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Castlevania: Lords of Shadow – Mirror of Fate is a Nintendo 3DS game in the Castlevania series. It was released in March 2013, and is a direct sequel to Castlevania: Lords of Shadow, which served as a reboot of the franchise. An upgraded version of the game, titled Castlevania: Lords of Shadow – Mirror of Fate HD, was released digitally for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Windows | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Catch the Sperm is a Swiss computer game recognized as an entertaining way for health professionals to promote prevention of HIV. The original Catch the Sperm (now known as CTS Style I) is a 3. 4-megabyte action game created in 2001 and updated in 2002 and 2003 by Phenomedia AG CH for UNICEF and the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health's Stop AIDS Campaign | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cate West: The Vanishing Files is a mystery game created and developed by Gamenauts and published by Real Arcade for Windows.
The game was subsequently ported to the Nintendo DS and Wii platforms by Destineer. Oxygen Interactive Software distributed the Wii and DS versions for the European regions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ceremony of Innocence is a CD-ROM-based game released in 1997. It used a mystery narrative based on the Griffin and Sabine novel by Nick Bantock. The title was taken from the poem "The Second Coming" by Irish poet William Butler Yeats | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Championship Manager 2 is a football management computer game in the Sports Interactive's Championship Manager series. It was released in September 1995 for PC. An Amiga version was released in 1997 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Championship Manager 3 is a game in the Championship Manager series of football management computer games, the first in the third generation of the series. It was developed by Sports Interactive and released exclusively for the PC in the spring of 1999.
Gameplay
Championship Manager 3 features new user interface and menu system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Championship Manager 4 is a football management game in the Championship Manager series.
Publication history
It was the penultimate game in the series to be developed by Sports Interactive before they and publishers Eidos decided to go their separate ways. The game was released for Windows in March 2003 and then on the Mac on 17 May 2003 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Championship Manager 5 is the fifth installment of the popular Championship Manager series of football management computer games. It is the first game in the series to be developed by Eidos, after the much publicised split between Eidos and Sports Interactive.
Early difficulties
The game was originally due for release in October 2004 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Championship Manager 96/97 is a game in the Championship Manager series of football management computer games. It was released in September 1996, for the PC and Amiga computers. This was the last Championship Manager game to be released for the Amiga, the platform that the series started on | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Championship Manager 97/98 is a game in the Championship Manager series of football management computer games, based on the Championship Manager 2 game engine. It was developed by Sports Interactive and released in October 1997, exclusively for the PC, as the final game in the second generation of CM games.
Gameplay
The gameplay in CM97/98 remained very similar to other games based on CM2, but as usual this installment offered far more than a simple database update | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Championship Manager 03/04 is a football management game in the Championship Manager series, developed by Sports Interactive and published by Eidos Interactive, released for Windows in November 2003 and the following month on Mac computers.
Gameplay
The game showcases a whole host of new features and improvements including four new leagues, a pre-game database editor, the ability to view previously saved matches and updated player, team and competition data for the 03/04 season. The game retains the 2D, top-down graphical view of the match, first introduced in the previous title in the series, Championship Manager 4 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Championship Manager 2006 is a computer game in Eidos' Championship Manager series. It is essentially a seasonal update for Championship Manager 5. The game was developed by Beautiful Game Studios (BGS) and was released on Windows on March 31, 2006 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Championship Manager 2008 is an iteration in Eidos' Championship Manager series of computer games.
It is available for Windows and Mac although there is no PSP version as there was in Championship Manager 2007. The game was released on November 2, 2007 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Midway Campaign is a computer wargame released by Avalon Hill in 1980. It is a text-based game written in BASIC.
Gameplay
The game reenacts the events between June 4 and June 7, 1942 during the Battle of Midway, which was the turning point for Allied Forces in the Pacific Theater | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pitfall II: Lost Caverns is a platform game originally released for the Atari 2600 by Activision in 1984. It is the sequel to Pitfall! (1982). Both games were designed and programmed by David Crane and star jungle explorer Pitfall Harry | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Sacred Armour of Antiriad is an action-adventure game published by Palace Software in 1986 for Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, DOS, TRS-80, and ZX Spectrum. In North America, the game was published by Epyx as Rad Warrior. The original game came with a 16-page comic book created by graphic artist Daniel Malone | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Super Pitfall (スーパーピットフォール, Sūpā Pittofōru) is a 1986 side-scrolling platform game for the Nintendo Entertainment System, PC-8800 series, and TRS-80 Color Computer 3 published under Activision's license. Despite the title screen stating that it was developed by Pony Inc, the actual development of the NES version was handled by Micronics, with the PC-8801 version being developed by Pony Inc. while the CoCo version is credited as being "Programmed by Steve Bjork of SRB Software" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Herbicidal warfare is the use of substances primarily designed to destroy the plant-based ecosystem of an area. Although herbicidal warfare use chemical substances, its main purpose is to disrupt agricultural food production and/or to destroy plants which provide cover or concealment to the enemy, not to asphyxiate or poison humans and/or destroy human-made structures. Herbicidal warfare has been forbidden by the Environmental Modification Convention since 1978, which bans "any technique for changing the composition or structure of the Earth's biota" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST), also known as Advanced Chemical Protective Garment (ACPG) by the U. S. Navy, is a suit used by the U | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MOPP (an acronym for "Mission Oriented Protective Posture"; pronounced "mop") is protective gear used by U. S. military personnel in a toxic environment, e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The schedules of substances annexed to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) list toxic substances and their precursors which can be used for the production of chemical weapons, the use of which is permitted by State Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention only to a limited extent under the supervision of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). State Parties are required to provide the OPCW with an annual summary of the production and use in their territory of substances listed in these Schedules, in accordance with the Convention.
Background
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) provides for a worldwide prohibition of the development, production, proliferation and use of chemical weapons, prohibition of their stockpiling, and destruction of existing chemical weapons that a Member State has in its possession or has abandoned elsewhere | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/72 referred the Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) “to all States for their consideration, signature, and ratification”. The resolution was adopted on 10 December 1976 at the 31st Session of the UN General Assembly. The convention aims to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques that have widespread, long-lasting, or severe effects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Water (H2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solvent of life". It is the most abundant substance on the surface of Earth and the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water.
Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coordination chemistry, anation is the "replacement of the ligand water by an anion in a coordination entity. " The term is however used more loosely to include displacement of any neutral ligand by an anion. The reaction is pervasive in coordination chemistry | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Aquation is the chemical reaction involving "incorporation of one or more integral molecules of water" with or without displacement of other atoms or groups. The term is typically employed to refer to reactions of metal complexes where an anion is displaced by water. For example, bromopentaamminecobalt(III) undergoes the following aquation reaction to give a metal aquo complex:
[Co(NH3)5Br]2+ + H2O → [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]3+ + Br−This aquation reaction is catalyzed both by acid and by base | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a form of groundwater pollution which is often due to naturally occurring high concentrations of arsenic in deeper levels of groundwater. It is a high-profile problem due to the use of deep tube wells for water supply in the Ganges Delta, causing serious arsenic poisoning to large numbers of people. A 2007 study found that over 137 million people in more than 70 countries are probably affected by arsenic poisoning of drinking water | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Bjerrum plot (named after Niels Bjerrum), sometimes also known as a Sillén diagram (after Lars Gunnar Sillén), or a Hägg diagram (after Gunnar Hägg) is a graph of the concentrations of the different species of a polyprotic acid in a solution, as a function of pH, when the solution is at equilibrium. Due to the many orders of magnitude spanned by the concentrations, they are commonly plotted on a logarithmic scale. Sometimes the ratios of the concentrations are plotted rather than the actual concentrations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Water (H2O) is a simple triatomic bent molecule with C2v molecular symmetry and bond angle of 104. 5° between the central oxygen atom and the hydrogen atoms. Despite being one of the simplest triatomic molecules, its chemical bonding scheme is nonetheless complex as many of its bonding properties such as bond angle, ionization energy, and electronic state energy cannot be explained by one unified bonding model | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The color of water varies with the ambient conditions in which that water is present. While relatively small quantities of water appear to be colorless, pure water has a slight blue color that becomes deeper as the thickness of the observed sample increases. The hue of water is an intrinsic property and is caused by selective absorption and scattering of blue light | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is the optically measurable component of dissolved organic matter in water. Also known as chromophoric dissolved organic matter, yellow substance, and gelbstoff, CDOM occurs naturally in aquatic environments and is a complex mixture of many hundreds to thousands of individual, unique organic matter molecules, which are primarily leached from decaying detritus and organic matter. CDOM most strongly absorbs short wavelength light ranging from blue to ultraviolet, whereas pure water absorbs longer wavelength red light | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Degas conductivity is used as an indicator of water quality in the water/steam cycle of power stations. Excessive conductivity values often indicate high corrosion potential, especially with certain ions such as chloride and acetate ions. These can be particularly damaging to the blades in the steam turbine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Deuterium-depleted water (DDW) is water which has a lower concentration of deuterium than occurs naturally at sea level on Earth.
DDW is sometimes known as light water, although "light water" has long referred to ordinary water, specifically in nuclear reactors.
Chemistry
Deuterium-depleted water has a lower concentration of deuterium (2H) than occurs in nature at sea level | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Degrees of general hardness (dGH or °GH) is a unit of water hardness, specifically of general hardness. General hardness is a measure of the concentration of divalent metal ions such as calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) per volume of water. Specifically, 1 dGH is defined as 10 milligrams (mg) of calcium oxide (CaO) per litre of water | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the fraction of organic carbon operationally defined as that which can pass through a filter with a pore size typically between 0. 22 and 0. 7 micrometers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Distilled water is water that has been boiled into vapor and condensed back into liquid in a separate container. Impurities in the original water that do not boil below or near the boiling point of water remain in the original container. Thus, distilled water is a type of purified water | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Doubly labeled water is water in which both the hydrogen and the oxygen have been partly or completely replaced (i. e. labeled) with an uncommon isotope of these elements for tracing purposes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Electrolysis of water is using electricity to split water into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2) gas by electrolysis. Hydrogen gas released in this way can be used as hydrogen fuel, but must be kept apart from the oxygen as the mixture would be extremely explosive. Separately pressurised into convenient 'tanks' or 'gas bottles', hydrogen can be used for oxyhydrogen welding and other applications, as the hydrogen / oxygen flame can reach circa 2,800°C | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Freshwater acidification occurs when acidic inputs enter a body of fresh water through the weathering of rocks, invasion of acidifying gas (e. g. carbon dioxide), or by the reduction of acid anions, like sulfate and nitrate within a lake | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The grain per gallon (gpg) is a unit of water hardness defined as 1 grain (64. 8 milligrams) of calcium carbonate dissolved in 1 US gallon of water (3. 785412 L) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Grotthuss mechanism (also known as proton jumping) is a model for the process by which an 'excess' proton or proton defect diffuses through the hydrogen bond network of water molecules or other hydrogen-bonded liquids through the formation and concomitant cleavage of covalent bonds involving neighboring molecules.
In his 1806 publication “Theory of decomposition of liquids by electrical currents”, Theodor Grotthuss proposed a theory of water conductivity. Grotthuss envisioned the electrolytic reaction as a sort of ‘bucket line’ where each oxygen atom simultaneously passes and receives a single hydrogen ion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Groundwater contamination by pharmaceuticals, which belong to the category of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) or emerging organic pollutants (EOP), has been receiving increasing attention in the fields of environmental engineering, hydrology and hydrogeochemistry since the last decades of the twentieth century. Pharmaceuticals are suspected to provoke long-term effects in aquatic ecosystems even at low concentration ranges (trace concentrations) because of their bioactive and chemically stable nature, which leads to recalcitrant behaviours in the aqueous compartments, a feature that is typically associated with the difficulty in degrading these compounds to innocuous molecules, similarly with the behaviour exhibited by persistent organic pollutants. Furthermore, continuous release of medical products in the water cycle poses concerns about bioaccumulation and biomagnification phenomena | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat polluted groundwater by removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products. Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface. Globally, between 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world's drinking water is drawn from boreholes and dug wells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A hydrogel is a biphasic material, a mixture of porous, permeable solids and at least 10% by weight or volume of interstitial fluid composed completely or mainly by water. In hydrogels the porous permeable solid is a water insoluble three dimensional network of natural or synthetic polymers and a fluid, having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids. These properties underpin several applications, especially in the biomedical area | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hydrous oxides are inorganic compounds of a metal, hydroxide, and weakly bound water. Some examples include:
Hydrous ferric oxide (HFO)
Hydrous cupric oxide
Hydrous thorium oxide (THO) and hydrous titanium oxide (TiHO)
Hydrous aluminum oxide (HAO)Some of them, such as HFO and HAO, are precipitated in highly porous poorly crystalline or amorphous forms and therefore are good adsorbents used for example in water treatment. Some others are gels | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−. It consists of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria (or iron bacteria) are chemotrophic bacteria that derive energy by oxidizing dissolved iron. They are known to grow and proliferate in waters containing iron concentrations as low as 0. 1 mg/L | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In chemistry, metal aquo complexes are coordination compounds containing metal ions with only water as a ligand. These complexes are the predominant species in aqueous solutions of many metal salts, such as metal nitrates, sulfates, and perchlorates. They have the general stoichiometry [M(H2O)n]z+ | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mineral springs are naturally occurring springs that produces hard water, water that contains dissolved minerals. Salts, sulfur compounds, and gases are among the substances that can be dissolved in the spring water during its passage underground. In this they are unlike sweet springs, which produce soft water with no noticeable dissolved gasses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Non-aqueous phase liquids, or NAPLs, are organic liquid contaminants that do not dissolve in, or easily mix with, water (hydrophobic), like oil, gasoline and petroleum products. NAPLs tend to contaminate soil and groundwaters for very long period of time: they are persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Many common groundwater contaminants, such as chlorinated solvents and many petroleum products enter the subsurface in nonaqueous-phase solutions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Piper diagram is a graphic procedure proposed by Arthur M. Piper in 1944 for presenting water chemistry data to help in understanding the sources of the dissolved constituent salts in water. This procedure is based on the premise that cations and anions in water are in such amounts to assure the electroneutrality of the dissolved salts, in other words the algebraic sum of the electric charges of cations and anions is zero | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Plumbosolvency is the ability of a solvent, notably water, to dissolve lead. In the public supply of water this is an undesirable property. In (usually older) consumers' premises plumbosolvent water can attack lead pipes, lead service lines, and any lead in solder used to join copper | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, and autodissociation of water) is an ionization reaction in pure water or in an aqueous solution, in which a water molecule, H2O, deprotonates (loses the nucleus of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a hydroxide ion, OH−. The hydrogen nucleus, H+, immediately protonates another water molecule to form a hydronium cation, H3O+. It is an example of autoprotolysis, and exemplifies the amphoteric nature of water | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) is the absorbance of ultraviolet light in a water sample at a specified wavelength that is normalized for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. Specific UV absorbance (SUVA) wavelengths have analytical uses to measure the aromatic character of dissolved organic matter by detecting density of electron conjugation which is associated with aromatic bonds.
Derivation
To derive SUVA, first, UVC light (UV spectrum subtypes) at 254 nm or 280 nm, is measured in units of absorbance per meter of path length, often the sample must be diluted with ultrapure water because absorbance can be high | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Stiff diagram, or Stiff pattern, is a graphical representation of chemical analyses, first developed by H. A. Stiff in 1951 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sulfur water (or sulphur water) is a condition where water is exposed to hydrogen sulfide gas, giving a distinct "rotten egg" smell. This condition has different purposes in culture varying to health and implications to plumbing.
Chemical composition
Sulfur water is made out of dissolved minerals that contain sulfate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In chemistry, a water cluster is a discrete hydrogen bonded assembly or cluster of molecules of water. Many such clusters have been predicted by theoretical models (in silico), and some have been detected experimentally in various contexts such as ice, bulk liquid water, in the gas phase, in dilute mixtures with non-polar solvents, and as water of hydration in crystal lattices. The simplest example is the water dimer (H2O)2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Water-reactive substances are those that spontaneously undergo a chemical reaction with water, as they are highly reducing in nature. Notable examples include alkali metals, lithium through caesium, and alkaline earth metals, magnesium through barium.
Some water-reactive substances are also pyrophoric, like organometallics and sulphuric acid, and should be kept away from moisture | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
== 4-7 Defect ==
A 4-7 defect is a structural anomaly found in carbon-based nanomaterials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. In a perfect structure, these materials consist of a two-dimensional lattice of carbon atoms arranged in hexagonal (6-membered) rings. A 4-7 defect occurs when this hexagonal pattern is disrupted, resulting in a four-membered and a seven-membered ring replacing two adjacent hexagonal rings | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chemical antagonists impede the normal function of a system. They function to invert the effects of other molecules. The effects of antagonists can be seen after they have encountered an agonist, and as a result, the effects of the agonist is neutralized | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An avicide is any substance (normally a chemical) used to kill birds.
Commonly used avicides include strychnine (also used as rodenticide and predacide), DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride, Starlicide) and CPTH (3-chloro-p-toluidine, the free base of Starlicide), Avitrol (4-aminopyridine) and chloralose (also used as rodenticide). In the past, highly concentrated formulations of parathion in diesel oil were sprayed by aircraft over birds' nesting colonies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A beehive shelf is a piece of laboratory equipment, usually of pottery, used to support a receiving jar or tube while a gas is being collected over water with a pneumatic trough. It is used so that when the gas emerges from the delivery tube into the beehive shelf, it is funneled into the receiving jar instead of being released elsewhere.
History
The name derives from the design of early beehives made from bound grass called a skep | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Binary liquid is a type of chemical combination, which creates a special reaction or feature as a result of mixing two liquid chemicals, that are normally inert or have no function by themselves. A number of chemical products are produced as a result of mixing two chemicals as a binary liquid, such as plastic foams and some explosives.
See also
Binary chemical weapon
Thermophoresis
Percus-Yevick equation
References
Wei, I Chien; Rowley, Richard L | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Boriding, also called boronizing, is the process by which boron is added to a metal or alloy. It is a type of surface hardening. In this process boron atoms are diffused into the surface of a metal component | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Carbochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of coal (bituminous coal, coal tar, anthracite, lignite, graphite, and charcoal) into useful products and raw materials. The processes that are used in carbochemistry include degasification processes such as carbonization and coking, gasification processes, and liquefaction processes.
History
The beginning of carbochemistry goes back to the 16th century | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Carbon dioxide transmission rate (COTR) is the measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide gas that passes through a substance over a given period. It is mostly carried out on non-porous materials, where the mode of transport is diffusion, but there are a growing number of applications where the transmission rate also depends on flow through apertures of some description.
See also
Moisture vapor transmission rate
Permeation
Oxygen transmission rate
Packaging
Further reading
Yam, K | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cell casting is a method used for creating poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sheets. Liquid monomer is poured between two flat sheets of toughened glass sealed with a rubber gasket and heated for polymerization. Because the glass sheets may contain surface scratches or sag during the process, this traditional method has some disadvantages: among other problems, the PMMA sheets may contain variations in thickness and surface defects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during, or after, a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity. Simply speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance; the substance's internal structure must be affected greatly for its chemical properties to be investigated. When a substance goes under a chemical reaction, the properties will change drastically, resulting in chemical change | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A chemical species is a chemical substance or ensemble composed of chemically identical molecular entities that can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a characteristic or delineated time scale. These energy levels determine the way the chemical species will interact with others (engaging in chemical bonds, etc. ) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The SDS 9 Series computers are a backward compatible line of transistorized computers produced by Scientific Data Systems in the 1960s and 1970s. This line includes the SDS 910, SDS 920, SDS 925, SDS 930, SDS 940, and the SDS 945. The SDS 9300 is an extension of the 9xx architecture | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The SDS 930 was a commercial 24-bit computer using bipolar junction transistors sold by Scientific Data Systems.
It was announced in December 1963, with first installations in June 1964.
Description
An SDS 930 system consists of at least three standard (30 cu ft, 0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The SDS 940 was Scientific Data Systems' (SDS) first machine designed to directly support time-sharing. The 940 was based on the SDS 930's 24-bit CPU, with additional circuitry to provide protected memory and virtual memory.
It was announced in February 1966 and shipped in April, becoming a major part of Tymshare's expansion during the 1960s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Systems Engineering Laboratories (also called SEL) was a manufacturer of minicomputers in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. It was one of the first 32-bit realtime computer system manufacturers. Realtime computers are used for process control and monitoring | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The AT&T UNIX PC is a Unix desktop computer originally developed by Convergent Technologies (later acquired by Unisys), and marketed by AT&T Information Systems in the mid- to late-1980s. The system was codenamed "Safari 4" and is also known as the PC 7300, and often dubbed the "3B1". Despite the latter name, the system had little in common with AT&T's line of 3B series computers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Eclipse MV/8000 was the first in a family of 32-bit minicomputers produced by Data General during the 1980s. Codenamed Eagle during development, its architecture was a new 32-bit design backward compatible with the previous 16-bit Eclipse series. The development of the computer and the people who worked on it were the subject of Tracy Kidder's book The Soul of a New Machine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The GEC Series 63 was a 32-bit minicomputer produced by GEC Computers Limited of the UK during the 1980s in conjunction with A. B. Dick in USA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Model 7/32 and Model 8/32 were 32-bit minicomputers introduced by Perkin-Elmer after they acquired Interdata, Inc. , in 1973. Interdata computers are primarily remembered for being the first 32-bit minicomputers under $10,000 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The ND-500 was a 32-bit superminicomputer delivered in 1981 by Norsk Data. It relied on a ND-100 to do housekeeping tasks and run the OS, SINTRAN III. A configuration could feature up to four ND-500 CPUs in a shared-memory configuration | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Indigo, introduced as the IRIS Indigo, is a line of workstation computers developed and manufactured by Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI). SGI first announced the system in July 1991 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The SGI IRIS series of terminals and workstations from Silicon Graphics was produced in the 1980s and 1990s. IRIS is an acronym for Integrated Raster Imaging System.
Overview
68000
The early systems up to IRIS 3000 use the Motorola 68000 series of processors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture originally developed by Sun Microsystems. Its design was strongly influenced by the experimental Berkeley RISC system developed in the early 1980s. First developed in 1986 and released in 1987, SPARC was one of the most successful early commercial RISC systems, and its success led to the introduction of similar RISC designs from many vendors through the 1980s and 1990s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The SPARCstation, SPARCserver and SPARCcenter product lines are a series of SPARC-based computer workstations and servers in desktop, desk side (pedestal) and rack-based form factor configurations, that were developed and sold by Sun Microsystems.
The first SPARCstation was the SPARCstation 1 (also known as the Sun 4/60), introduced in 1989. The series was very popular and introduced the Sun-4c architecture, a variant of the Sun-4 architecture previously introduced in the Sun 4/260 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sun-1 was the first generation of UNIX computer workstations and servers produced by Sun Microsystems, launched in May 1982. These were based on a CPU board designed by Andy Bechtolsheim while he was a graduate student at Stanford University and funded by DARPA. The Sun-1 systems ran SunOS 0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Sun-2 series of UNIX workstations and servers was launched by Sun Microsystems in November 1983. As the name suggests, the Sun-2 represented the second generation of Sun systems, superseding the original Sun-1 series. The Sun-2 series used a 10 MHz Motorola 68010 microprocessor with a proprietary Sun-2 Memory Management Unit (MMU), which enabled it to be the first Sun architecture to run a full virtual memory UNIX implementation, SunOS 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sun-3 is a series of UNIX computer workstations and servers produced by Sun Microsystems, launched on September 9, 1985. The Sun-3 series are VMEbus-based systems similar to some of the earlier Sun-2 series, but using the Motorola 68020 microprocessor, in combination with the Motorola 68881 floating-point co-processor (optional on the Sun 3/50) and a proprietary Sun MMU. Sun-3 systems were supported in SunOS versions 3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sun-4 is a series of Unix workstations and servers produced by Sun Microsystems, launched in 1987. The original Sun-4 series were VMEbus-based systems similar to the earlier Sun-3 series, but employing microprocessors based on Sun's own SPARC V7 RISC architecture in place of the 68k family processors of previous Sun models.
Sun 4/280 was known as base system that was used for building of first RAID prototype | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
VAX (an acronym for Virtual Address eXtension) is a series of computers featuring a 32-bit instruction set architecture (ISA) and virtual memory that was developed and sold by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the late 20th century. The VAX-11/780, introduced October 25, 1977, was the first of a range of popular and influential computers implementing the VAX ISA. The VAX family was a huge success for DEC–over 100 models were introduced over the lifetime of the design, with the last members arriving in the early 1990s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The VAX 7000 and VAX 10000 are a discontinued family of high-end multiprocessor minicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), introduced in July 1992. These systems use NVAX microprocessors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture, and run the OpenVMS operating system.
They were designed in parallel with the DEC 7000 AXP and DEC 10000 AXP server computers, and were identical except for the CPU modules used and the supported I/O bus interfaces | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The VAXstation is a discontinued family of workstation computers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation using processors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture. VAXstation systems were typically shipped with either the OpenVMS or ULTRIX operating systems. Many members of the VAXstation family had corresponding MicroVAX variants, which primarily differ by the lack of graphics hardware | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The DECSYSTEM-20 was a 36-bit Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 mainframe computer running the TOPS-20 operating system (products introduced in 1977).
PDP-10 computers running the TOPS-10 operating system were labeled DECsystem-10 as a way of differentiating them from the PDP-11. Later on, those systems running TOPS-20 (on the KL10 PDP-10 processors) were labeled DECSYSTEM-20 (the block capitals being the result of a lawsuit brought against DEC by Singer, which once made a computer called "The System Ten") | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The EMIDEC 1100 computer (became the ICT 1101 in 1962) was produced by the Computing Services Division of EMI Laboratories in the UK under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield in 1958, (first delivered in 1959) after one year's development. It used magnetic core memory and transistor technologies and it is claimed to be the first large commercial transistorised machine in the UK.
Core memory was a matrix of laced ferrite cores | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The UNIVAC 1100/2200 series is a series of compatible 36-bit computer systems, beginning with the UNIVAC 1107 in 1962, initially made by Sperry Rand. The series continues to be supported today by Unisys Corporation as the ClearPath Dorado Series. The solid-state 1107 model number was in the same sequence as the earlier vacuum-tube computers, but the early computers were not compatible with the solid-state successors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The UNIVAC 1103 or ERA 1103, a successor to the UNIVAC 1101, was a computer system designed by Engineering Research Associates and built by the Remington Rand corporation in October 1953. It was the first computer for which Seymour Cray was credited with design work.
History
Even before the completion of the Atlas (UNIVAC 1101), the Navy asked Engineering Research Associates to design a more powerful machine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The UNIVAC 1105 was a follow-on computer to the UNIVAC 1103A introduced by Sperry Rand in September 1958. The UNIVAC 1105 used 21 types of vacuum tubes, 11 types of diodes, 10 types of transistors, and three core types.
The UNIVAC 1105 had either 8,192 or 12,288 words of 36-bit magnetic core memory, in two or three banks of 4,096 words each | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
EDSAC 2 was an early computer (operational in 1958), the successor to the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC). It was the first computer to have a microprogrammed control unit and a bit-slice hardware architecture.
First calculations were performed on incomplete machine in 1957 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The MANIAC I (Mathematical Analyzer Numerical Integrator and Automatic Computer Model I) was an early computer built under the direction of Nicholas Metropolis at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. It was based on the von Neumann architecture of the IAS, developed by John von Neumann. As with all computers of its era, it was a one-of-a-kind machine that could not exchange programs with other computers (even the several other machines based on the IAS) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Keith Marzullo is the inventor of Marzullo's algorithm, which is part of the basis of the Network Time Protocol and the Windows Time Service. On August 1, 2016 he became the Dean of the University of Maryland College of Information Studies after serving as the Director of the NITRD National Coordination Office. Prior to this he was a Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at University of California, San Diego | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ueli Maurer (born 26 May 1960) is a professor of cryptography at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich).
Education
Maurer studied electrical engineering at ETH Zurich and obtained his PhD in 1990, advised by James Massey. He joined Princeton University as a postdoc from 1990 to 1991 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
J Strother Moore (his first name is the alphabetic character "J" – not an abbreviated "J. ") is a computer scientist. He is a co-developer of the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm, Boyer–Moore majority vote algorithm, and the Boyer–Moore automated theorem prover, Nqthm | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Basic Encyclopedia is an encyclopedia of the US Air Force that lists places that are targets for bombing. It was begun in 1946 during the Cold War as the Bombing Encyclopedia and included over 80,000 potential targets around the world during the Cold War. It included their B | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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