pay a money fine and that she be imprisoned until she paid the fine ." ]
[ "A scold 's bridle , known in Scotland as a brank , consists of a locking metal mask or head cage that contains a tab that fits in the mouth to inhibit talking .", "It was known in Scotland as a brank ." ]
[ "This seat served to punish not only scolds , but also brewers and bakers who sold bad ale or bread , whereas the ducking stool dunked its victim into the water .", "This type of chair was used to punish not only common scolds , but also people who make beer ( brewers ) and bakers who sold bad beer or bread ." ]
[ "In January 1941 , the United States Navy constructed a military base on the atoll .", "In January 1941 , the United States Navy built a military base on the atoll ." ]
[ "Two days later , fearing an imminent invasion , the Japanese Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara ordered the execution of the 98 captured American civilian workers who had initially been kept to perform forced labor .", "Two days later , Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara ordered the execution of the 98 captured Am...
[ "TF 14-with the fleet carrier Lexington , three heavy cruisers , eight destroyers , and an oiler-was to undertake a raid on the Marshall Islands to divert Japanese attention .", "TF 14-with the fleet carrier Lexington , three heavy cruisers , eight destroyers , and an oiler-was sent to attack the Marshall Islands...
[ "On 5 October 1943 , American naval aircraft from Yorktown raided Wake .", "The US were afraid that the US would lose ships On 5 October 1943 , American naval aircraft from Yorktown raided Wake ." ]
[ "After the war , Sakaibara and his subordinate-Lieutenant-Commander Tachibana-were sentenced to death for the massacre of the 98 and for other war crimes .", "Admiral Sakaibara and Lieutenant-Commander Tachibana were sentenced to death for the massacre ." ]
[ "Also present on the island were 68 U.S. Navy personnel and about 1,221 civilian workers for the Morrison-Knudsen Company .", "Also on the island were 68 U.S. Navy staff and about 1,221 civilian workers ." ]
[ "The Battle of Wake Island began simultaneously with the Attack on Pearl Harbor and ended on 23 December 1941 , with the surrender of the American forces to the Empire of Japan .", "It ended on 23 December 1941 , with the surrender of the American forces to the Empire of Japan ." ]
[ "The Marines were armed with six 5-inch ( 0.13 m ) \\ / 51 cal pieces , originating from the battleship USS Texas ; twelve 3 in ( 76 mm ) \\ / 50 cal anti-aircraft guns ( with only a single working anti-aircraft director among them ) ; eighteen .50 in ( 12.7 mm ) Browning heavy machine guns ; and thirty .30 in ( 7....
[ "The initial resistance offered by the garrison prompted the Japanese Navy to detach the aircraft carriers Sōryū and Hiryū from the force that attacked Pearl Harbor to support the second landing attempt .", "The Japanese Navy sent two aircraft carriers ( Sōryū and Hiryū ) to support the second landing attempt ." ...
[ "On 8 December , just hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor ( Wake being on the opposite side of the International Date Line ) , 36 Japanese Mitsubishi G3M3 medium bombers flown from bases on the Marshall Islands attacked Wake Island , destroying eight of the 12 F4F-3 Wildcat fighters belonging to Marine Corps fig...
[ "The four Wildcats also succeeded in sinking the destroyer Kisaragi by dropping a bomb on her stern where the depth charges were stored .", "The four Wildcats sunk another destroyer , Kisaragi , by dropping a bomb on her stern ." ]
[ "The Japanese force withdrew before landing .", "The Japanese force pulled back before landing ." ]
[ "It was fought on and around the atoll formed by Wake Island and its islets of Peale and Wilkes Islands by the air , land and naval forces of the Empire of Japan against those of the U.S. , with Marines playing a prominent role on both sides .", "It was fought by the air , land and naval forces of the Empire of J...
[ "On 4 September 1945 , the remaining Japanese garrison surrendered to a detachment of U.S. Marines .", "On 4 September 1945 , the remaining Japanese troops surrendered to a U.S. Marines ." ]
[ "The projected U.S. relief attempt by Admiral Frank Fletcher 's Task Force 11 ( TF 11 ) and supported Admiral Wilson Brown 's TF 14 consisted of the fleet carrier Saratoga , the fleet oiler Neches , the seaplane tender Tangier , the heavy cruisers Astoria , Minneapolis , and San Francisco , and 10 destroyers .", ...
[ "The U.S. Marines fired at the invasion fleet with their six 5-inch ( 130 mm ) coastal artillery guns .", "The U.S. Marines fired at the Japanese ships with their six 5 in 127mm coastal artillery guns ." ]
[ "The island was held by the Japanese for the duration of the Pacific War ; the remaining Japanese garrison on the island surrendered to a detachment of United States Marines on 4 September 1945 .", "The island was held by the Japanese for the rest of the Pacific War ." ]
[ "The convoy carried the 4th Marine Defense Battalion , the VMF-221 fighter squadron equipped with Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters , along with 9,000 5-inch rounds , 12,000 3 in ( 76 mm ) rounds , and 3,000,000 .50 in ( 12.7 mm ) rounds , as well as a large amount of ammunition for mortars and other battalion small ...
[ "This was the first Japanese defeat of the war , and it was the last time in history that a forced landing attempt was repelled by shore batteries .", "This was the first Japanese defeat of the war ." ]
[ "The 98 were taken to the northern end of the island , blindfolded and executed with a machine gun .", "They were blindfolded and executed with a machine gun ." ]
[ "The jumping spider Trite planiceps lives predominantly in the rolled-up leaves of this species .", "The jumping spider Trite planiceps lives in the rolled-up leaves of this species ." ]
[ "The fiber has been widely used since the arrival of Māori to New Zealand , originally in Māori traditional textiles and also in rope and sail making after the arrival of Europeans up until at least WWII .", "It was also used in rope and sail making after the arrival of Europeans up until at least WWII ." ]
[ "Phormium tenax ( called flax in New Zealand English ; harakeke in Māori ; New Zealand flax outside New Zealand ; and New Zealand hemp in historical nautical contexts ) is an evergreen perennial plant native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island that is an important fiber plant and a popular ornamental plant .", "Pho...
[ "Phormium tenax is a coastal cover plant associated with significant habitat such as the breeding habitat for the endangered yellow-eyed penguin .", "Phormium tenax grows on the coast where it is important in the breeding habitat for the endangered Yellow-eyed Penguin ." ]
[ "The plant grows as a clump of long , straplike leaves , up to two metres long , from which arises a much taller flowering shoot , with dramatic yellow or red flowers .", "It grows a much taller flowering shoot , with dramatic yellow or red flowers ." ]
[ "More recently several cultivars have been selected as decorative garden plants , including : Those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit .", "Several forms of this species have been selected for cultivation as decorative garden plants including : The Royal Horticultural ...
[ "Citing salary disputes , Worsley withdrew from the project after completing the first 26 episodes .", "Worsley withdrew from the project after completing the first 26 episodes ." ]
[ "The series aired in syndication throughout most of the U.S. but also aired on the east coast on the DuMont Television Network .", "It aired on the east coast on the DuMont Television Network ." ]
[ "Flash Gordon is a science fiction television series based on the characters of the Alex Raymond-created comic strip of the same name .", "Flash Gordon is a science fiction television series ." ]
[ "Shooting got underway in May 1953 , with an abandoned beer hall in Spandau serving as the principal shooting location .", "Production began in May 1953 , with an empty beer hall in Spandau as the main shooting location ." ]
[ "As agents of the Galactic Bureau of Investigation , the team travels the galaxy in their ship the Sky Flash , battling cosmic villains under the order of Commander Paul Richards .", "They travel the galaxy in their ship the Sky Flash to battle cosmic villains under the order of Commander Paul Richards ( Henry Be...
[ "The series proved popular with American audiences and critical response , though sparse , was positive .", "Critical response was positive ." ]
[ "The Eurasian Sparrowhawk ( Accipiter nisus ) , also known as the Northern Sparrowhawk or simply the Sparrowhawk , is a small bird of prey in the family Accipitridae .", "The Sparrowhawk ( Accipiter nisus ) is a small bird of prey in the family Accipitridae ." ]
[ "The typical lifespan is four years .", "The average lifespan is four years ." ]
[ "Females can be up to 25 % larger than males and weigh up to twice as much .", "Females can be up to 25 % larger than males and can be twice as heavy ." ]
[ "This species is now one of the commonest birds of prey in Europe , although the population crashed after the Second World War .", "It is now one of the commonest birds of prey in Europe ." ]
[ "It has been estimated that a female Eurasian Sparrowhawk of average weight could survive for seven days without feeding - three days longer than a male of average weight .", "A female Sparrowhawk of average weight can survive for seven days without eating ." ]
[ "There is probably high mortality , especially for young males , during this time .", "There is probably a high death rate at this time , particularly for males ." ]
[ "English folk names for the Eurasian Sparrowhawk include Blue Hawk , referring to the adult male 's colouration , as well as Hedge Hawk , Spar Hawk , Spur Hawk and Stone Falcon .", "Other old names include Spar Hawk , Spur Hawk and Stone Falcon ." ]
[ "The oldest known wild Eurasian Sparrowhawk lived more than two decades ; it was found dead in Denmark 20 years and 3 months after having been ringed .", "The oldest known wild Sparrowhawk lived for more than 20 years ." ]
[ "The chicks hatch after 33 days and fledge after 24 to 28 days .", "The chicks hatch after 33 days and leave the nest after another 24 to 28 days ." ]
[ "The female is much larger at 35-41 cm ( 14-16 in ) long , with a wingspan of 67-80 cm ( 26-31 in ) , and a mass of 185-342 g ( 6.5-12 .1 oz ) .", "The female is much larger - 35-41 cm ( 14-16 in ) long , with a wingspan of 67-80 cm ( 26-31 in ) ." ]
[ "The probability of a juvenile surviving its first year is 34 % , with 69 % of adults surviving from one year to the next .", "69 % of adults survive from one year to the next ." ]
[ "The Eurasian Sparrowhawk 's pale underparts and darker upperparts are an example of countershading , which helps to break up the bird 's outline .", "The Sparrowhawk 's pale underparts and darker back and wings are an example of countershading ." ]
[ "The Eurasian Sparrowhawk forms a superspecies with the Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk of eastern and southern Africa , and possibly the Madagascan Sparrowhawk .", "The Sparrowhawk forms a superspecies with the Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk of eastern and southern Africa , and possibly the Madagascar Sparrowhawk ." ]
[ "When females are larger than males , it is known as reverse sexual dimorphism ; this is unusual in higher vertebrates but typical in birds of prey , and most marked in birds of prey which hunt birds .", "It is unusual in higher vertebrates but typical in birds of prey ." ]
[ "Within the species itself , six subspecies are generally recognized : The Eurasian Sparrowhawk is a small bird of prey with short , broad wings and a long tail , both adaptations to manoeuvring through trees .", "The Sparrowhawk is a small bird of prey with short , broad wings and a long tail ." ]
[ "The adult male is 29-34 cm ( 11-13 in ) long , with a wingspan of 59-64 cm ( 23-25 in ) and a mass of 110-196 g ( 3.9-6 .9 oz ) .", "The adult male is 29-34 cm ( 11-13 in ) long from beak to tail , with a wingspan of 59-64 cm ( 23-25 in ) ." ]
[ "Males tend to take smaller birds , including tits , finches , and sparrows ; females catch primarily thrushes and starlings , but are capable of killing birds weighing 500 grams ( 18 oz ) or more .", "They can kill birds weighing more than 500 grams ( 18 oz ) ." ]
[ "Its long legs and toes are an adaptation for catching and eating birds .", "The Sparrowhawk 's long legs and toes help it to catch and eat birds ." ]
[ "The horizontal barring seen on adult Eurasian Sparrowhawks is typical of woodland-dwelling predatory birds , while the adult male 's bluish color is also seen in other bird-eating raptors , including the Peregrine Falcon , the Merlin and other Accipiters .", "In fact , countershading is seen in most animals , in...
[ "Eurasian Sparrowhawks are also popular in Ireland .", "Eurasian Sparrowhawks look slightly different in different parts of their range ." ]
[ "The current scientific name is derived from the Latin accipiter , meaning ` hawk ' and nisus , the sparrowhawk .", "The current scientific name comes from the Latin words accipiter ( hawk ) and nisus ( the sparrowhawk ) ." ]
[ "Geographic variation is clinal , with birds becoming larger and paler in the eastern part of the range compared to the west .", "Birds in the eastern part of the range are larger and paler ." ]
[ "Though it is a predator which specialises in catching woodland birds , the Eurasian Sparrowhawk can be found in any habitat and often hunts garden birds in towns and cities .", "It can be seen in any habitat and often hunts birds in town and city gardens ." ]
[ "The female is up to 25 % larger than the male - one of the largest differences between the sexes in any bird species .", "This is one of the biggest size differences in any bird species ." ]
[ "It has also been blamed for decreases in passerine populations ; scientific research has found no link between increased numbers of Eurasian Sparrowhawks and declines in some farmland and woodland birds after World War II .", "Scientists have found that increased numbers of Sparrowhawks did not reduce the number...
[ "He played in the gold medal-winning Azerbaijani team at the European Team Chess Championship in Novi Sad in 2009 , alongside Shakhriyar Mamedyarov , Teimour Radjabov , Rauf Mammadov and Gadir Guseinov , previously winning bronze medal in 2007 .", "He played in the gold medal-winning Azerbaijani team at the Europ...
[ "While receiving treatment for the brain tumor in a hospital in Heidelberg , Germany , Gashimov died in the early hours of 11 January 2014 .", "Gashimov was treated for a brain tumor in a hospital in Heidelberg , Germany , and died on the night of 11 January 2014 ." ]
[ "He won the Athens 2005 ( Acropolis International ) , and he was the winner of the Cappelle-la-Grande open 2008 .", "He won at Athens 2005 ( Acropolis International ) ." ]
[ "He holds an M. Sc .", "He also holds an M. Sc ." ]
[ "Jonathan is a member of the ruling People 's Democratic Party ( PDP ) .", "Jonathan is a member of the People 's Democratic Party ( PDP ) , which is in power as of September 2010 ." ]
[ "He is a Christian , and he comes from the Ijaw ethnic group .", "Jonathan is a member of the Ijaw ethnic group ." ]
[ "Before he entered politics in 1998 , he worked as an education inspector , lecturer , and environmental-protection officer .", "After he got his degree , he worked as an education inspector , lecturer , and environmental-protection officer , until he decided to become a politician in 1998 ." ]
[ "degree in Hydrobiology and Fisheries biology , and a PhD degree in Zoology from the University of Port Harcourt .", "in Hydrobiology\\/Fisheries biology , and a Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D. ) in Zoology from the University of Port Harcourt ." ]
[ "degree in Zoology in which he attained Second Class Honours .", "degree in Zoology ." ]
[ "Permission was granted , but , having traveled as far as Apulia ( Italy ) on the return journey , the envoys learned that William himself had meanwhile died .", "Permission was granted , but , having traveled as far as Apulia ( Italy ) on the return journey , the envoys learned that William himself had died ." ]
[ "After postponing the naval invasion he chose to also postpone the decision until after he returned from Jerusalem .", "After postponing the invasion he chose to also postpone the decision until after he returned from Jerusalem ." ]
[ "After making his illegitimate son William his heir , he set out on pilgrimage to Jerusalem .", "After making his illegitimate son William his heir , he set out on his pilgrimage ." ]
[ "Baldwin V , supported by king Robert II of France , his father-in-law , was persuaded to make peace with his father in 1030 when Duke Robert promised the elder Baldwin his considerable military support .", "Baldwin V , supported by king Robert II of France , his father-in-law , was persuaded to make peace with h...
[ "In the early 1030s Alan III , Duke of Brittany began expanding his influence from the area of Rennes and appeared to have designs on the area surrounding Mont Saint-Michel After sacking Dol and repelling Alan 's attempts to raid Avranches , Robert mounted a major campaign against his cousin Alan III .", "In the ...
[ "According to the historian William of Malmesbury , decades later his son William sent a mission to Constantinople and Nicaea , charging it with bringing his father 's body back to Normandy for burial .", "According to the historian William of Malmesbury , decades later , Robert 's son William sent a mission to C...
[ "Robert the Magnificent ( French : le Magnifique ) ( 22 June 1000 - 1-3 July 1035 ) , was the Duke of Normandy from 1027 until his death .", "Robert the Magnificent ( French : le Magnifique ) ( † 1035 ) , was the sixth Duke of Normandy from 1027 until he died returning from a pilgrimage ." ]
[ "Robert also attacked another powerful churchman , his cousin Hugo III d'Ivry , Bishop of Bayeux , banishing him from Normandy for an extended period of time .", "Robert also attacked another powerful church leader , his cousin Hugo d'Ivry , Bishop of Bayeux ." ]
[ "Robert gave shelter to Henry I of France against his mother , Queen Constance , who favored her younger son Robert to succeed to the French throne after his father Robert II .", "Robert gave shelter to Henry I of France against his mother , Queen Constance ." ]
[ "He was the son of Richard II of Normandy and Judith , daughter of Conan I , Duke of Brittany .", "Robert was the second son of Richard II of Normandy and Judith ." ]
[ "Despite his domestic troubles Robert decided to intervene in the civil war in Flanders between Baldwin V , Count of Flanders and his father Baldwin IV whom the younger Baldwin had driven out of Flanders .", "This feud was between Baldwin V , Count of Flanders and his father Baldwin IV who the younger Baldwin had...
[ "According to the Gesta Normannorum Ducum he traveled by way of Constantinople , reached Jerusalem , fell seriously ill and died on the return journey at Nicaea on 2 July 1035 .", "He fell seriously ill and died on the return journey at Nicaea on 2 July 1035 ." ]