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[ "Recent molecular data , both from rRNA and from mtDNA strongly supports the hypothesis that living agnathans , the cyclostomes , are monophyletic .", "Recent molecular data from rRNA , and from mtDNA , show that these living agnathans are monophyletic ." ]
[ "The agnathans as a whole are paraphyletic , because most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group of gnathostomes .", "For example , most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group ( ancestral group ) of gnathostomes ." ]
[ "Lampreys have a light sensitive pineal eye ( homologous to the pineal gland in mammals ) .", "There is a light-sensitive pineal eye ." ]
[ "All living and most extinct Agnatha do not have an identifiable stomach or any appendages .", "Agnatha have no identifiable stomach and are cold-blooded ." ]
[ "Some of those to have benefited from monies raised from the Abergavenny fireworks display include : Abergavenny Scouts , Crickhowell Scouts , Jigsaw community project , Llanbedr Village Thai Boxing , Mardy Juniors Football , RTB Ebbw Vale Junior AFC Club , a fuller list is on the Abergavenny and District Round Tab...
[ "It is a non profit event with all proceeds being distributed to charities and good causes , primarily in and around the Abergavenny area .", "It is a non profit event with all proceeds being distributed to charity 's and good courses , primarily in and around the Abergavenny area ." ]
[ "The Abergavenny fireworks display was originally started to provide a display for the children 's home in 1965 it moved to its current location of Belgrave Park in 1968 as the fireworks could be seen from the nearby Nevill Hall Hospital , the fireworks display has been put on every year since , up to the present ....
[ "The winners and their class mates will receive child entrance tickets to the fireworks display , and the school will receive a donation .", "With the winners and their class mates receiving child entrance tickets to the fireworks display , and the school receiving a donation ." ]
[ "The event takes place in Belgrave Park , at the Nevill Hall Hospital end of town ( not at the hospital its self ) .", "The event takes place in Belgrave Park ( NP7 7AT ) , at the Nevill hall hospital end of town ( not at the hospital its self ) ." ]
[ "The event is run and organized by the local social networking club Abergavenny and District Round Table , which is one of the hundreds of branches in the UK of the Round Table .", "The event is run and organized by the local social networking group Abergavenny and District Round Table , which is one of the hundr...
[ "Coordinates : 51 ° 49 ′ 41 ″ N 3 ° 02 ′ 06 ″ W \\ / 51.828021 ° N 3.035048 ° W \\ / 51.828021 ; -3.035048 The Abergavenny fireworks display is an annual organized fireworks display held each year on November 5 , Guy Fawkes Night in Abergavenny , Wales .", "Coordinates : 51 ° 49 ′ 41 ″ N 3 ° 02 ′ 06 ″ W \\ / 51.8...
[ "It has been running each year since 1968 .", "It has been running each year since about 1968 ." ]
[ "Unfertilized eggs develop into haploid individuals , which are the males .", "In this case diploid individuals are generally female , and haploid individuals ( which develop from unfertilized eggs ) are male ." ]
[ "The ZW sex-determination system is found in birds , some reptiles , and some insects and other organisms .", "The majority of butterflies and moths also have a ZW sex-determination system ." ]
[ "The XX\\/XY sex-determination system is the most familiar , as it is found in humans .", "Humans and other mammals have an XY sex determination system : the Y chromosome carries factors responsible for male development ." ]
[ "The 0 denotes the absence of a second sex chromosome .", "This is called XX\\/XO sex determination-the O indicates the absence of the sex chromosome ." ]
[ "The ZW sex-determination system is reversed compared to the XY system : females have two different kinds of chromosomes ( ZW ) , and males have two of the same kind of chromosomes ( ZZ ) .", "Birds have a system that works the other way round : It is called ZW sex-determination system ." ]
[ "Many other sex-determination systems exist .", "Many insects use a sex determination system based on the number of sex chromosomes ." ]
[ "The XX\\/XY system is also found in most other mammals , as well as some insects .", "XX mammals are female and XY are male ." ]
[ "In ballet , the corps de ballet ( from French , body of the ballet ) is the group of dancers who are not soloists .", "The corps de ballet are a group of dancers in a ballet company who are not soloists ." ]
[ "Blind Fool Love is an Italian post-hardcore band , founded in Toscana , Italy in 2005 .", "Blind Fool Love is a post-hardcore Italian band , made in Toscana , Italy in 2005 ." ]
[ "Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of the British Empire , and British dominance of the world , the British Army played an important role in the colonisation of India and other regions .", "Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of E...
[ "The British Army is the land warfare branch of the British Armed Forces .", "The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces ." ]
[ "It came into being in 1707 , shortly after the unification of the kingdoms of England and Scotland , forming Great Britain .", "It came into being with unification of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 ." ]
[ "The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars and served in multiple campaigns across Europe ( including continuous deployment in the Peninsular War ) , the Caribbean , North Africa and later in North America .", "The British army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars in which the army serve...
[ "The campaign of English republican Protector Oliver Cromwell involved uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns ( most notably Drogheda ) that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War .", "The Cromwellian campaign was characterised by its uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns that had sup...
[ "Then in 1940 he was appointed Professor of Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Technology at the University of Cologne and Director of the Institute of Chemistry there .", "In 1940 , he was appointed Professor of Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Technology at the University of Cologne and Director of the Inst...
[ "Alder was born in the industrial area of Königshütte , Silesia ( modern day Chorzów , Upper Silesia , Poland ) , where he received his early schooling .", "Alder was born in the industrial area of Königshütte , Silesia ( modern day Chorzów , Upper Silesia , Poland ) ." ]
[ "Kurt Alder ( 10 July 1902 - 20 June 1958 ) was a German chemist and Nobel laureate .", "Kurt Alder ( July 10 , 1902 - June 20 , 1958 ) was a German chemist and Nobel laureate ." ]
[ "The insecticide aldrin , created through a Diels-Alder reaction , is also named after the scientist .", "The insecticide aldrin , created through a Diels-Alder reaction , is also named for him ." ]
[ "He studied chemistry at the University of Berlin from 1922 , and later at the University of Kiel where his PhD was awarded in 1926 for work supervised by Diels .", "He studied chemistry at the University of Berlin from 1922 , and later at the University of Kiel where his earned a PhD in 1926 for work supervised ...
[ "The dorsal and anal fins are divided into anterior spiny and posterior soft-rayed portions , which may be partially or completely separated .", "The dorsal and anal fins are divided into front spiny and back soft-rayed portions , which may be partially or completely separated ." ]
[ "It is also the most variably sized order of vertebrates , ranging from the 7-mm ( 1\\/4-in ) Schindleria brevipinguis to the marlins in the Makaira species .", "They have the widest range of sizes of any order of vertebrates , ranging from the 7 mm Schindleria brevipinguis to the 5 metre Makaira species ." ]
[ "They belong to the class of ray-finned fish , and comprise over 10,000 species found in almost all aquatic ecosystems .", "They belong to the class of ray-finned fish and have over 7,000 species in almost all aquatic environments ." ]
[ "They first appeared and diversified in the Late Cretaceous .", "They first appeared and diversified in the Upper Cretaceous ." ]
[ "Perciformes , also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri , are the largest order of vertebrates , containing about 40 % of all bony fish .", "The Perciformes is the largest order of vertebrates ." ]
[ "Perciformes means `` perch-like '' .", "p151 Perciformes means perch-like ." ]
[ "These are grouped by suborder\\/superfamily , generally following the text Fishes of the World .", "They are grouped as in the text Fishes of the World ." ]
[ "From 1896-1944 , it was the home of Princess Beatrice , daughter of Queen Victoria , as Governor of the Isle of Wight .", "Later the castle was the occasional residence of the governor of the Isle of Wight and it became home to Princess Beatrice , youngest daughter of Queen Victoria , when she was governor ." ]
[ "Carisbrooke Castle is a historic motte-and-bailey castle located in the village of Carisbrooke , near Newport , Isle of Wight , England .", "Carisbrooke Castle is the Isle of Wight 's only remaining medieval castle ." ]
[ "It stipulated that the department was to be created no later than November 8 , sixty days following the date of enactment .", "It stipulated that the department was to be created no later than November 8 , 60 days following the date of enactment ." ]
[ "The department was established on September 9 , 1965 , when Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act into law .", "The department was established on September 9 , 1965 when President Lyndon Johnson signed the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act Pub ." ]
[ "Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency , it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965 , as part of the `` Great Society '' program of President Lyndon Johnson , to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises .", "Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Finan...
[ "The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) is a Cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government .", "The United States Department of Housing , often abbreviated HUD , is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government ." ]
[ "The 2009-10 Boston Bruins season is the Bruins ' 86th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .", "The 2009-10 Boston Bruins season is the Bruins ' 85th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ." ]
[ "The two stars are of nearly equal brightness , with visual magnitudes of 12.57 and 11.99 as seen from Earth .", "The two stars are of nearly equal brightness , with apparent magnitudes of 12.57 and 11.99 as seen from Earth ." ]
[ "Although UV Ceti was not the first flare star discovered , it is the most prominent example of such a star , so similar flare stars are now classified as UV Ceti type variable stars .", "Although UV Ceti was not the first flare star discovered , it is the most prominent example of such a star , and similar flare...
[ "The star system was discovered in 1948 by Willem Jacob Luyten in the course of compiling a catalog of stars of high proper motion ; he noted its exceptionally high proper motion of 3.37 arc seconds annually and cataloged it as Luyten 726-8 .", "The star system was discovered in 1948 by W.J Luyten in the course o...
[ "Like Luyten 726-8A , this star was also found to be variable and given the variable star designation UV Ceti .", "The most spectacular is Luyten 726-8B , which was given the variable star designation UV Ceti ." ]
[ "Luyten 726-8 ( also known as Gliese 65 ) is a binary star system that is one of Earth 's nearest neighbors , at about 8.7 light years from Earth in the constellation Cetus .", "It is about 8.7 light years from Earth in the constellation Cetus ." ]
[ "The distance between the two stars varies from 2.1 to 8.8 astronomical units ( 310 to 1,320 Gm ) .", "The distance between the two stars varies from 2.1 to 8.8 AU ." ]
[ "Many of the original exhibitions at the museum were from the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 .", "The museum was founded in 1893 and had used old exhibitions that were shown from the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 , including exhibits about trains ." ]
[ "The Field Museum of Natural History , located in Chicago , Illinois , USA , is one of the largest natural history museums in the world .", "The Field Museum of Natural History ( or Field Museum ) is in Chicago , Illinois , U.S. ." ]
[ "This predatory mollusk sucks air into its stomach to keep it afloat and using its muscular foot it clings to the surface film .", "This predatory mollusc sucks air into its stomach to keep it afloat and using its muscular foot it clings to the surface film ." ]
[ "If it finds a small victim Glaucus simply envelops it with its capacious mouth , but if the prey is a larger siphonophore the mollusk nibbles off its fishing tentacles , the ones carrying the most potent nematocysts .", "If it finds a small victim Glaucus simply envelops it with its large mouth , but if the prey...
[ "The surface dwelling nudibranch , Glaucus atlanticus is a specialist predator of siphonophores , such as the Portuguese Man O ' War .", "The surface dwelling nudibranch , Glaucus atlanticus is a specialist predator of jellyfish , such as the Portuguese Man o ' War ." ]
[ "Once the specimen is physically irritated or touched by another creature , it will release the mucus automatically .", "Once the specimen is physically irritated or touched by another creature , it will release the slime automatically ." ]
[ "All known nudibranchs are carnivorous .", "Most nudibranchs are carnivorous ." ]
[ "Another method of protection is the release of an acid from the skin .", "Another method of protection is the release of a sour liquid from the skin ." ]
[ "In the course of their evolution , nudibranchs have lost their shell while developing alternative defense mechanisms .", "In the course of evolution , sea slugs have lost their shell , and have developed other defense mechanisms ." ]
[ "Some species have venomous appendages ( cerata ) on their sides , which deter predators .", "Most species have venomous appendages on their sides ." ]
[ "They lack a mantle cavity .", "Unusually for molluscs , they lack a mantle cavity ." ]
[ "Similarly , nudibranchs can also take in plant cells and reuse the chloroplasts ( plant cell organelles used for photosynthesis ) to make food for themselves .", "They can also take in plants ' chloroplasts ( plant cell organelles used for photosynthesis ) and use them to make food for themselves ." ]
[ "These stolen nematocysts , called kleptocnidae , wander through the alimentary tract without harming the nudibranch .", "The nematocysts wander through the alimentary canal without harming the nudibranch ." ]
[ "Nudibranchs that feed on hydrozoids can store the hydrozoids ' nematocysts ( stinging cells ) in the dorsal body wall , the cerata .", "Nudibranchs that feed on hydroids can store the hydroids ' nematocysts ( stinging cells ) in the dorsal body wall ." ]
[ "This group includes some of the most colorful creatures on earth .", "Among this group can be found the most colorful creatures on earth ." ]
[ "Nudibranchs are hermaphroditic , and thus have a set of reproductive organs for both sexes , but they can not fertilize themselves .", "Nudibranchs are hermaphrodite , and thus have a set of reproductive organs for both sexes , but they rarely fertilize themselves ." ]
[ "Nudibranchs can protect themselves from the hydrozoids and their nematocysts ; the specific mechanism is yet unknown , but special cells with large vacuoles probably play an important role .", "It is not yet clear how , but special cells with large vacuoles probably play an important role ." ]
[ "Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Heinrich Schultz and first published in 1932 .", "Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932 ." ]
[ "Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures ( for example , lying down , sitting meditation , sitting like a rag doll ) .", "Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures ( e.g. lying down , sitting meditation , sitting like ...
[ "Autogenic Training is contraindicated for people with heart conditions or psychotic disorders .", "Autogenic Training is counter-indicated , or needs to be adapted , for a series of conditions including : heart problems such as myocardial infarction , diabetes , psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia , glauc...
[ "This contraction ( more formally called Lorentz contraction or Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction after Hendrik Lorentz and George FitzGerald ) is usually only noticeable at a substantial fraction of the speed of light .", "The Lorentz contraction is also called the Fitzgerald contraction or the Lorenz-Fitzgerald co...
[ "Many pathways are involved in the abnormal proliferation and contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary arteries in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension .", "Three major pathways are involved in abnormal proliferation and contraction of the smooth-muscle cells of the pulmonary artery in pat...
[ "Therefore diagnosis of PAH requires right-sided cardiac catheterization .", "Therefore diagnosis of PAH requires a cardiac catheterization ." ]
[ "Diagnosis of PAH requires the presence of pulmonary hypertension .", "Diagnosis of PAH requires the presence of pulmonary hypertension with two other conditions ." ]
[ "Pulmonary hypertension can be a severe disease with a markedly decreased exercise tolerance and heart failure .", "Depending on the cause , pulmonary hypertension can be a severe disease with a markedly decreased exercise tolerance and right-sided heart failure ." ]
[ "A detailed family history is established to determine whether the disease might be familial .", "A detailed family history is taken to determine whether the disease might be familial ." ]
[ "A physical examination is performed to look for typical signs of pulmonary hypertension , including a loud S2 ( pulmonic valve closure sound ) , ( para ) sternal heave , jugular venous distension , pedal edema , ascites , hepatojugular reflux , clubbing etc. .", "Physical examination is performed to look for typ...
[ "It was first identified by Ernst von Romberg in 1891 .", "It was first identified by Dr Ernst von Romberg in 1891 ." ]
[ "These generally include pulmonary function tests ; blood tests to exclude HIV , autoimmune diseases , and liver disease ; electrocardiography ( ECG ) ; arterial blood gas measurements ; X-rays of the chest ( followed by high-resolution CT scanning if interstitial lung disease is suspected ) ; and ventilation-perfu...
[ "The U.S. FDA approved Sildenafil , a selective inhibitor of cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5 ( PDE5 ) , for the treatment of PAH in 2005 .", "Sildenafil , a selective inhibitor of cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5 ( PDE5 ) , was approved for the treatment of PAH in 2005 ." ]
[ "Because pulmonary hypertension can be of five major types , a series of tests must be performed to distinguish pulmonary arterial hypertension from venous , hypoxic , thromboembolic , or miscellaneous varieties .", "Because pulmonary hypertension can be of 5 major types , a series of tests must be performed to d...
[ "Epoprostenol ( synthetic prostacyclin , marketed as Flolan ) is given via continuous infusion that requires a semi-permanent central venous catheter .", "Epoprostenol ( synthetic prostacyclin , marketed as Flolan ® ) is given via continuous infusion that requires a semi-permanent central venous catheter ." ]
[ "The dual ( ETA and ETB ) endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan ( marketed as Tracleer ) was approved in 2001 .", "The dual ( ETA and ETB ) endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan ( marketed as Tracleer ® ) was approved in 2001 ." ]
[ "Normal pulmonary arterial pressure in a person living at sea level has a mean value of 8-20 mm Hg ( 1066-2666 Pa ) at rest .", "Normal pulmonary arterial pressure in a person living at sea level has a mean value of 12-16 mm Hg ( 1600-2100 Pa ) ." ]
[ "Although pulmonary arterial pressure can be estimated on the basis of echocardiography , pressure measurements with a Swan-Ganz catheter through the right side of the heart provides the most definite assessment .", "Although pulmonary arterial pressure can be estimated on the basis of echocardiography , pressure...
[ "Treprostinil ( Remodulin ) can be given intravenously or subcutaneously , but the subcutaneous form can be very painful .", "Treprostinil ( Remodulin ® ) can be given intravenously or subcutaneously , but the subcutaneous form can be very painful ." ]
[ "A history of exposure to drugs such as cocaine , methamphetamine , alcohol leading to cirrhosis , and tobacco leading to emphysema are considered significant .", "A history of exposure to cocaine , methamphetamine , alcohol leading to cirrhosis , and smoking leading to emphysema are considered significant ." ]
[ "Pulmonary hypertension is present when mean pulmonary artery pressure exceeds 25 mm Hg ( 3300 Pa ) at rest .", "Definite pulmonary hypertension is present when mean pressures at rest exceed 25 mm Hg ( 3300 Pa ) ." ]
[ "Other signs include an elevated jugular venous pressure , peripheral edema ( swelling of the ankles and feet ) , ascites ( abdominal swelling due to the accumulation of fluid ) , hepatojugular reflux , and clubbing .", "Other signs include jugular venous distension ( enlargement of the jugular veins ) , peripher...
[ "The inhaled form of administration has the advantage of selective deposition in the lungs with less systemic side effects , however coughing and throat irritation commonly occur .", "This form of administration has the advantage of selective deposition in the lungs with less systemic side effects ." ]
[ "Iloprost ( Ilomedin ) is also used in Europe intravenously and has a longer half life .", "Iloprost ( Ilomedin ® ) is also used in Europe intravenously and has a longer half life ." ]
[ "Three of these pathways are important since they have been targeted with drugs - endothelin receptor antagonists , phosphodiesterase type 5 ( PDE-5 ) inhibitors , and prostacyclin derivatives .", "These pathways correspond to important therapeutic targets in this condition and play a role in determining which of...
[ "Biopsy of the lung is usually not indicated unless the pulmonary hypertension is thought to be due to an underlying interstitial lung disease ; further , lung biopsies are fraught with risks of bleeding due to the high intrapulmonary blood pressure .", "Biopsy of the lung is usually not indicated unless the pulm...
[ "PAOP ( pulmonary artery occlusion pressure ) and PVR ( pulmonary vascular resistance ) can not be measured directly with echocardiography .", "PAOP and PVR can not be measured directly with echocardiography ." ]
[ "A second conference in 1998 at Évian-les-Bains also addressed the causes of secondary PH ( i.e. those due to other medical conditions ) , and in 2008 , the 4th World Symposium on Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension was convened in Dana Point to modify the classification based on new understandings of disease mechanism...
[ "In addition , the increased workload of the heart causes hypertrophy of the right ventricle , making the heart less able to pump blood through the lungs , ultimately causing right heart failure ( a condition known as cor pulmonale ) .", "In addition , the increased workload of the heart causes thickening and enl...
[ "The Dana Point 2008 Updated Clinical Classification system can be summarized as follows : Whatever the initial cause , pulmonary arterial hypertension ( WHO Group I ) involves the vasoconstriction or tightening of blood vessels connected to and within the lungs .", "Whatever the initial cause , pulmonary hyperte...
[ "Pulmonary hypertension ( PH ) is an increase of blood pressure in the pulmonary artery , pulmonary vein , or pulmonary capillaries , together known as the lung vasculature , leading to shortness of breath , dizziness , fainting , leg swelling and other symptoms .", "In medicine , pulmonary hypertension ( PH ) is...
[ "The system includes several improvements over the former 2004 Venice Classification system .", "The system includes several improvements over the former 1998 Evian Classification system ." ]