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[ "Any material that can not be grown must be mined .", "Any material that can not be grown through agricultural processes , or created artificially in a laboratory or factory , is usually mined ." ]
[ "Mining things from the ground is called extraction .", "These are , oil and gas extraction , coal mining , metal ore mining , nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying , and support activities for mining . Out of all these categories , oil and gas extraction remains one of the largest in terms of its global econo...
[ "This is called underground mining . Some mining , such as gold mining , is done in other ways .", "These are , oil and gas extraction , coal mining , metal ore mining , nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying , and support activities for mining ." ]
[ "JuvignÃ is a commune of 1 340 people ( 1999 ) . It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France .", "JuvignÃ is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France ." ]
[ "It most commonly manifests in the appearance of individuals within a group whose behavior ( and sometimes anatomy -- body shape and function ) is modified for group defense , including self-sacrifice ( altruism ) .", "It can manifest in the appearance of individuals within a group whose behavior ( and sometimes ...
[ "Sisters are more related to each other than to any offspring they might have .", "Sisters are more related to each other than to their offspring ." ]
[ "This model does not require that individuals are highly related , though high relatedness will reduce expected levels of resistance to manipulation .", "This model does not require that individuals be highly related , though high relatedness will reduce expected levels of resistance to manipulation ." ]
[ "Even though workers often do not reproduce , they are potentially passing on more of their genes by caring for sisters than they would by having their own offspring .", "Even though workers often do not reproduce , they are potentially passing on more of their genes by caring for sisters than they would by havin...
[ "On average , two supersisters have 75 percent of the same genes .", "This mechanism of sex determination gives rise to what W. D. Hamilton first termed `` supersisters '' who share 75 per cent of their genes on average . Sterile workers are more closely related to their supersisters than to any offspring they mi...
[ "Reeve and Holldobler have put forward a theory of a superorganism . They elaborate this model further , by also looking at competition and co-operation between groups as well as within groups .", "Reeve and Holldobler 's version of superorganism theory further elaborates this model by considering competition and...
[ "If the theory of inclusive fitness is applied , ants will evolve eusociality more easily . Haplodiploidy makes kin selection easier .", "According to inclusive fitness theory , eusociality may be easier for species like ants to evolve , due to their haplodiploidy , which facilitates the operation of kin selectio...
[ "In a hymenopteran colony with one breeder ( queen ) and many workers as described above , the evolutionarily stable state is for each individual to invest entirely in helping the group . This leads to a perfect `` superorganism '' .", "In a hymenopteran colony with one breeder ( queen ) and many workers as descr...
[ "Eusociality with biologically sterile individuals represents the most extreme form of kin altruism .", "Eusociality with biologically sterile individuals represents the most extreme form of kin selection ." ]
[ "However , they further demonstrate that any group of relatives may show high `` superorganismness '' , provided that there are many groups competing for the same resources .", "However , they further show that any group of relatives may show high `` superorganismness '' , provided that there are many groups comp...
[ "Similarly , eusociality has been found among some crustaceans and other arthropods .", "Similarly , eusociality has arisen among some crustaceans and other arthropods ." ]
[ "Darwin thought that the resolution to the paradox would lie in the close family relationship .", "Darwin anticipated that a possible resolution to the paradox might lie in the close family relationship , but specific theories ( e.g. kin selection or inclusive fitness ) had to wait for the discovery of the mechan...
[ "The term `` eusocial '' was introduced in 1966 by Suzanne Batra .", "The term `` eusocial '' was introduced in 1966 by Suzanne Batra and given a more definitive meaning by E. O. Wilson ." ]
[ "In 2009 , there were only two known mammal species with this form of organization , the naked mole rat and the Damaraland mole rat .", "The only mammalian examples are the naked mole rat and the Damaraland mole rat ." ]
[ "They can show this result , even without considering between-group interactions .", "This is implied even without considering between-group interactions ." ]
[ "Theories of parental manipulation point out that the transition from solitary to eusocial appears to involve some stages where dominance interactions are required to suppress the reproductive tendencies of group members ; that is , females are manipulated into acting as workers , even if it is against their own se...
[ "Indeed , a non-zero level of inter-group co-operation is predicted , even if the group members are entirely unrelated , as long as there is competition between groups .", "Indeed , a non-zero level of intra-group co-operation is predicted , even if the group members are entirely unrelated , as long as there is c...
[ "In their model , an individual 's inclusive fitness varies depending on how much it invests in within-group competition ( e.g. hoarding a private food cache ) versus between-group competition ( e.g. contributing to common foraging ) ; and on its relatedness to the other group members .", "In this case , an indiv...
[ "On some tropical reefs , several species of minute Synalpheus pistol shrimp that depend on certain sponges for the survival of their colony , live eusocially , with a single breeding female and a preponderance of male defenders , armed with enlarged snapping claws .", "On some tropical reefs several species of m...
[ "A narrower definition specifies the requirement for irreversibly distinct behavioral groups or castes ( with respect to sterility and\\/or other features ) . The newer definition excludes all social vertebrates ( including mole rats ) , because they do not have distinct castes that are different .", "A narrower ...
[ "From the selfish gene 's point-of-view , it is better to raise more sisters .", "From the `` selfish gene 's '' point-of-view , it is advantageous to raise more sisters ." ]
[ "Andrew Zachary Fire ( born April 27 , 1959 in Palo Alto , California ) is an American biologist and professor of pathology and genetics at Stanford University School of Medicine .", "Andrew Zachary Fire ( born April 27 , 1959 ) is an American biologist and professor of pathology and of genetics at the Stanford U...
[ "He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of RNA interference .", "He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine , along with Craig C. Mello , for the discovery of RNA interference ( RNAi ) ." ]
[ "After 25 years she became maid in the house of the composer Ruth Crawford Seeger and Charles Seeger .", "The child was Penny Seeger , and the mother was composer Ruth Crawford Seeger . Soon after this , Elizabeth again began working as a maid , caring for Ruth Crawford Seeger and Charles Seeger 's children , Mik...
[ "She was the youngest of five children of a musical family .", "Elizabeth was the youngest of five children ." ]
[ "At the age of seven she started playing her older brothers banjo .", "At age seven , Cotten began to play her older brother 's banjo . By eight years old , she was playing songs ." ]
[ "At the age of 15 she worked as maid along with her mother . Soon after her 15th birthday she married Frank Cotten .", "Soon after at age 15 , she was married to Frank Cotten ." ]
[ "They had a daughter named Lillie and Libba gave up music for church and child .", "The couple had a daughter named Lillie , and soon after young Elizabeth gave up guitar playing for family and church ." ]
[ "She was born as Elizabeth Nevills in Carrboro , North Carolina .", "Elizabeth Nevills was born in Carrboro , North Carolina , at the border of Chapel Hill , to a musical family ." ]
[ "In her early teens she bought her own guitar and started writing own songs . At the age of eleven she wrote a song called `` Freight train '' , which was later her signature song .", "By her early teens she was writing her own songs , one of which , `` Freight Train '' , would go on to be one of her most recogni...
[ "The organist can choose whether to play loud pipes or soft pipes , flute-sounding pipes or brassy pipes , sweet pipes or harsh-sounding pipes .", "An action connects the keyboards to the pipes . Stops allow the organist to control which ranks of pipes sound at a given time ." ]
[ "In modern times Francis Poulenc wrote an organ concerto .", "Frequently the organ is given a soloistic part , such as in Joseph Jongen 's Symphonie Concertante for Organ & Orchestra , Francis Poulenc 's Concerto for Organ , Strings and Tympani , and Frigyes Hidas ' Organ Concerto ." ]
[ "There is an important organ solo in Symphony no 3 by Saint-Sa Ã `` ns .", "In the 19th and 20th centuries , organ builders began to build instruments in concert halls and other large secular venues , allowing the organ to be used as part of an orchestra , as in Saint-Sa Ã `` ns ' Symphony No. 3 ." ]
[ "When a stop is pulled out , it turns on some sets of pipes . The organist can choose whether to play loud pipes or soft pipes , flute-sounding pipes or brassy pipes , sweet pipes or harsh-sounding pipes .", "Organ pipes are divided into flue pipes and reed pipes according to their design and timbre ." ]
[ "There Lizzie meets at the Trevi Fountain Paolo Valisari , an Italian singer .", "Paolo promises to be at the Trevi Fountain the next day , if Lizzie wishes to see him again ." ]
[ "At the airport Gordo meets the real Isabella , she knows Paolo 's plan : He do n't wants to use Lizzie 's playback so it will seem like Isabella ca n't sing . In the end Isabella came and sang for Lizzie , and Lizzie sang , too .", "Gordo and Isabella race to the music event to stop Paolo from making a fool of L...
[ "The Lizzie McGuire Movie is a 2003 comedy film based on the Disney Channel series Lizzie McGuire .", "The Lizzie McGuire Movie is a 2003 Walt Disney Pictures comedy film based on the Disney Channel show Lizzie McGuire which was released on May 2 , 2003 , by Walt Disney Pictures ." ]
[ "Reinhard Libuda ( born 10 October , 1943 ) is a former German football player .", "Reinhard `` Stan '' Libuda ( 10 October 1943 in Wendlinghausen near Lemgo â `` 25 August 1996 in Gelsenkirchen ) was a German footballer playing on the right wing ." ]
[ "Mustang is a city of Oklahoma in the United States .", "Mustang is a growing suburban city in Canadian County , Oklahoma , United States and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area ." ]
[ "The station is named Clapham Junction because it is close to the joining point of a number of major rail linesâ '' although the name is not shared by any junction near the station .", "The station is named Clapham Junction because it is at the junction of several rail lines ." ]
[ "Clapham Junction railway station is a railway station located in Battersea in the London Borough of Wandsworth .", "Clapham Junction railway station is near St John 's Hill in the south-west of Battersea in the London Borough of Wandsworth ." ]
[ "All services to Waterloo and many services to Victoria and Croydon stations pass through the junction ; these include South West Trains , Gatwick Express and Southern services .", "All services from Waterloo , by South West Trains , and many from Victoria , by Southern and Gatwick Express , use the station as do...
[ "Milton Keynes Lightning are a ice hockey team based in Milton Keynes .", "Their home arena is Planet Ice , just to the south of Milton Keynes Central railway station in Central Milton Keynes ." ]
[ "Milton Keynes Lightning are a ice hockey team based in Milton Keynes . They play in the English National Ice Hockey League .", "The Milton Keynes Lightning is an ice hockey team from Milton Keynes , England , currently ( 2009\\/2010 ) playing in the semi-professional English Premier Ice Hockey League ( EPL ) wit...
[ "The SI unit of electric current is the ampere ( A ) . This is equal to one coulomb of charge in one second .", "The SI unit for measuring the rate of flow of electric charge is the ampere , which is charge flowing through some surface at the rate of one coulomb per second ." ]
[ "They have 22 varsity teams and they compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference for everything but football .", "The University supports 22 men 's and women 's varsity teams and a number of club teams , plus a significant intramural sports program . The Fordham Rams are members of NCAA Division I and compete in the At...
[ "He received his M.A. ( 1958 ) degree from the University of California , Berkeley , and his Ph. D. ( 1966 ) from University of California , Los Angeles .", "He received his B.A. ( 1954 ) and M.A. ( 1958 ) degrees from the University of California , Berkeley , and his Ph. D. ( 1966 ) from University of California...
[ "Kortrijk is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders .", "Kortrijk ( official name in Dutch , pronounced ; , ; ) is a Belgian city and municipality located in the Flemish province West Flanders ." ]
[ "It can be made by reacting sodium azide with an acid .", "The acid is usually formed by acidification of an azide salt like sodium azide ." ]
[ "Hydrazoic acid is hydrogen azide dissolved in water . )", "Normally solutions of sodium azide in water contain trace quantities of hydrazoic acid in equilibrium with the azide salt , but introduction of a stronger acid can convert the primary species in solution to hydrazoic acid ." ]
[ "Beaurecueil is a commune of 568 people ( 1999 ) . It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rh Ã ne department in the south of France .", "Beaurecueil is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rh Ã ne department in southern France ." ]
[ "Laverne & Shirley was an American situation comedy which aired from January 1976 to May 1983 on ABC Network .", "Laverne & Shirley ( also known as `` Laverne De Fazio & Shirley Feeney '' in the first season ) is an American television situation comedy that ran on ABC from January 26 , 1976 , to May 10 , 1983 ." ...
[ "It became a strongplace for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century .", "It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century ." ]
[ "The Reserve Bank of India , the Bombay Stock Exchange , the National Stock Exchange of India and the many Indian companies and multinational corporations are in the city .", "Mumbai is home to important financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India , the Bombay Stock Exchange , the National Stock Exch...
[ "Mumbai generates 5 % of India 's GDP . It accounts for 25 % of industrial output , 40 % of sea trade , and 70 % of capital transaction to India 's economy .", "Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment capital of India , generating 5 % of India 's GDP , and accounting for 25 % of industrial output , 70 % of mar...
[ "It has approximately 14 million people .", "It is the most populous city in India , and the second most populous city in the world , with a population of approximately 14 million ." ]
[ "Along with the neighboring cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane , it forms the world 's 4th largest urban agglomeration .", "Along with the neighbouring urban areas , including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane , it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world ." ]
[ "The islands were ruled by successive kingdoms and indigenous empires before Portuguese settlers took it . Then , it went to the British East India Company .", "For centuries , the islands came under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British ...
[ "In 1960 , following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement , a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital .", "In 1960 , following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement , a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital ." ]
[ "Mumbai ( known as Bombay until 1994 ) is a natural harbor on the west coast of India , and is the capital city of Maharashtra state .", "Mumbai ( ; , ' , ) , formerly known as Bombay , is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra ." ]
[ "It also has the Hindi film and television industry , known as Bollywood .", "The city also houses India 's Hindi ( Bollywood ) and Marathi film and television industry ." ]
[ "It was renamed Mumbai in 1996 .", "It was renamed Mumbai in 1995 ." ]
[ "The seven islands that form Bombay were home to fishing colonies .", "The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies ." ]
[ "It forms a triangular internationalised border with Afghanistan and Iran .", "It forms a triangular border with Afghanistan and Iran ." ]
[ "Chagai is the largest district of Pakistan and is located on the north west corner of Balochistan , Pakistan .", "Chaghi\\/Chagai is the largest district of Pakistan and is located on the north west corner of Balochistan , Pakistan ." ]
[ "It follows the nauplius stage , and often has spikes on its carapace .", "It follows the nauplius stage and precedes the post-larva ." ]
[ "These may assist these small organisms in maintaining directional swimming .", "It often has spikes on its carapace , which may assist these small organisms in maintaining directional swimming ." ]
[ "The ChÃ cents teau de Versailles , or simply Versailles , is a royal castle in Versailles , France .", "The Palace of Versailles ( or , ) , or simply Versailles , is a royal chÃ cents teau in Versailles , the Ã le-de-France region of France . In French , it is known as the ChÃ cents teau de Versailles ." ]
[ "Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building , but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy .", "Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building , but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien RÃ gime ." ]
[ "From 1682 , when King Louis XIV moved from Paris , until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in 1789 , the Court of Versailles was the center of power in Ancien RÃ gime France .", "The court of Versailles was the center of political power in France from 1682 , when Louis XIV moved from Paris , u...
[ "When the castle was built , Versailles was a country village , but it is now a suburb of Paris .", "When the chÃ cents teau was built , Versailles was a country village ; today , however , it is a suburb of Paris , some twenty kilometres southwest of the French capital ." ]
[ "Brigg is a town near the M180 motorway in Lincolnshire , England . In 2001 there were 5,076 people living in Brigg .", "Brigg ( formerly Glanford Brigg ) in North Lincolnshire , England , is a small market town on the River Ancholme with a population of 5,076 in 2,213 households ( 2001 UK census ) ." ]
[ "Baelen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of LiÃ ge .", "Baelen is a Belgian municipality located in the Walloon province of LiÃ ge ." ]
[ "Circumcision cuts off the foreskin on the penis of a boy or man .", "Male circumcision is the removal of some or all of the foreskin ( prepuce ) from the penis ." ]
[ "There are five kinds of reasons for doing a circumcision :", "It is possible that circumcision arose independently in different cultures for different reasons . The oldest documentary evidence for circumcision comes from ancient Egypt ." ]
[ "Circumcision can be a religious ritual , or a custom in certain tribes , or a medical practice . There are five kinds of reasons for doing a circumcision :", "`` Male circumcision that is performed for any reason other than physical clinical need is termed non-therapeutic ( or sometimes `` ritual '' ) circumcisi...
[ "By April 2009 , Fred 's YouTube subscription page had over one million subscribers , making him the most subscribed person on YouTube .", "By April 2009 , the channel had over one million subscribers , making it the first YouTube channel to do so , and the most subscribed channel at the time ." ]
[ "Fred Figglehorn is a fictional character made up by Lucas Cruikshank , a teenager from Columbus , Nebraska .", "Fred Figglehorn ( stylized on webpage and on T-shirts as FÐ ED ) is a fictional character created and portrayed by American actor Lucas Cruikshank . Cruikshank , a teenager from Columbus , Nebraska , c...
[ "Fred Figglehorn was first seen on YouTube in 2008 as a five year old boy . Cruikshank makes his voice high for the Fred character .", "On April 30 , 2008 , the videos that had been filmed already , got added to the Fred channel , and on May 1 the first official video , titled `` Fred on May Day '' was released ,...
[ "Kei Yamaguchi ( born 11 June 1983 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba .", "Kei Yamaguchi is a Japanese footballer who plays for JEF United Ichihara ." ]
[ "Clifton is a town of Virginia in the United States .", "All of the listed points of interest are outside of the Clifton town limits , except for a small part of Clifton Park . This park is fully owned and run by the Town of Clifton ." ]
[ "East Moline is a city of Illinois in the United States .", "East Moline is a city in Rock Island County , Illinois , United States ." ]
[ "Kandel shared the Nobel prize with Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard .", "He shared the prize with Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard ." ]
[ "Eric Richard Kandel ( born 7 November 1929 in Vienna , Austria ) is a Jewish American neuropsychiatrist . Kandel won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000 for describing the physiological basis of memory storage in neurons .", "Eric Richard Kandel ( born November 7 , 1929 ) is an American neuropsychi...
[ "CaraÅ - Severin County has an area of 8,514 kmÂ . It is the third biggest county in Romania , after TimiÅ and Suceava counties .", "With 8,514 km2 , it is the third largest county in Romania , after TimiÅ and Suceava counties ." ]
[ "The Danube enters Romania in CaraÅ - Severin County .", "It is also the county through which the Danube River enters Romania ." ]
[ "Worthing is the largest town in West Sussex , England .", "Worthing United F.C. play in the First Division of the Sussex County League ." ]
[ "Creney-pr Ã s-Troyes is a commune of the Aube dÃ partement in the north-central part of France .", "Creney-pr Ã s-Troyes is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France ." ]
[ "ICE is run by an Assistant Secretary , who is given the job by the President of the United States , confirmed by the Senate , and reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security .", "ICE is led by a director , who is appointed at the sub-Cabinet level by the President of the United States , confirmed by t...
[ "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) is the largest and primary law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) .", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) is a federal law enforcement agency under the United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS )...
[ "Dennis James Kennedy ( or D. James Kennedy ) ( November 3 , 1930 - September 5 , 2007 ) , was an American televangelist and megachurch pastor . He started Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale , Florida and was the senior pastor there from 1960 until his death in 2007 .", "Dennis James Kennedy ( Nov...
[ "Carlos Mozer ( born 19 September 1960 ) is a former Brazilian football player .", "JosÃ Carlos Nepomuceno Mozer ( born 19 September 1960 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer who played as a central defender , and a current coach ." ]
[ "Ginebra San Miguel , Inc. ( GSMI ) is a Philippines-based diversified alcoholic beverage company owned by San Miguel Corporation , then called La TondeÅ a Distillers , Inc. ( LTDI ) from 1987 to 2003 .", "Ginebra San Miguel , Inc. ( GSMI ) is a Philippines-based diversified alcoholic beverage company owned by Sa...
[ "Together with the Portuguese empire , the Spanish empire laid the foundations of a globalised trade by opening up the great trans-oceanic trade routes .", "In concert with the Portuguese Empire , the Spanish Empire laid the foundations of a truly global trade by opening up the great trans-oceanic trade routes ."...
[ "After their victory , the Spanish monarchs allowed Christopher Columbus to try to reach India by sailing west .", "After their victory , the Catholic monarchs negotiated with Christopher Columbus , a Genoese sailor attempting to reach Cipangu by sailing west ." ]
[ "The Spanish Empire generally means Spain 's overseas colonies in the Americas , the Pacific , and elsewhere .", "The Spanish Empire includes Spain 's overseas colonies in the Americas , Asia , Oceania and Africa , but some disputes exist as to which European territories are to be counted ." ]

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