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[ "There are two living species , the common shortfin mako shark ( Isurus oxyrinchus ) and the rare longfin mako shark ( Isurus paucus ) , and several extinct species known from fossils .", "There are two living species in this genus : the common Shortfin mako shark and the rare Longfin mako shark ." ]
[ "They range in length from 2.5 to 4.5 metres ( 9 to 15 feet ) , and have an approximate maximum weight of 800 kg ( 1,750 lb ) .", "Isurus range in length from 2.5 to 4.5 metres ( 8 to 15 ft ) , and can grow to about 800 kilograms ( 1,760 lb ) ." ]
[ "The family Lamnidae also includes sharks such as the great white shark and porbeagle .", "It is in the same family as the great white shark , the Lamnidae ." ]
[ "This treaty differs from others , however , in that the two language versions are worded differently .", "This treaty differs from others in that the two language versions are differently worded ." ]
[ "After an extremely costly four-day battle , in which neither side gained a substantial advantage , both sides claimed victory .", "After a costly four-day battle , in which neither side gained a clear advantage , both sides claimed victory ." ]
[ "Such dual-language recording is common to many subsequent treaties .", "Such dual-language recording is common to many treaties ." ]
[ "It also contains a mutual-assistance pact in the event that one of the empires should be attacked by a third party , or in the event of internal strife .", "p257 It contains a mutual-assistance pact in case one of the empires should be attacked by a third party , or in the event of internal strife ." ]
[ "Although the majority of the text is identical , the Hittite version claims that the Egyptians came suing for peace , while the Egyptian version claims the reverse .", "Most of the text is identical , but the Hittite version claims that the Egyptians came suing for peace , while the Egyptian version claims the r...
[ "The peace treaty was recorded in two versions , one in Egyptian hieroglyphs , and the other in Akkadian using cuneiform script ; fortunately , both versions survive .", "One was in Egyptian hieroglyphics , the other in Akkadian , using cuneiform script ." ]
[ "This treaty is considered of such importance in the field of international relations that a reproduction of it hangs in the United Nations headquarters .", "This treaty is so significant that a reproduction hangs in the United Nations headquarters ." ]
[ "It is different from an armistice , which is an agreement to stop hostilities , or a surrender , in which an army agrees to give up arms , or a ceasefire ( truce ) in which the parties may agree to temporarily or permanently stop fighting .", "A peace treaty is different from an armistice , which is an agreement...
[ "However , the prospect of further protracted conflict between the two states eventually persuaded both their rulers , Hatusiliš III and Ramesses , to end their dispute and sign a peace treaty .", "Fear of further conflict between the two states persuaded both rulers , Hattusili III and Ramesses II , to end their...
[ "The Treaty was concluded between Ramesses II and Hatusiliš III in Year 21 of Ramesses ' reign ( c. 1258 BC ) .", "The treaty was made in year 21 of Ramesses ' reign , probably 1258 BC ." ]
[ "Afghanistan was the source of lapis for the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations , as well as the later Greeks and Romans .", "Afghanistan was the source of lapis for the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations , as well as the Ancient Greeks and Romans ." ]
[ "Lapis lazuli is commercially synthesized or simulated by the Gilson process , which is used to make artificial ultramarine and hydrous zinc phosphates .", "Lapis lazuli is commercially `` synthesized '' ( actually simulated ) by a chemical process , using artificial ultramarine and hydrous zinc phosphates ." ]
[ "In addition to the Afghan deposits , lapis is also extracted in the Andes ( near Ovalle , Chile ) ; and to the west of Lake Baikal in Siberia , Russia , at the Tultui Lazurite deposit .", "In addition to the Afghan deposits , lapis has been extracted for many years in the Andes ( near Ovalle , Chile ) , the Lake...
[ "He has previously competed in the GP2 Series , the GP2 Asia Series ( which he won ) , the FIA World Endurance Championship and Formula One from 2009 to 2012 .", "He has competed in the GP2 Series , won the GP2 Asia Series , and drove in the FIA Formula One World Championship with the Toyota Formula One team in 2...
[ "In 2008 a new traveling exhibition was set up ; Ode to Coorte , that was as nearly as successful , making Coorte the most celebrated `` rediscovered '' Dutch Baroque painter of recent decades .", "In 2008 a new traveling exhibition was set up ; Ode to Coorte , that was nearly as successful , making Coorte the mo...
[ "Bol arranged an exhibition of 35 examples of Coorte 's work in 1958 at the Dordrechts Museum , which became a sensation in the Netherlands , with the poets Hans Faverey and Ed Leeflang both being inspired by the paintings .", "Bol arranged an exhibition of 35 examples of Coorte 's work in 1958 at the Dordrechts ...
[ "His works appear frequently in contemporary Middelburg taxation inventories Coorte was apparently not well known to his contemporaries outside the small city of Middelburg and , like Vermeer a century before , he was almost entirely forgotten until the 1950s , when the Dutch art historian Laurens J. Bol revived hi...
[ "1665 - after 1707 ) was a Dutch Golden Age painter of still lifes , who signed works between 1683 and 1707 .", "He signed works between 1683 and 1707 ." ]
[ "Adriaen Coorte ( ca .", "Adriaen Coorte ( about 1665 - 1707 ) was a Dutch painter ." ]
[ "The executive officer is not supposed to make laws ( the role of the legislature ) or interpret them ( the role of the judiciary ) .", "Under the doctrine of the separation of powers , the executive is not supposed to make laws ( role of the legislature ) , nor to interpret them ( role of the judiciary ) , their...
[ "Maria Theresa fled France with her husband shortly after the storming of the Bastille ( 14 July 1789 ) , which marked the beginning of the French Revolution .", "She fled France with her husband shortly after the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 which marked the beginning of the French Revolution ." ]
[ "She died in exile at Graz , ( Austria ) , in 1805 .", "Moving to Austria , she died in exile at Graz in 1805 ." ]
[ "Some time after , she took refuge in her homeland of Savoy .", "Some time after , she took refuge in her homeland of Savoy under the protection of her father who had become king in 1773 ." ]
[ "Maria Theresa of Savoy ( Maria Teresa ; 31 January 1756 - 2 June 1805 ) was a princess of Savoy by birth and the wife of Charles Philippe , Count of Artois , grandson of Louis XV .", "Maria Teresa of Savoy ( 31 January 1756 - 2 June 1805 ) was a Princess of Savoy and the wife of Charles Charles , Count of Artois...
[ "Following a series of dynastic alliances , Maria Theresa was betrothed to the Count of Artois , the youngest grandson of the reigning Louis XV of France .", "Maria Teresa was engaged to Charles Philippe of France , youngest grandson of Louis XV ." ]
[ "The yard derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon word for a straight branch or rod .", "The word `` yard '' comes from the Anglo-Saxon word for a straight rod ." ]
[ "Though the endowments King Henry made were sizeable , they offered Edward little independence .", "Though the endowments King Henry made were sizable , they offered Edward little independence ." ]
[ "The king now had full backing for collecting lay subsidies from the entire population .", "The king now had full backing for collecting ` lay subsidies ' from the entire population ." ]
[ "In July 1277 Edward invaded with a force of 15,500 , of whom 9,000 were Welshmen .", "In July 1277 Edward invaded with a force of 15,500 - of whom 9,000 were Welshmen ." ]
[ "In April it seemed as if Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement , and civil war would resume , but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth , the parties came to an agreement .", "In April it seemed as if Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement , and civ...
[ "English law was introduced in criminal cases , though the Welsh were allowed to maintain their own customary laws in some cases of property disputes .", "English law was introduced in criminal cases , though the Welsh were allowed to maintain their own laws in some cases of property disputes ." ]
[ "By the 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan , the Principality of Wales was incorporated into England and was given an administrative system like the English , with counties policed by sheriffs .", "By the 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan , Wales was incorporated into England and was given an administrative system like the English ...
[ "Jerusalem had fallen in 1244 , and Acre was now the center of the Christian state .", "Jerusalem had fallen in 1244 , and Acre was now the center of the Christian area ." ]
[ "In 1284 , King Edward 's son Edward ( later Edward II ) was born at Caernarfon Castle .", "In 1284 , King Edward 's son Edward - the later Edward II - was born at Caernarfon Castle ." ]
[ "Edward , commanding the right wing , performed well , and soon defeated the London contingent of Montfort 's forces .", "Edward , commanding the right wing , performed well , and soon defeated the London contingent of de Montfort 's forces ." ]
[ "The campaign had been very successful , but the English triumph would only be temporary .", "The campaign had been a very successful , but the English triumph would only be temporary ." ]
[ "The two forces then met at the second great encounter of the Barons ' War , the Battle of Evesham , on 4 August 1265 .", "The two forces then met at the second great encounter of the Barons ' War - the Battle of Evesham , on 4 August 1265 ." ]
[ "In 1254 , English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English province of Gascony induced Edward 's father to arrange a politically expedient marriage between his fourteen-year-old son and Eleanor , the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile .", "In 1254 , English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English ...
[ "By the agreement known as the Mise of Lewes , Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as prisoners to Montfort .", "By the agreement known as the Mise of Lewes , Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as prisoners to de Montfort ." ]
[ "In 1295 , however , a significant change occurred .", "In 1295 a significant change occurred ." ]
[ "As part of the marriage agreement , the young prince received grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year .", "As part of the marriage agreement , the young prince got grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year ." ]
[ "The plans failed when the French forces were struck by an epidemic which , on 25 August , took the life of King Louis himself .", "The French forces were struck by an epidemic which , on 25 August , took the life of King Louis himself ." ]
[ "Then , on 28 May , he managed to escape his custodians and joined up with the Earl of Gloucester , who had recently defected to the king 's side .", "Then , on 28 May 1265 , Edward managed to escape his custodians and joined up with the Earl of Gloucester , who had recently defected to the king 's side ." ]
[ "Edward managed to make a surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle , where the younger Montfort was quartered , before moving on to cut off the earl of Leicester .", "Edward managed to make a surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle , before moving on to cut off the earl of Leicester ." ]
[ "At Christmas , he came to terms with the younger Simon de Montfort and his associates at the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire , and in March he led a successful assault on the Cinque Ports .", "At Christmas , he came to terms with the younger Simon de Montfort and his associates at the Isle of Axholme in Lincolns...
[ "The grant he received in 1254 included most of Ireland , and much land in Wales and England , including the earldom of Chester , but the king retained much control over the land in question , particularly in Ireland , so Edward 's power was limited there as well , and the king derived most of the income from those...
[ "The conquest of Gwynedd was complete with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd , who was taken to Shrewsbury and executed as a traitor the following autumn .", "The conquest was complete with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd , who was taken to Shrewsbury and executed as a traitor next autumn ." ]
[ "Edward took the crusader 's cross in an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268 , with his brother Edmund and cousin Henry of Almain .", "See also : Eighth Crusade and Ninth Crusade Edward took the crusader 's cross in an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268 , with his brother Edmund and cousin Henry of Almain ." ]
[ "When war broke out again in 1282 , it was an entirely different undertaking .", "When war broke out again in 1282 , it was entirely different ." ]
[ "The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd , who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277 .", "The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd ( Llywelyn 's younger brother ) , who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277 ." ]
[ "The war did not end with Montfort 's death , and Edward participated in the continued campaigning .", "The war did not end with Montfort 's death , and Edward continued campaigning ." ]
[ "For this Parliament , in addition to the secular and ecclesiastical lords , two knights from each county and two representatives from each borough were summoned .", "For this Parliament , in addition to the lords , two knights from each county and two representatives from each borough were summoned ." ]
[ "His program of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe , drawing on Eastern influences .", "His castles started the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe , drawing on Eastern influences ." ]
[ "Edward was initially defiant , but an attack by a Muslim assassin in June forced him to abandon any further campaigning .", "Finally , an attack by a Muslim assassin in June forced him to abandon any further campaigning ." ]
[ "Whereas previously the commons had been expected simply to assent to decisions already made by the magnates , it was now proclaimed that they should meet with the full authority ( plena potestas ) of their communities , to give assent to decisions made in Parliament .", "Now they would meet with the full authori...
[ "Originally , the Crusaders intended to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre , but Louis had been diverted to Tunis .", "Originally , the Crusaders intended to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre , but before they could do this , several disasters happened to the French ." ]
[ "In 1303 , a peace agreement was reached between England and France , effectively breaking up the Franco-Scottish alliance .", "Edward 's next move was political : in 1303 a peace agreement was made between England and France , breaking up the Franco-Scottish alliance ." ]
[ "The situation changed again on 10 February 1306 , when Robert the Bruce murdered his rival John Comyn and a few weeks later , on 25 March , had himself crowned king of Scotland by Isobel , sister of the Earl of Buchan .", "The situation changed again , in 1306 , when de Brus murdered his rival John Comyn and had...
[ "This format eventually became the standard for later Parliaments , and historians have named the assembly the `` Model Parliament '' .", "Historians have called this the `` Model Parliament '' ." ]
[ "This last conflict demanded the king 's own attention , but in both cases the rebellions were put down .", "In both cases the rebellions were put down ." ]
[ "He had already received Gascony as early as 1249 , but Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester , had been appointed as royal lieutenant the year before and , consequently , drew its income , so in practice Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from this province .", "He had received Gascony as early as ...
[ "After 1277 , and increasingly after 1283 , Edward embarked on a full-scale project of English settlement of Wales , creating new towns like Flint , Aberystwyth , and Rhuddlan .", "After 1277 , and increasingly after 1283 , Edward embarked on a full-scale project of English settlement of Wales ." ]
[ "An embassy to the Ilkhan Abaqa ( 1234-1282 ) of the Mongols helped bring about an attack on Aleppo in the north , which helped to distract Baibar 's forces .", "An embassy to the Mongols helped bring about an attack on Aleppo in the north , which helped to distract Baibar 's forces ." ]
[ "Upon returning home , Edward immediately embarked on the administrative business of the nation , and his major concern was restoring order and re-establishing royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father .", "His first concern was to restore order and re-establish royal authority after the disastrous...
[ "For the Welsh , this war was over national identity , enjoying wide support , provoked particularly by attempts to impose English law on Welsh subjects .", "It had wide support , especially after attempts to impose English law on Welsh subjects ." ]
[ "Eleanor and Edward were married on 1 November 1254 in the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Castile .", "Eleanor and Edward were married on 1 November 1254 in Castile ." ]
[ "Edward then replaced most local officials , such as the escheators and sheriffs .", "Edward then replaced most local officials , such as the sheriffs ." ]
[ "This last measure was done in preparation for an extensive inquest covering all of England , that would hear complaints about abuse of power by royal officers .", "This was done to prepare for an inquiry which would hear complaints about abuse of power by royal officers ." ]
[ "Edward I ( 17 June 1239 - 7 July 1307 ) , also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots ( Latin : Malleus Scotorum ) , was King of England from 1272 to 1307 .", "Edward I ( 17 June 1239-7 July 1307 ) , also Longshanks ( meaning ` long legs ' ) and the Hammer of the Scots , was a Plantagenet King of...
[ "For Edward , it became a war of conquest rather than simply a punitive expedition , like the former campaign .", "For Edward , it became a war of conquest ." ]
[ "Even though as many as fourteen claimants put forward their claims to the title , the real contest was between John Balliol and Robert de Brus .", "There were fourteen claimants ; John Balliol and Robert de Brus ( the grandfather of the famous Robert the Bruce ) had the best cases ." ]
[ "Among the main achievements of the reign of Edward I were the reforms of the institution of the English Parliament and its transformation into a source for generating revenues .", "Edward reformed English Parliament and made it a source for generating revenue ." ]
[ "On 22 July 1298 , in the only major battle he had fought since Evesham in 1265 , Edward defeated Wallace 's forces at the Battle of Falkirk .", "In 1298 Edward defeated Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk ." ]
[ "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd enjoyed an advantageous situation in the aftermath of the Barons ' War .", "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was the main Welsh leader ." ]
[ "Edward then captured Northampton from Montfort 's son Simon , before embarking on a retaliatory campaign against Derby 's lands .", "Edward then captured Northampton from de Montfort 's son , also Simon ." ]
[ "He won the 2005 Chess Oscar .", "Topalov won the 2005 Chess Oscar ." ]
[ "He regained the world No. 1 ranking again in October 2008 , and officially remained No. 1 until January 2010 , when he fell to No. 2 behind Carlsen .", "He regained the world # 1 ranking again in October 2008 , and officially remained # 1 until January 2010 , when he fell to # 2 behind Magnus Carlsen ." ]
[ "Topalov became the FIDE World Chess Champion by winning the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 .", "Topalov became the FIDE champion in 2005 ." ]
[ "He lost his title in the World Chess Championship 2006 match against Vladimir Kramnik .", "He lost his title in a classical match against Vladimir Kramnik , the purpose of which was to unify the titles ." ]
[ "The World Chess Championship 2010 match was held in Sofia , Bulgaria , which Topalov lost by 6 1\\/2 -5 1\\/2 margin .", "Topalov lost the World Championship match with Anand 5 1\\/2 -6 1\\/2 in May 2010 ." ]
[ "Veselin Aleksandrov Topalov ( pronounced ( vɛsɛˈlin toˈpɑlof ) ; Bulgarian : Веселин Александров Топалов ; born 15 March 1975 ) is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster .", "Veselin Topalov ( Веселин Топалов , born 15 March 1975 ) , is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster and former ` FIDE world chess champion ' ." ]
[ "It ripped across Great Inagua Island and Grand Turk Island , where 80 % of the buildings on Grand Turk were severely damaged or completely destroyed .", "It ripped across Great Inagua Island and Grand Turk Island , where 80 % of the buildings on Grand Turk were seriously damaged or completely destroyed ." ]
[ "It made landfall on Galveston Island on September 13 as a strong Category 2 hurricane , but its large size brought a storm surge of over 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) from Galveston Island eastward into southern Louisiana .", "It made landfall on Galveston Island on September 13 as a strong category 2 hurricane , but its bi...
[ "By early the next day , a surface low developed and the wave became better organized .", "By early the next day , a surface low developed and the wave became more organized ." ]
[ "The Bolivar Peninsula was worst affected by the surge , while Galveston Island ( where waves topped the seawall ) and the Port Arthur areas also saw extensive damage .", "The Bolivar Peninsula was worst affected by the surge , while Galveston Island ( where waves topped the seawall ) and the Port Arthur areas al...
[ "The National Hurricane Center upgraded the system to Tropical Depression Two in the morning hours of July 3 after the system was able to maintain convection over its center for at least 12 hours .", "The National Hurricane Center upgraded the system to Tropical Depression Two in the morning hours of July 3 after...
[ "It strengthened into Tropical Depression Five before gaining intensity and being named Tropical Storm Edouard on August 3 .", "It strengthened into Tropical Depression Five before gaining strength and being named Tropical Storm Edouard on August 3 ." ]
[ "The National Hurricane Center noted that this tropical cyclone was remarkably forecast up to a week in advance by many global computer models .", "The National Hurricane Center said that this tropical cyclone was predicted by up to a week in advance by many global computer models ." ]
[ "Ike weakened to a Category 2 hurricane before re-intensifying back to Category 4 .", "Ike weakened back to a Category 2 hurricane before re-intensifying back to Category 4 ." ]
[ "On July 12 , Bertha slowed in movement , becoming almost stationary and by July 13 this slow movement weakened the storm to tropical storm strength .", "On July 12 , Bertha slowed in movement , and was close to becoming still and by July 13 this slow movement weakened the storm to tropical storm strength ." ]
[ "It tracked westward into the Caribbean Sea where it encountered more favorable conditions , and became a tropical depression on the morning of August 25 , west of the Windward Islands .", "It tracked westward into the Caribbean Sea where it encountered better conditions for cyclone development , and became a tro...
[ "It produced heavy rain across the Leeward Islands and into Puerto Rico before tracking westward , while unable to develop a low-level circulation despite producing tropical storm-force winds .", "It caused heavy rain across the Leeward Islands and into Puerto Rico before tracking westward , while unable to devel...
[ "Later that day Fay produced heavy rains on the island of Hispaniola prompting a major flash flood threat .", "Later that day Fay caused heavy rains on the island of Hispaniola causing a major flash flood threat ." ]
[ "In general , Maritimers were spared the anticipated damage .", "In general , Maritimers were spared of the expected damage ." ]
[ "The season officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30 .", "The season started on June 1 and ended on November 30 ." ]
[ "By September 24 , it began to track northward away from the islands and into the open Atlantic water , and it became a tropical storm on September 25 , thus being named Kyle .", "By September 24 , it began to track northward away from the islands and into the open Atlantic water , and became a tropical storm on ...
[ "IKE is a measure of storm surge destructive potential , similar to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale , though it is more complex and in many ways more accurate .", "Integrated Kinetic Energy is a measure of storm surge damaging potential , similar to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale , though the IKE is more c...