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[ "It is also controversial whether the Romans maintained a military presence to protect the ford , nearby , across which the convoys of lead from Lutudarum Wirksworth joined Rykneld Street at Derventio ( now part of Derby ) , en route for the North Sea ports .", "The Roman army might have been there to protect the...
[ "What was remarkable was the size of the latter , about 98 feet in length and 95 feet in breadth , only slightly smaller than the White Tower in London .", "The size of the rock was really remarkable , about 98 feet in length and 95 feet in width , only slightly smaller than the White Tower in London ." ]
[ "Considerable amounts of Roman or Romano-British pottery have also been found , including roof tiles of Roman pattern .", "Also , many Roman or Romano-British pottery has been found , including roof tiles of Roman pattern ." ]
[ "This extended between Heage and Shottle on the North , and Tutbury on the South .", "It was between Heage and Shottle on the North , and Tutbury on the South ." ]
[ "He built Tutbury Castle , and made it his chief seat ; but he needed an outpost to protect his lands further north , so built another castle , probably of wood , at Duffield .", "He built another castle at Duffield to protect north side of his land ." ]
[ "His third son , Robert , distinguished himself in the Battle of the Standard against the Scots in 1138 and was made the Earl of Derby .", "His third son , Robert , fought the Scots in the Battle of the Standard in 1138 , and became the first Earl of Derby ." ]
[ "What is known , however that , in , or around , 1066 Henry de Ferrers ( sometimes spelt Ferrars ) , having rendered great service to King William , was granted estates in Derbyshire , which became known as Duffield Frith .", "Henry de Ferrers ( Ferrars ) faithfully served King William and was given land in Derby...
[ "Following him was his second , William , who was a favorite of King John who restored his earldom along with the manors of Wirksworth , Ashbourne and , later , Horston Castle ( Horsley ) .", "William II was favored by King John , and took back the land of Wirksworth , Ashbourne , and Horston Castle ( Horsley ) ....
[ "Some of the artefacts that were discovered were lodged with the Derby Museum , while others were kept in the Parish Room , many have disappeared .", "Some of them were kept in the Derby Museum , but others kept in the Parish Room were unfortunately lost ." ]
[ "The series was successful , and Wood conducted annual promenade series until his death in 1944 .", "Wood conducted the Proms until his death in 1944 ." ]
[ "Wood 's ambition at the time was to become a teacher of singing , and he gave singing lessons throughout his life .", "He wanted to become a singing teacher , and he did in fact give singing lessons all his life ." ]
[ "In 1921 Wood was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society , the first English conductor to receive the honor .", "Wood was given many honors : he was knighted by the king in 1911 , he was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society in 1921 and was made a Companion of Honour in 1944 ....
[ "Rachmaninoff played the solo part in his Second Piano Concerto , and Vaughan Williams , at Wood 's request , composed a short choral work for the occasion : the Serenade to Music for orchestra and 16 soloists .", "Rachmaninov was the soloist , and Vaughan Williams wrote his Serenade to Music for orchestra and si...
[ "After his death , the concerts were officially renamed in his honor as the `` Henry Wood Promenade Concerts '' , although they continued to be generally referred to as `` the Proms '' .", "They became known as the `` Henry Wood Promenade Concerts '' ." ]
[ "He composed the work for which he is most celebrated , Fantasia on British Sea Songs , for a concert in 1905 , celebrating the centenary of the Battle of Trafalgar .", "He arranged a group of songs called Fantasia on British Sea Songs for the 1905 centenary celebrations of the Battle of Trafalgar ." ]
[ "He played it at the Proms more than 40 times , and it became a fixture at the `` Last Night of the Proms '' , the lively concert marking the end of each season .", "These are always played at the Last Night of the Proms ." ]
[ "On 10 August 1895 , the first of the Queen 's Hall Promenade Concerts took place .", "The first series of Promenade Concerts ( or `` Proms '' for short ) was in 1895 ." ]
[ "Sir Henry Joseph Wood CH ( 3 March 1869 - 19 August 1944 ) was an English conductor best known for his association with London 's annual series of promenade concerts , known as the Proms .", "Sir Henry Wood ( 3 March 1869 - 19 August 1944 ) was an English conductor ." ]
[ "Wood was born in Oxford Street , London , the only child of Henry Joseph Wood and his wife Martha , née Morris .", "Henry Wood was born in London ." ]
[ "Academy Awards nominations The Color Purple was nominated for four Golden Globes , including Best Picture ( Drama ) , Best Director for Spielberg , and Best Supporting Actress for Winfrey .", "Academy Awards nominations The Color Purple was nominated for five Golden Globes , including Best Picture ( Drama ) , Be...
[ "The film was shown at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival as a non-competing title .", "The movie was shown at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival as a non-competing title ." ]
[ "It failed to win any of them , tying the record set by 1977 's The Turning Point for the most Oscar nominations without a single win .", "This tied the record set by 1977 's The Turning Point for the most Oscar nominations without a single win ." ]
[ "The Color Purple is a 1985 American period drama film directed by Steven Spielberg , based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name by Alice Walker .", "The Color Purple is based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel , The Color Purple by Alice Walker ." ]
[ "Celie is transformed as she finds her self-worth through the help of two strong female companions .", "Celie is changed as she finds her self-worth through the help of two strong female friends ." ]
[ "Filmed in Anson and Union counties in North Carolina , the film tells the story of a young African American girl named Celie Harris and shows the problems African American women faced during the early 1900s , including poverty , racism , and sexism .", "It shows the problems African American women faced during t...
[ "The Color Purple was nominated for 11 Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actress for Goldberg and Best Supporting Actress for both Avery and Winfrey .", "The Color Purple was nominated for 11 Academy Awards ." ]
[ "It was composed by Knowles , Kasseem `` Swizz Beatz '' Dean and Sean Garrett .", "Ring the Alarm is an R&B song written by Beyoncé Knowles , Kasseem `` Swizz Beatz '' Dean , and Sean Garrett for Knowles ' second solo album B'Day ( 2006 ) ." ]
[ "The two most characteristic features of perspective are that objects are drawn : Linear perspective always works by representing the light that passes from a scene through an imaginary rectangle ( the painting ) , to the viewer 's eye .", "Perspective works by representing the light that passes from a scene thro...
[ "This line , directly opposite the viewer 's eye , represents objects infinitely far away .", "This line represents objects that are infinitely far away ." ]
[ "In Christian ecclesiology , full communion is a relationship between church organizations or groups that mutually recognize their sharing the essential doctrines .", "Full communion is a term used in Christian ecclesiology to describe relations between two distinct Christian communities or Churches that recogniz...
[ "Language planning is a deliberate effort to influence the function , structure , or acquisition of languages or language variety within a speech community .", "Language planning is the attempt to influence how a language is used ." ]
[ "This article is about the field of language planning and policy .", "In general , there are different forms of language planning :" ]
[ "Paraná is bounded on the north by São Paulo state , on the east by the Atlantic Ocean , on the south by Santa Catarina state and the Misiones Province of Argentina , and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay , with the Paraná River as its western boundary line .", "Paraná is bounded on t...
[ "The 2000 UEFA Cup Final Riots , also known as the Battle of Copenhagen , were a series of riots in City Hall Square in Copenhagen , Denmark , between fans of English football team Arsenal and Turkish side Galatasaray around the 2000 UEFA Cup Final on 17 May 2000 .", "The 2000 UEFA Cup Final Riots , also known as...
[ "The scuffles , in which four people were stabbed , also involved fans from other clubs and were viewed by the media as part of a retaliation for the killing of two Leeds United fans by Galatasaray supporters the month before .", "The fights , in which four people were stabbed , also included fans from other club...
[ "Sir Michael Kemp Tippett OM CH CBE ( 2 January 1905 - 8 January 1998 ) was an English composer who rose to prominence during and immediately after the Second World War .", "Sir Michael Kemp Tippett OM CH CBE ( 2 January 1905 - 8 January 1998 ) was an English composer ." ]
[ "He withdrew the music , and in September 1930 re-enrolled at the RCM for a special course of study in counterpoint with R.O. Morris , an expert on 16th-century music .", "He took some more lessons in composition from R.O. Morris at the RCM ." ]
[ "In the two works that immediately followed the first quartet , Bowen finds the Piano Sonata No. 1 ( 1938 ) full of the young composer 's inventiveness , while Matthews writes of the Concerto for Double String Orchestra ( 1939 ) : '' ( I ) t is the rhythmic freedom of the music , its joyful liberation from orthodox...
[ "In July 2008 in Berlin , a 19-year-old Russian mathematics student Nikolai Sazhin won the `` World Champion '' title in chess boxing by defeating Frank Stoldt .", "In July 2008 in Berlin , a 19-year old Russian mathematics student Nikolai Sazhin won the title of `` World Champion '' in chess boxing by beating Fr...
[ "Stoldt resigned in the 5th round ( chess ) after losing his queen .", "Stoldt resigned in the 5th round after losing his queen ." ]
[ "In April 2008 , the World Chess Federation FIDE posted a video on its website showing its president , Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , playing a friendly chess boxing match in Elista .", "In April 2008 , the World Chess Federation , FIDE , posted a video on its website in which its president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov played a frie...
[ "There is a one-minute break between each round , during which competitors cool out and change gear .", "Between rounds there is a one minute pause , during which the players change their gear ." ]
[ "That same month , the United Kingdom 's first chess boxing club was begun in London by the Great Britain Chess Boxing Organization 's founder Tim Woolgar .", "Also in April 2008 the UK 's first Chess Boxing club was started in London by Great Britain Chess Boxing Organisation founder Tim Woolgar ." ]
[ "Rules of fast chess are used , and a competitor only has a total of twelve minutes to use for all his chess moves .", "The form of chess played is speed chess in which each player has a total of twelve minutes for the whole game ." ]
[ "Rubingh felt the method described in the book , a boxing match followed by a chess match , was impractical .", "Rubingh decided that the method of play in the book , a boxing match with a chess match after , was not very good ." ]
[ "The concept of chess boxing came up by comics artist Enki Bilal , and chessboxing was featured in his graphic novel Froid Équateur .", "The idea was started in 1992 by cartoonist Enki Bilal , and a match of chess boxing was a big story part of his graphic novel Froid Équateur ." ]
[ "The match begins with a chess round which is followed by a boxing round .", "A match between two players is made up of up to eleven rounds of boxing and chess sessions , starting with a four-minute chess round followed by two minutes of boxing and so on ." ]
[ "The sport is governed by two world governing bodies the World Chess Boxing Organisation ( WCBO ) based in Berlin and the World Chessboxing Association ( WCBA ) based in London .", "The World Chess Boxing Organisation ( WCBO ) , keeps control of the sport ." ]
[ "Chess boxing is a hybrid sport that combines chess with boxing in alternating rounds .", "Chess boxing is a mixed sport which puts together the sport of boxing with games of chess in every other round ." ]
[ "Tihomir Atanassov Dovramadjiev of Bulgaria defeated Andreas `` D '' Schneider of Germany , who conceded in the seventh ( chess ) round .", "The First European Chess Boxing Championship took place in Berlin on October 1 , 2005 when Tihomir Atanassov Dovramadjiev of Bulgaria beat Andreas D'Schneider of Germany aft...
[ "Player 's chess time is measured using a chess clock .", "Players may win by knocking out the other player , checkmate , a judge 's choice , or if the other player runs out of chess time ." ]
[ "The Moscow Metro is a state-owned enterprise .", "The Moscow Metro has 12 lines , consisting of 11 normal lines and one light line ." ]
[ "The Filyovskaya Line is notable for being the only line with most of its route at grade .", "The only exceptions are some stations on Filyovskaya Line which can only take 6-car trains ." ]
[ "By removing the genes in the plasmid that caused the tumor and adding in novel genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants .", "By removing the genes in the plasmid which caused the tumor and adding in new genes rese...
[ "Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System ( gene gun ) by John Sanford in the 1980s .", "Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System ( gene gun ) by John Sanford in 1990 ." ]
[ "In 1944 this `` transforming principle '' was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery , Colin MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty .", "In 1944 this transforming principle was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery , Colin MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty ." ]
[ "Griffith hypothesized that some `` transforming principle '' from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent .", "Griffith thought some `` transforming principle '' from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent ." ]
[ "They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria `` transformation '' ( See Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment ) .", "They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria ` transformation ' ." ]
[ "Transformation is one of three processes by which exogenous genetic material may be introduced into a bacterial cell , the other two being conjugation ( transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact ) and transduction ( injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host ba...
[ "Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells is often called `` transfection '' .", "Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryote cells is usually called `` transfection '' ." ]
[ "`` Transformation '' may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells , including animal and plant cells ; however , because `` transformation '' has a special meaning in relation to animal cells , indicating progression to a cancerous state , the term should be avoided fo...
[ "The results of Avery et al. 's experiments were at first skeptically received by the scientific community and it was not until the development of genetic markers and the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer ( conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953 ) by Joshua Lederberg that Avery 's experiments wer...
[ "Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria , but it can also be effected by artificial means in other cells .", "Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria , and can also be done artificially ." ]
[ "In molecular biology , transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material ( exogenous DNA ) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane ( s ) .", "In molecular biology , transformation is the genetic alteration of a...
[ "The discovery of artificially induced competence in E. coli created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria which allows for simpler molecular cloning methods in biotechnology and research , and it is now a routinely used laboratory procedure .", "This created an efficient and convenient ...
[ "If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds and yields something new , it is a purely synthetic process .", "If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds and yields something new , it is a `` purely synthetic process '' ." ]
[ "If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to new compounds , the synthesis is described as a semisynthetic process .", "If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to a new compounds , the synthesis is called a `` semisynthetic process '' ." ]
[ "A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction taking place that diminishes the yield of the desired product .", "A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction taking place that reduces the yield of the wanted product ." ]
[ "The general form of a direct combination reaction is : A + B → AB where A and B are elements or compounds , and AB is a compound consisting of A and B. Examples of combination reactions include : 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl ( formation of table salt ) S + O2 → SO2 ( formation of sulfur dioxide ) 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3 ( iron ru...
[ "Various reaction types can be applied to these to synthesize the product , or an intermediate product .", "Chemists use various reaction types to these to synthesize the product , or an intermediate product ." ]
[ "This happens by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions .", "This happens by physical and chemical manipulations ." ]
[ "The other meaning of chemical synthesis is narrow and restricted to a specific kind of chemical reaction , a direct combination reaction , in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product .", "In a direct combination reaction , two or more reactants combine to form a single product ." ]
[ "Many strategies exist in chemical synthesis that go beyond converting reactant A to reaction product B . In cascade reactions multiple chemical transformations take place within a single reactant , in multi-component reactions up to 11 different reactants form a single reaction product and in a telescopic synthesi...
[ "A chemical synthesis begins by selection of compounds that are known as reagents or reactants .", "These starting compounds are known as reagents or reactants ." ]
[ "This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel such as a chemical reactor or a simple round-bottom flask .", "( The vessel can be a chemical reactor or a simple round-bottom flask . )" ]
[ "Skill in organic synthesis is prized among chemists and the synthesis of exceptionally valuable or difficult compounds has won chemists such as Robert Burns Woodward the Nobel Prize for Chemistry .", "The synthesis of very valuable or difficult compounds has earned chemists , such as Robert Burns Woodward , the ...
[ "Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis dealing with the synthesis of organic compounds .", "Organic synthesis is a special type of chemical synthesis ." ]
[ "The word synthesis in the present day meaning was first used by the chemist Hermann Kolbe .", "The chemist Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe was the first to use the word synthesis in its present day meaning ." ]
[ "In the total synthesis of a complex product it may take multiple steps to synthesize the product of interest , and inordinate amounts of time .", "The total synthesis of a complex product may take many steps to reach the goal product ." ]
[ "In chemistry , chemical synthesis is a purposeful execution of chemical reactions to obtain a product , or several products .", "In chemistry , chemical synthesis means using chemical reactions to get a product , or several products ." ]
[ "Roberto Luongo ( \\ / luːˈɒŋɡoʊ \\ / ; born April 4 , 1979 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .", "Roberto Luongo ( born April 4 , 1979 ) is a Canadian ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ." ]
[ "Luongo 's efforts helped the Canucks reach the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in 17 years .", "It was Luongo 's first time to reach the playoffs ." ]
[ "In music , relative keys are the major and minor scales that have the same key signatures .", "When a piece of music is in a major key , the relative minor means the minor key which has the same key signature ." ]
[ "G major and E minor both have a single sharp in their key signature at F ♯ ; therefore , E minor is the relative minor of G major , and conversely G major is the relative major of E minor .", "C major is called the relative major of A minor ." ]
[ "In the mid-1980s , the government divided the department of Zelaya - consisting of the eastern half of the country - into two autonomous regions and granted the black and indigenous people of this region limited self-rule within the Republic .", "In the mid-1980s , the government divided the eastern half of the ...
[ "There is also an East Asian community of Japanese , Taiwanese and Chinese .", "There is also a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrian , Armenian , Palestinian and Lebanese people in Nicaragua with a total population of about 30,000 , and an East Asian community of Japanese , Taiwanese and Chinese pe...
[ "Ninety percent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands .", "Ninety per cent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific and central lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands ." ]
[ "The population is 54 % urban with Managua ( capital ) being the largest city , home to over a million inhabitants .", "The population is 54 % urban ." ]
[ "Wulfhere died later in 675 .", "Wulfhere died in early 675 ." ]
[ "Wulfhere or Wulfar ( died 675 ) was King of Mercia from 658 until 675 AD .", "Wulfhere or Wulfar ( † 675 ) was an early King of Mercia ." ]
[ "Wulfhere was the son of Penda of Mercia .", "Wulfhere was a younger son of King Penda ." ]
[ "By 670 , when Oswiu died , Wulfhere was the most powerful king in southern Britain .", "By the time Oswiu died in 670 Wulfhere was the overlord of most of southern England ." ]
[ "Oswiu then ruled all Mercia himself .", "Oswiu then took control of all Mercia and ruled it three years ." ]
[ "Between 1970 and 1980 , 18,148 Koreans immigrated to Canada , and another 17,583 came in the following decade .", "Between 1970 and 1980 , 18,148 Koreans immigrated to Canada , and another 17,583 came in the 1990s ." ]
[ "However , with the 1966 reform of Canadian immigration laws , South Korean immigration to Canada began to grow .", "However , after 1966 's change of Canadian immigration laws , South Korean immigration to Canada grew ." ]
[ "The first Koreans to come to Canada were local Christians sent by Canadian missionaries as seminary students .", "The first Koreans who came to Canada were Christians ." ]
[ "According to South Korea 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade , there were 205,993 Koreans or people of Korean descent in Canada as of 2013 ( update ) , making them the fourth-largest Korean diaspora population ( behind Koreans in China , Koreans in the United States , Koreans in Japan and ahead of Koreans in ...
[ "The number of temporary residents has also grown ever since the Canadian government granted a visa waiver to South Korea ; South Korea was the largest supplier of international students to Canada in the late 1990s .", "The number of temporary residents also grew after the Canadian government made visas not neces...
[ "The 1990s growth in South Korean migration to Canada occurred at a time when Canadian unemployment was high and income growth was low relative to the United States .", "In the 1990s , many Koreans came to Canada because unemployment was high and income growth was low ." ]
[ "Very few settled in Canada ; as late as 1965 , the total permanent Korean population of Canada was estimated at only 70 .", "Not many stayed in Canada though ; and in 1965 , the total Korean population of Canada was only about 70 people ." ]