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[ "UCL was founded on 11 February 1826 under the name London University as a secular alternative to the religious universities of Oxford and Cambridge .", "University College was founded on 11 February 1826 , under the name London University , as a secular alternative to the strictly Anglican universities of Oxford...
[ "University College London ( UCL ) is a public research university in London , England , and the oldest and largest constituent college of the federal University of London .", "University College London ( UCL ) is a large university in London ." ]
[ "UCL 's main campus is located in the Bloomsbury area of central London , with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals located elsewhere in central London , and satellite campuses in Adelaide , Australia and Doha , Qatar .", "Its main campus is in the Bloomsbury area of central London , with a number of ins...
[ "In the 2013\\/14 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , UCL is ranked 21st in the world ( and 5th in Europe ) .", "UCL is ranked 21st in the world ( and 3rd in Europe ) in the 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities , 4th in the world ( and 2nd in Europe ) in the 2010 QS World University Rankings...
[ "UCL is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities , the European University Association , the European Network for Training Economic Research , the G5 , the League of European Research Universities , the Russell Group , SES-5 , UNICA , the Universities Research Association and Universities UK .", "...
[ "UCL is organised into 10 constituent faculties , within which there are over 100 departments , institutes and research centres .", "UCL has over 100 departments , institutes and research centres in eight faculties ." ]
[ "In 1878 UCL became the first British university to admit women on equal terms to men .", "UCL was also the first admit women on equal terms with men ." ]
[ "In the 1830s , at the early peak in U.S. canal-building , hydropower provided the energy to transport barge traffic up and down steep hills using inclined plane railroads .", "In the 1830s , at the peak of the canal-building era , hydropower was used to transport barge traffic up and down steep hills using incli...
[ "The following four modes recur most often in the series :", "The following modes recur most often in the series :" ]
[ "As the series has progressed , each new game has introduced new elements in order to keep the gameplay fresh such as new courses and items .", "As the series has progressed , each new title has introduced new elements in order to keep the gameplay fresh ." ]
[ "To date , there have been four Mario Kart games released for home consoles , three portable games , and three Namco co-developed arcade games , for a total of ten .", "To date , there have been four Mario Kart games for home consoles , three portable games , and two Namco co-developed arcade games , which makes ...
[ "The type of weapon received from an item box is often random , though sometimes influenced by the player 's current position in the race .", "The type of weapon received from an item box is random and often influenced by the player 's position in the race ." ]
[ "Each game features a variety of different modes .", "Each Mario Kart game features a variety of different modes ." ]
[ "is a series of go-kart-style racing video games developed and published by Nintendo as spin-offs from its trademark Super Mario series .", "is a series of go-kart-style racing video games developed and published by Nintendo as a series of spin-offs from its trademark Mario franchise of video games ." ]
[ "Called rubber banding , this gameplay mechanism allows other players or computers a realistic chance to catch up to the leading player .", "This gameplay mechanic-called `` rubber banding '' - allows other players or computers a realistic chance to catch up to the leading player no matter how far ahead they are ...
[ "Thus far , the seven games include 120 unique courses and 30 unique battle arenas .", "So far , there are 120 original courses and 30 original arenas spread throughout these seven games ." ]
[ "These changes include : Many courses , or course themes , recur throughout the series .", "Many course themes are repeated throughout the series ." ]
[ "Up to eight characters can compete in each race ( six in the Arcade GP series , and twelve in Mario Kart Wii and Mario Kart 8 ) .", "Up to eight participants can compete in each race , with the exception of Mario Kart Wii , which holds twelve ." ]
[ "The first title in the Mario Kart series is Super Mario Kart and was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1992 .", "The most recent game of the Mario Kart series is Mario Kart 7 ." ]
[ "Each game in the series includes at least sixteen original courses and up to six original battle arenas .", "There are also three to six original battle arenas in each game , designed exclusively for Battle mode ." ]
[ "In ancient Athenian democracy , sortition was the primary method for appointing officials , and its use was widely regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy .", "In the democracy of Athens in Ancient Greece sortition was the main method for appointing officials ." ]
[ "In politics , sortition ( also known as allotment or the drawing of lots ) is the selection of decision makers by lottery .", "Sortition , also known as allotment , is a method of selection by some form of lottery ." ]
[ "Bollywood is the Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai ( Bombay ) , Maharashtra , India .", "Bollywood is a word given by Indian Media , it refers to the Hindi language movie industry in India ." ]
[ "An Irish documentary made by Colm Connolly for RTE Television in 1989 called The Shadow of Béal na Bláth covered Collins 's death .", "An Irish documentary made by Colm Connolly for RTE Television in 1989 called The Shadow of Béal na Bláth covered Collins ' death ." ]
[ "The 1936 movie Beloved Enemy , starring David Niven , is a fictionalised account of Collins 's life .", "The 1936 movie Beloved Enemy , starring David Niven , is a fictionalised account of Collins ' life ." ]
[ "In de Valera 's absence , Cathal Brugha was elected Príomh Aire ( ` First ' or ` Prime ' , Minister ' , but often translated as ` President of Dáil Éireann ' ) .", "In de Valera 's absence , Cathal Brugha was elected Príomh Aire ( ` Main ' or ` Prime ' , Minister ' , but often translated as ` President of Dáil É...
[ "Most biographies state his date of birth as 16 October 1890 , but his tombstone gives his date of birth as 12 October 1890 .", "Most biographies state his date of birth as 16 October 1890 ; however , his tombstone gives his date of birth as 12 October 1890 ." ]
[ "We do n't ask for any surrender of their principles . ''", "We do n't ask for any surrender of their principles '' ." ]
[ "Still , under Collins 's direction , the Free State rapidly took control of the capital .", "Under Collins ' supervision , the Free State rapidly took control of the capital ." ]
[ "The negotiations ultimately resulted in the Anglo-Irish Treaty which was signed on 6 December 1921 .", "The negotiations resulted in the Anglo-Irish Treaty which was signed on 6 December 1921 ." ]
[ "Arrangements were made for a conference between British government and the leaders of the yet unrecognised Republic .", "Arrangements were made for a conference between the British government and the leaders of the as-yet unrecognised Irish Republic ." ]
[ "Unlike their rivals in the Irish Parliamentary Party ( IPP ) , Sinn Féin MPs had announced that they would not take their seats in Westminster , but instead would set up an Irish Parliament in Dublin .", "However , unlike their rivals in the Irish Parliamentary Party , Sinn Féin MPs had announced that they would...
[ "By July 1922 , anti-Treaty forces held much of the southern province of Munster and several other areas of the country .", "In July 1922 , anti-Treaty forces held the southern province of Munster and several other areas of the country ." ]
[ "The two policemen were shot dead during the engagement .", "Two policemen were shot dead during the fight ." ]
[ "Collins , along with Richard Mulcahy and Eoin O'Duffy decided on a series of seaborne landings into republican held areas , which re-took Munster and the west in July-August .", "Collins , along with Richard Mulcahy and Eoin O'Duffy decided on a series of seaborne landings into republican held areas ." ]
[ "In 1920 , the British offered a bounty of # 10,000 ( equivalent to GB # 300,000 \\ / $ 360,000 in 2010 ) for information leading to Collins ' capture or death .", "In 1920 , the British offered a prize of # 10,000 ( equivalent to GB # 300,000 \\ / $ 360,000 in 2010 ) for information leading to the capture or dea...
[ "Subsequently , he was both Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-chief of the National Army .", "After that he was both Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-chief of the National Army ." ]
[ "By October 1917 , Collins had risen to become a member of the executive of Sinn Féin and director of organization for the Irish Volunteers .", "By October 1917 , Collins had become a member of the executive of Sinn Féin and director of organization of the Irish Volunteers ." ]
[ "Collins was shot and killed in an ambush in August 1922 during the Irish Civil War .", "Collins was shot and killed in August 1922 , during the Irish Civil War ." ]
[ "This was not the case with Collins , who produced a Finance Ministry that was able to organise a large bond issue in the form of a `` National Loan '' to fund the new Irish Republic .", "His ministry was able to organise a large bond issue in the form of a `` National Loan '' to fund the new Irish Republic ." ]
[ "This ambush is considered the first action in the Irish War of Independence .", "This incident is considered to be the first action taken in the Irish War of Independence ." ]
[ "Throughout the early months of 1922 , Collins had been sending IRA units to the border and sending arms and money to the northern units of the IRA .", "In the early months of 1922 , he had sent IRA units to the border , and arms and money to the northern units ." ]
[ "In May-June 1922 , Collins and IRA Chief of Staff Liam Lynch organised an offensive including both pro- and anti-Treaty IRA units along the border area .", "In May-June 1922 , he and IRA Chief of Staff Liam Lynch organised an attack of both pro- and anti-treaty IRA units along the new border ." ]
[ "The new parliament , called Dáil Éireann ( meaning `` Assembly of Ireland '' , see First Dáil ) met in the Mansion House , Dublin in January 1919 .", "That new parliament , called Dáil Éireann ( meaning `` Assembly of Ireland '' ) met in the Mansion House , Dublin in January 1919 , although De Valera and leading...
[ "While it fell short of the republic that he 'd fought to create , Collins concluded that the Treaty offered Ireland `` the freedom to achieve freedom . ''", "Although it was not the republic he was fighting for , Collins concluded that the Treaty offered Ireland `` the freedom to achieve freedom . ''" ]
[ "The balance of those arrested were subsequently imprisoned at Frongoch internment camp in Wales .", "He was imprisoned at Frongoch internment camp ." ]
[ "The patron of the society is Ireland 's former Minister for Justice and TD Nora Owen , grand-niece of Michael Collins .", "The patron of the society is Nora Owen , grand-niece of Michael Collins ." ]
[ "( 29 ) The Dáil debated the Treaty bitterly for ten days until it was approved by a vote of 64 to 57 .", "Sinn Féin split over the treaty , and the Dáil debated the matter bitterly for ten days until it was approved by a vote of 64 to 57 ." ]
[ "In 1915 , he moved to the Guaranty Trust Company of New York where he remained until his return to Ireland the following year joining part-time Craig Gardiner & Co , a firm of accountants in Dawson Street , Dublin .", "In 1915 , he moved to the Guaranty Trust Company of New York where he remained until his retur...
[ "While in London he lived with his elder sister Hannie , and studied at King 's College London .", "While in London he lived with his elder sister , and studied at King 's College London ." ]
[ "Michael was six years old when his father died .", "Collins was six years old when his father died ." ]
[ "He lay in state for three days in Dublin City Hall where tens of thousands of mourners filed past his coffin to pay their respects , including many British soldiers departing Ireland who had fought against him .", "His body lay in state for three days in Dublin City Hall where tens of thousands of mourners walke...
[ "On 14 April 1922 , a group of 200 anti-Treaty IRA men occupied the Four Courts in Dublin , under Rory O'Connor , a hero of the War of Independence .", "On 14 April 1922 , a group of 200 anti-Treaty IRA men occupied the Four Courts in Dublin in defiance of the Provisional government ." ]
[ "Upon signing the treaty , Birkenhead remarked `` I may have signed my political death warrant tonight '' , to which Collins replied `` I may have signed my actual death warrant '' .", "When he signed the treaty , he said `` I have signed my own death warrant . ''" ]
[ "In 2007 RTÉ produced a documentary entitled Get Collins , about the intelligence war which took place in Dublin .", "In 2007 RTE produced a documentary entitled Get Collins , centered around the intelligence war which took place in Dublin ." ]
[ "The Irish War of Independence in effect began on the day that the First Dáil convened , 21 January 1919 .", "The Irish War of Independence began on the same day that the First Dáil met on 21 January 1919 ." ]
[ "An annual commemoration ceremony takes place each year in August at the ambush site at Béal na Bláth , County Cork , organised by The Béal na mBláth Commemoration Committee .", "An annual commemoration ceremony takes place each year in August at the ambush site at Béal na mBláth , Cork ." ]
[ "The British government and mainstream Irish media had wrongly blamed Sinn Féin for the Rising .", "This was a small nationalist party which the British government and the Irish media wrongly blamed for the Rising ." ]
[ "Collins also remained Minister for Finance .", "He also became the Minister for Finance ." ]
[ "Fierce fighting broke out in Dublin between the anti-Treaty IRA and the Free State troops .", "This led to the Irish Civil War as fighting broke out in Dublin between the anti-Treaty IRA and the provisional government 's troops ." ]
[ "Republicans would be obliged to `` accept the people 's verdict '' on the Treaty , but could then `` go home without their arms .", "He recorded his plan for peace in his diary : Republicans must `` accept the People 's Verdict '' on the Treaty , but could then `` go home without their arms ( guns ) ." ]
[ "On that date , an ambush party of IRA volunteers including Dan Breen and Seán Treacy , attacked a pair of Royal Irish Constabulary ( RIC ) men who were escorting a consignment of gelignite to a quarry in Soloheadbeg , County Tipperary .", "They were escorting a shipment of gelignite to a quarry in Soloheadbeg , ...
[ "The Supreme Council of the IRB , which had been informed in detail about every facet of the Treaty negotiations and which had approved many of its provisions , voted unanimously to accept the Treaty ; with the single notable exception of Liam Lynch : later COS of the anti-Treaty IRA .", "The Supreme Council of t...
[ "A mathematician in his spare time , he had been a member of the republican Fenian movement .", "His father , also named Michael , was a member of the republican Fenian movement , but had left and settled down to farming ." ]
[ "After leaving school aged 15 , Collins took the Civil Service examination in Cork in February 1906 , and was then employed by the Royal Mail In 1906 , at the age of 15 , he moved to the home of his sister Hannie ( Johanna ) in London , where he became a messenger at a London firm of stockbrokers , Horne and Compan...
[ "Despite the abdication of a large part of the Dáil , the Provisional Government ( Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann ) of the new Free State was formed , with Arthur Griffith as President of the Dáil , and Michael Collins Chairman of the Provisional Government Cabinet ( i.e. , Prime Minister ) .", "The new Provisiona...
[ "Éamon de Valera , another veteran of 1916 , held office in the Irish Volunteers as well .", "Éamon de Valera was president of both organizations ." ]
[ "The following April Collins engineered de Valera 's escape from Lincoln Prison in England ; after which Brugha was replaced by de Valera .", "He was replaced by de Valera , when Collins helped him escape from Lincoln Prison in April 1919 ." ]
[ "Michael Collins ( Irish : Mícheál Ó Coileáin ; 16 October 1890 - 22 August 1922 ) was an Irish revolutionary leader , Minister for Finance and Teachta Dála ( TD ) for Cork South in the First Dáil of 1919 , Director of Intelligence for the IRA , and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negot...
[ "Born in Sam 's Cross , near Clonakilty , County Cork , Collins was the third son and youngest of eight children .", "Michael Collins was the third son and youngest of eight children ." ]
[ "Also in July , Collins set aside his title as Chairman of the Provisional Government to become Commander-in-Chief of the National Army .", "By mid-1922 , Collins no longer really worked as Chairman of the Provisional Government ." ]
[ "In opera performances , there were sometimes two conductors - the keyboard player was in charge of the singers , and the principal violinist or leader was in charge of the orchestra .", "The main conductor who is in charge of an orchestra is often given the title `` musical director '' ." ]
[ "15th Army Group 's total headcount amounted to 1,334,000 men with Eighth Army 's effective fighting strength totalling 632,980 men and Fifth Army 266,883 .", "The 15th Army Group had 1,334,000 men with Eighth Army having 632,980 men and Fifth Army 266,883 ." ]
[ "In Phase II , the Eighth Army was to drive north west to capture Ferrara and Bondeno , blocking routes of potential retreat across the Po .", "The Eighth Army was to go north west to capture Ferrara and Bondeno ." ]
[ "Against them were ranged 21 much weaker German divisions and 4 Italian ENR divisions , a total of 25 .", "Against them were 21 much weaker German divisions and 4 Italian divisions , a total of 25 ." ]
[ "On 23 March , Albert Kesselring was appointed Commander-in-Chief Army Group West , replacing General-Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt .", "On 23 March , Albert Kesselring was appointed Commander-in-Chief Army Group West ." ]
[ "Its objective was '' ... to destroy the maximum number of enemy forces south of the Po , force crossings of the Po and capture Verona . ''", "He wanted destroy the maximum number of enemy forces , cross the Po and capture Verona ." ]
[ "The Fifth Army plan ( Operation Craftsman ) envisaged an initial thrust by IV Corps along Route 64 to straighten the army front and to draw German reserves away from Route 65 .", "The Fifth Army plan ( Operation Craftsman ) aimed to pull German reserves away from Route 65 ." ]
[ "The Fifth Army was also to make a secondary thrust further west towards Ostiglia , the crossing point on the Po of the main route to Verona .", "The Fifth Army was to go west towards Ostiglia ." ]
[ "Clark set out his battle plan on 18 March .", "Clark made his plan on 18 March ." ]
[ "The Spring 1945 offensive in Italy , codenamed Operation Grapeshot , was the Allied attack by Fifth United States Army , British 8th Army and Brazilian Expeditionary Force into the Lombardy Plain which started on 6 April 1945 and ended on 2 May with the surrender of German forces in Italy .", "It started on 6 Ap...
[ "U.S. Fifth Army was to push past Bologna north to link with Eighth Army in the Bondeno region to complete an encirclement of German forces south of the Po .", "The U.S. Fifth Army was to go past Bologna to surround German forces south of the Po ." ]
[ "The Allies had launched their previous major offensive , on the Gothic Line , in August 1944 with British 8th Army attacking up the coastal plain of the Adriatic and the U.S. 5th Army attacking through the central Apennine Mountains .", "The U.S. 5th Army attacked through the central Apennine Mountains ." ]
[ "Harold Alexander having been promoted Field Marshal , was in turn appointed to replace Wilson as Allied Supreme Commander Mediterranean on 12 December .", "He was made the Allied Supreme Commander Mediterranean on 12 December ." ]
[ "II Corps would then attack along Route 65 towards Bologna .", "II Corps would then attack ." ]
[ "Although they managed to breach the formidable Gothic Line defences , they narrowly failed to break out into the Lombardy Plains before the winter weather closed in and made further progress impossible .", "But they failed to get into the Lombardy Plains before the winter weather stopped them ." ]
[ "A relative majority of the first settlers whose descendants today are the Afrikaners were from the United Provinces ( now Netherlands and Belgium ) , though there were also many from Germany , a considerable number from France , and some from Madeira , Norway , Portugal , Scotland , and various other countries .",...
[ "Afrikaans \\ / æfrɪˈkɑːns \\ / is a West Germanic language , spoken natively in South Africa and Namibia , and to a lesser extent in Botswana and Zimbabwe .", "Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia ." ]
[ "Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect in South Africa until the early 20th century , when it became recognized as a distinct language under South African law , alongside Standard Dutch , which it eventually replaced as an official language .", "Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect until the early 20th cen...
[ "In some expatriate communities in Latin America and elsewhere , there is a threat of dialect levelling resulting in extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish .", "In some Sephardic Jewish communities in Latin America and elsewhere , there is a threat of dialect levelling , meaning extinction by assimilation...
[ "The Alaska North Slope is the region of the U.S. state of Alaska located on the northern slope of the Brooks Range along the coast of two marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean , the Chukchi Sea being on the western side of Point Barrow , and the Beaufort Sea on the eastern .", "The Alaska North Slope is a region of ...
[ "The region contains the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska , with the bulk of Alaska 's known petroleum until the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field was discovered in 1968 , followed by the Kuparuk River oil field in 1969 .", "The National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field are the two biggest areas where ...
[ "In mammals , there are two broad types of stem cells : embryonic stem cells , which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts , and adult stem cells , which are found in various tissues .", "The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are : embryonic stem cells , and adult stem cells , which are found...
[ "There are three accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans : Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth .", "Highly plastic adult stem cells can be taken from a variety of sources , including umbilical cord blood and bone marrow ." ]
[ "In adult organisms , stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body , replenishing adult tissues .", "In adult organisms , stem cells act as a repair system for the body , replenishing specialized cells , but also maintain the normal turnover of blood , skin , and intestinal tissues ." ]
[ "In a developing embryo , stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells-ectoderm , endoderm and mesoderm ( see induced pluripotent stem cells ) - but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs , such as blood , skin , or intestinal tissues .", "In a developing embryo , stem cells can d...
[ "It is therefore pointless to email our contact addresses asking for permission to reproduce articles or images , even if rules at your company or school or organization mandate that you ask web site operators before copying their content .", "It is therefore useless to email our contact addresses asking for perm...
[ "The only Wikipedia content you should contact the Wikimedia Foundation about is the trademarked Wikipedia\\/Wikimedia logos , which are not freely usable without permission .", "The only contents about the use of which you should contact the Wikimedia Foundation are the trademarked Wikipedia\\/Wikimedia logos ."...
[ "For permission to use it , one must contact the owner of the copyright of the text or illustration in question ; often , but not always , this will be the original author .", "For permission to use it outside these terms , one must contact all the volunteer authors of the text or illustration in question ." ]
[ "The Arabic alphabet ( Arabic : أَبْجَدِيَّة عَرَبِيَّة abjadīyah ʻarabīyah ) or Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language .", "The Arabic alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Arabic language ." ]