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The 1st Combat Evaluation Group (initially "1CEG", later "1CEVG") was a Strategic Air Command (SAC) unit. It was formed on 1 August 1961 to merge the 3908th Strategic Standardization Group for SAC aircrew evaluation with the 1st Radar Bomb Scoring Group that had originated from the 263rd Army Air Force Base Unit which transferred from 15th AF to directly under Strategic Air Command c. 1946 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Project Casaba-Howitzer was a 1960s-era study into the use of nuclear weapons as the drivers for intense beams of plasma for use in space warfare. The basic concept grew out of work on the Project Orion spaceship concept, which studied nuclear shaped charges.
Very little information about Casaba-Howitzer is known publicly, limited primarily to mentions in defense spending documents during the mid-1960s (as part of the larger Project Defender), and once again in the mid-1980s when the concepts were revived as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Smart rocks was a part of Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, also known as the "Star Wars Program", after a speech he gave in March 1983.
History
The idea used gravity to drop or shoot weapons downward than to fight gravity launching upwards. With this approach they began looking into different methods to achieve this kind of defense | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is a ballistic missile capable of being launched from submarines. Modern variants usually deliver multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), each of which carries a nuclear warhead and allows a single launched missile to strike several targets. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles operate in a different way from submarine-launched cruise missiles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fracture Jaw was a top-secret U. S. military contingency plan in which General William C | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 3. 67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope is a Department of Defense telescope at Haleakala Observatory. The telescope is part of the Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC), which in turn is part of the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (AMOS) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC) is a U. S. Space Force operating location for the 15th Space Surveillance Squadron and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) at Haleakala Observatory on Maui, Hawaii, with a twofold mission (608) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The AN/FPS-133 Air Force Space Surveillance System, colloquially known as the Space Fence, was a U. S. government multistatic radar system built to detect orbital objects passing over America | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Joint Functional Component Command for Global Strike (JFCC-GS) was a component of US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM). It was established on 19 July 2006 when the Joint Functional Component for Space and Global Strike stood down. Its first commander was Lieutenant General Robert J | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
45th Weather Squadron (45 WS), 45th Operations Group (45 OG), Space Launch Delta 45, at Patrick Space Force Base, Florida performs weather assessments for air and space operations; specifically, weather observations, forecasts, advisories, and warnings. It specialized in the weather assessments for the Space Shuttle launches at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. The 45 WS provides comprehensive weather data and specialized services for Space Force and NASA personnel, such as for flight safety, resource protection (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Off-Peak is an adventure game developed and published by Cosmo D. Players explore a surreal train station and attempt to leave a dystopian city. It was released as freeware in 2015 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oil Rush is a tower defense real-time strategy game developed by UNIGINE Holding S. à r. l | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Old School RuneScape is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed and published by Jagex. The game was released on 22 February 2013. When Old School RuneScape launched, it began as an August 2007 version of the game RuneScape, which was highly popular prior to the launch of RuneScape 3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ollo in the Sunny Valley Fair is a 2002 point-and-click adventure game produced by Hulabee Entertainment and published by Plaid Banana Entertainment.
Plot
Ollo is helping Rose, a friend of his, grow a tomato for the annual fair. The tomato becomes gigantic and belts down to the Valley destroying everything in its path | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Out of the Park Baseball (abbreviated as OOTP) is a text-based baseball simulation for career, historical, and fictional play.
Starting with OOTP 16, the game has licenses for Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball.
Games
History
The first version was released in May 1999 with the help of sportswriter Sean Lahman, who sold the game through his website | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oxenfree is a graphic adventure game developed and published by Night School Studio. It was released for OS X, Windows, and Xbox One in January 2016. PlayStation 4 and Linux versions were released later in 2016, followed by iOS, Android, and Nintendo Switch versions in 2017 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Pandora Directive is the fourth installment in the Tex Murphy series of graphic adventure games produced by Access Software. After its creators reacquired the rights to the series, it was re-released on Good Old Games in July 2009. It was re-released in 2009 on GOG | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Penumbra: Necrologue is a third-party total conversion modification released for Amnesia: The Dark Descent in 2014 by CounterCurrent Games. It was in development for 2 years. It continues the storyline after the events of Penumbra: Requiem, and like its predecessors, heavily focuses on exploration and survival | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Penumbra: Black Plague is the second installment of the Penumbra series of episodic video games developed by Frictional Games. The story continues from the previous episode, Penumbra: Overture, showing the protagonist Philip moving away from the abandoned mine setting of the original to explore an underground research base. Black Plague was released in February 2008 to generally favourable reviews from critics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Penumbra: Overture is the first in a series of episodic survival horror games developed by Frictional Games. It was originally intended as the first episode of a trilogy. With the announcement of the second episode, Penumbra: Black Plague, it was stated that the second game would be the final chapter | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Penumbra: Requiem is an expansion pack to the game Penumbra: Black Plague developed by Frictional Games.
Gameplay
Like the previous games, Requiem is an exploration-based adventure game that takes place from a first-person perspective. Unlike Black Plague and Overture however, the focus is almost exclusively on puzzle solving | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PixelJunk Monsters is the second game in the PixelJunk series developed by Q-Games for the PlayStation 3. It was released worldwide on the PlayStation Store on January 24, 2008. The game was released for the PlayStation Portable under the title PixelJunk Monsters Deluxe | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
One Piece Bounty Rush is a free-to-play mobile game based on the One Piece franchise, developed and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. The game is played in real-time with four player teams in battle mode, in which the team that has the most treasure at the end wins. Every battle takes place within a location from the One Piece series | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Opus: Rocket of Whispers (stylized as OPUS: Rocket of Whispers) is a 2D adventure game developed by Taiwanese independent studio SIGONO. It is the second installment of the Opus series that began with Opus: The Day We Found Earth, and focuses on story and exploration, much like its predecessor. It was continued with Opus: Echo of Starsong | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Opus: The Day We Found Earth (stylized as OPUS: The Day We Found Earth) is an adventure game focused on story and exploration, developed by Taiwanese independent studio SIGONO (originally known as Team Signal). It was first released on iOS and Android on October 22, 2015, and received ports for Windows and OS X (available via Steam) on April 22, 2016, and for Nintendo Switch on November 30, 2017. The game was nominated for Best Meaningful Play at the 12th International Mobile Gaming Awards on February 16, 2016 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Oregon Trail is a series of educational computer games. The first game was originally developed by Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger in 1971 and produced by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC) in 1974. The original game was designed to teach 8th grade schoolchildren about the realities of 19th-century pioneer life on the Oregon Trail | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pac-Land is a 1984 side-scrolling arcade platform game developed and released by Namco. It was distributed in North America by Bally Midway, and in Europe by Atari Games. Controlling Pac-Man, the player must make it to the end of each stage to return a lost fairy back to its home in Fairyland | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Panzer Campaigns is a series of operational level wargames originally developed by John Tiller Software, and currently by Wargame Design Studio. The games were originally published until 2010 by HPS Simulations, then self published by John Tiller Software until being taken out by Wargame Design Studio in 2021, after Tiller's death. There are currently twenty-eight titles in the series, spanning the various fronts of World War II | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Particle Mace is a 2D space combat game that was released on January 22, 2015 for Windows and Mac OS X, and January 28, 2015 for iOS.
The game received positive reviews from critics, who called the game fun, with a deep system of gameplay.
Gameplay
Players control a spaceship which lacks weaponry, instead, having to fight by swinging around a mace made of trash particles that are tethered to their ship | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Payback 2 is a 2012 mobile online multiplayer action game developed and published by Apex Designs Entertainment Ltd. It is the sequel to the 2001's Payback, and was released on 4 October 2012 for iOS, became free-to-play in 2013, and was released for Android on 10 October 2014 under the title Payback 2 - The Battle Sandbox.
Gameplay
Payback 2 has a single-player "story" mode consisting of multiple chapters, the usual objective of each chapter being for the player to complete missions in order to obtain enough money to complete the chapter, unlocking the next | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Penumbear is a puzzle-platform game for iOS developed by Taco Graveyard and published by Bulkypix on February 28, 2013.
Reception
The game has a Metacritic rating of 85% based on 10 critic reviews. SlideToPlay wrote " Penumbear is a phenomenal combination of platformer, puzzles and story | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Perils of Man is a 2014 computer adventure game designed by Gene Mocsy and Bill Tiller and developed and published by IF Games. It follows protagonist Ana Eberling as she attempts to solve the mystery of her father's disappearance. As the plot unfolds, Ana discovers a dark family history and a powerful technology that has been hidden from the public for generations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Solid film lubricants are paint-like coatings of very fine particles of lubricating pigment blended with a binder and other additives. The lubricant is applied to a substrate by spray, dip or brush methods and, once cured, creates a solid film which repels water, reduces friction and increases the wear life of the substrate to which it has been applied. Certain film lubricants also offer additional properties such as corrosion inhibition | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In a chemistry laboratory a solvent cabinet is a chemical storage cabinet or cupboard which is properly labeled and equipped, for the storage of solvents (especially those that are combustible). A solvent cabinet should be positioned separately from acid cabinet or base cabinet (used for storing acids and caustic bases respectively, as solvents are not compatible with these substances. (Some carts for transporting containers of chemicals come equipped with a built in solvent cabinet) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In solvent casting and particulate leaching (SCPL), a polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent. Particles, mainly salts, with specific dimensions are then added to the solution. The mixture is shaped into its final geometry | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Solvent exposure occurs when a chemical, material, or person comes into contact with a solvent. Chemicals can be dissolved in solvents, materials such as polymers can be broken down chemically by solvents, and people can develop certain ailments from exposure to solvents both organic and inorganic.
Some common solvents include acetone, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, and water among countless others | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A spectator ion is an ion that exists both as a reactant and a product in a chemical equation of an aqueous solution. For example, in the reaction of aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and copper(II) sulfate:
2 Na+(aq) + CO2−3(aq) + Cu2+(aq) + SO2−4(aq) → 2 Na+(aq) + SO2−4(aq) + CuCO3(s)The Na+ and SO2−4 ions are spectator ions since they remain unchanged on both sides of the equation. They simply "watch" the other ions react and does not participate in any reaction, hence the name | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Structural chemistry is a part of chemistry and deals with spatial structures of molecules (in the gaseous, liquid or solid state) and solids (with extended structures that cannot be subdivided into molecules). The main tasks are:
The formulation of general laws for structure-property relationships; and
The derivation of general rules on how the chemical and physical properties of the constituents of matter determine the resulting structures (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In polymer chemistry, a structural unit is a building block of a polymer chain. It is the result of a monomer which has been polymerized into a long chain.
There may be more than one structural unit in the repeat unit | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A sulphobe is a film composed of formaldehyde and thiocyanates alleged to have lifelike properties. The name is a portmanteau of sulphur microbe. Sulphobes were a subject in the researches of Alfonso L | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A liquid crystal phase is thermotropic if its order parameter is determined by temperature. At high temperatures, liquid crystals become an isotropic liquid and at low temperatures, they tend to glassify. In a thermotropic crystal, those phase transitions occur only at temperature extremes; the phase is insensitive to concentration | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A thistle tube is a piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a shaft of tube, with a reservoir and funnel-like section at the top. Thistle tubes are typically used by chemists to add liquid to an existing system or apparatus. Thistle funnels are used to add small volumes of liquids to an exact position | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A tilting pan filter is a chemical equipment used in continuous solid-liquid filtration.
It is formed by a number of trapezoidal pans arranged in circle. At the center of the equipment there is the main valve which is connected to every pan through pipes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Total fatty matter (TFM) is one of the most important characteristics describing the quality of soap and it is always specified in commercial transactions. It is defined as the total amount of fatty matter, mostly fatty acids, that can be separated from a sample after splitting with mineral acid, usually hydrochloric acid. The fatty acids most commonly present in soap are oleic, stearic and palmitic acids, and pure, dry, sodium oleate has TFM of 92 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Viehland–Mason theory is a two-temperature theory for charged and neutral atoms, which explains how trace ions can have a substantially different temperature than dilute gas atoms. It is one of any of a number of kinetic theories of the transport of trace amounts of molecular ions through neutral gases under the influence of a uniform electrostatic field. Drs Larry Viehland and Ed Mason developed it in the late 1970s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Water conditioners are formulations designed to be added to tap water before its use in an aquarium. If the tap water is chlorinated then a simple conditioner containing a dechlorinator may be used. These products contain sodium thiosulfate which reduces chlorine to chloride which is less harmful to fish | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wiswesser line notation (WLN), invented by William J. Wiswesser in 1949, was the first line notation capable of precisely describing complex molecules. It was the basis of ICI Ltd's CROSSBOW database system developed in the late 1960s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The World Cell Race is a competition among labs to see which cell type can travel 600 microns the fastest. The idea is to promote research into how to make cells move faster to aid immune system response or slow metastatic cancers. A fork with a dead end was added to the course in 2013 to assess responses to growth-factor protein | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Zenker's fixative is a rapid-acting fixative for animal tissues. It is employed to prepare specimens of animal or vegetable tissues for microscopic study. It provides excellent fixation of nuclear chromatin, connective tissue fibers and some cytoplasmic features, but does not preserve delicate cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Houda-Imane Faraoun, also spelled Feraoun, is an Algerian physicist and materials scientist who was appointed Minister of Post, Information Technology & Communication in the government of Algerian Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal on 1 May 2015. She is also a professor of Physics at the University of Tlemcen, a post she has held in various capacities since 2006. She holds a PhD in physics from the University of Sidi Bel Abbès and a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Elvira Maria Correia Fortunato (born 22 July 1964) is a Portuguese scientist and minister of science and technology. She is a professor in the Department of Materials Science at the NOVA School of Science and Technology and vice-rector of the NOVA University Lisbon. Fortunato is an innovator in the field of paper electronics, including transistors, memories, sensors, batteries, displays, antennas, and solar cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Yury Georgievich Gogotsi (born December 16, 1961, Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian scientist in the field of material chemistry, professor at Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA since the year 2000 in the fields of Materials Science and Engineering and Nanotechnology. Distinguished University and Trustee Chair professor of materials science at Drexel University — director of the A. J | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In chemistry, chromism is a process that induces a change, often reversible, in the colors of compounds. In most cases, chromism is based on a change in the electron states of molecules, especially the π- or d-electron state, so this phenomenon is induced by various external stimuli which can alter the electron density of substances. It is known that there are many natural compounds that have chromism, and many artificial compounds with specific chromism have been synthesized to date | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Electrochromism is a phenomenon in which a material displays changes in color or opacity in response to an electrical stimulus.
In this way, a smart window made of an electrochromic material can block specific wavelengths of ultraviolet, visible or (near) infrared light. The ability to control the transmittance of near-infrared light can increase the energy efficiency of a building, reducing the amount of energy needed to cool during summer and heat during winter | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gasochromism is closely related to electrochromism. The process involves the interaction of an electrochrome, usually a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide, with an oxidizing or reducing gas, commonly oxygen and hydrogen, producing reversible color changes. The gasochromic technology is used commercially in reversible smart windows and gas sensing of oxygen, hydrogen, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A halochromic material or pH indicator is a material which changes colour when pH changes occur. The term ‘chromic’ is defined for materials that can change colour reversibly with the presence of an external factor. In this case, the factor is pH | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ionochromism, similar to chromic methods such as photochromism, thermochromism and other chromism phenomena, is the reversible process of changing the color of a material by absorption or emission spectra of molecules using ions. Electrochromism is similar to ionochromism as it involves the use of electrons in order to change the color of materials. Both electrochromic and ionochromic materials undergo a change in color by the flow of charged particles, where electrochromic materials only involve an anionic species or negatively charged species such as electrons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Magnetochromism is the term applied when a chemical compound changes colour under the influence of a magnetic field. In particular the magneto-optical effects exhibited by complex mixed metal compounds are called magnetochromic when they occur in the visible region of the spectrum. Examples include K2V3O8, lithium purple bronze Li0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The change of colour which occurs when chemicals are put under stress in the solid state by mechanical grinding, crushing and milling; by friction and rubbing; or in the solid or solution state by high pressure or sonication is covered by the generic term mechanochromism. Specifically colour change under pressure is known as piezochromism and under grinding or attrition tribochromism.
See also
Chromism
Photoelasticity (for the physical process)
References
1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A photochromic lens is an optical lens that darkens on exposure to light of sufficiently high frequency, most commonly ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In the absence of activating light, the lenses return to their clear state. Photochromic lenses may be made of polycarbonate, or another plastic | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Photochromism is the reversible transformation of a chemical species (photoswitch) between two forms by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (photoisomerization), where the two forms have different absorption spectra. In plain language, this can be described as a reversible change of color upon exposure to light.
Applications
Sunglasses
One of the most famous reversible photochromic applications is color changing lenses for sunglasses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rhodium(III) oxide (or Rhodium sesquioxide) is the inorganic compound with the formula Rh2O3. It is a gray solid that is insoluble in ordinary solvents.
Structure
Rh2O3 has been found in two major forms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A scotophor is a material showing reversible darkening and bleaching when subjected to certain types of radiation. The name means dark bearer, in contrast to phosphor, which means light bearer. Scotophors show tenebrescence (reversible photochromism) and darken when subjected to an intense radiation such as sunlight | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Solarization refers to a phenomenon in physics where a material undergoes a temporary change in color after being subjected to high-energy electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet light or X-rays. Clear glass and many plastics will turn amber, green or other colors when subjected to X-radiation, and glass may turn blue after long-term solar exposure in the desert. It is believed that solarization is caused by the formation of internal defects, called color centers, which selectively absorb portions of the visible light spectrum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In chemistry, solvatochromism is the phenomenon observed when the colour of a solution is different when the solute is dissolved in different solvents.
The solvatochromic effect is the way the spectrum of a substance (the solute) varies when the substance is dissolved in a variety of solvents. In this context, the dielectric constant and hydrogen bonding capacity are the most important properties of the solvent | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Thermochromism is the property of substances to change color due to a change in temperature. A mood ring is an excellent example of this phenomenon, but thermochromism also has more practical uses, such as baby bottles which change to a different color when cool enough to drink, or kettles which change color when water is at or near boiling point. Thermochromism is one of several types of chromism | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In chemistry, Vapochromism strongly overlaps with solvatochromism since vapochromic systems are ones in which dyes change colour in response to the vapour of an organic compound or gas. Vapochromic devices are the optical branch of electronic noses. The main applications are in sensors for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a variety of environments, including industrial, domestic and medical areas | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Combinatorial chemistry comprises chemical synthetic methods that make it possible to prepare a large number (tens to thousands or even millions) of compounds in a single process. These compound libraries can be made as mixtures, sets of individual compounds or chemical structures generated by computer software. Combinatorial chemistry can be used for the synthesis of small molecules and for peptides | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers combinatorial chemistry. It was established in 1998 and is published by Bentham Science Publishers. The editor-in-chief is Gerald H | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC); also known as constitutional dynamic chemistry (CDC) is a method to the generation of new molecules formed by reversible reaction of simple building blocks under thermodynamic control. The library of these reversibly interconverting building blocks is called a dynamic combinatorial library (DCL). All constituents in a DCL are in equilibrium, and their distribution is determined by their thermodynamic stability within the DCL | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Molecular Diversity is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering research on molecular diversity and combinatorial chemistry in basic and applied research and drug discovery. The journal publishes both short and full-length papers, perspectives, news, and reviews. Coverage addresses the generation of molecular diversity, application of diversity for screening against alternative targets of all types, and the analysis of results and their applications | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The split and pool (split-mix) synthesis is a method in combinatorial chemistry that can be used to prepare combinatorial compound libraries. It is a stepwise, highly efficient process realized in repeated cycles. The procedure makes it possible to prepare millions or even trillions of compounds as mixtures that can be used in drug research | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Structure-based combinatorial protein engineering (SCOPE) is a synthetic biology technique for creating gene libraries (lineages) of defined composition designed from structural and probabilistic constraints of the encoded proteins. The development of this technique was driven by fundamental questions about protein structure, function, and evolution, although the technique is generally applicable for the creation of engineered proteins with commercially desirable properties. Combinatorial travel through sequence spacetime is the goal of SCOPE | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with condensed phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions among them. More exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at extremely low cryogenic temperature, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on crystal lattices of atoms, and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in ultracold atomic systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In theoretical physics, anti-de Sitter/condensed matter theory correspondence is the program to apply string theory to condensed matter theory using the AdS/CFT correspondence.
Overview
Over the decades, experimental condensed matter physicists have discovered a number of exotic states of matter, including superconductors and superfluids. These states are described using the formalism of quantum field theory, but some phenomena are difficult to explain using standard field theoretic techniques | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics is an annual peer-reviewed review journal published by Annual Reviews. It was established in 2010 and covers advances in condensed matter physics and related subjects. The co-editors are M | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Artificial lattice is a term encompassing every atomic-scale structures designed and controlled to confine electrons onto a chosen lattice. Research has been done on multiple geometries and one of the most notable being what is called molecular graphene (in order to mimic graphene structure). Molecular graphene is a part of two-dimensional artificial lattices | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In physics, the Bethe ansatz is an ansatz for finding the exact wavefunctions of certain quantum many-body models, most commonly for one-dimensional lattice models. It was first used by Hans Bethe in 1931 to find the exact eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the one-dimensional antiferromagnetic isotropic (XXX) Heisenberg model. Since then the method has been extended to other spin chains and statistical lattice models | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In condensed-matter physics, the binary collision approximation (BCA) is a heuristic used to more efficiently simulate the penetration depth and defect production by energetic ions (with kinetic energies in the kilo-electronvolt (keV) range or higher) in solids. In the method, the ion is approximated to travel through a material by experiencing a sequence of independent binary collisions with sample atoms (nuclei). Between the collisions, the ion is assumed to travel in a straight path, experiencing electronic stopping power, but losing no energy in collisions with nuclei | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bloch oscillation is a phenomenon from solid state physics. It describes the oscillation of a particle (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In condensed matter physics, Bloch's theorem states that solutions to the Schrödinger equation in a periodic potential take the form of a plane wave modulated by a periodic function. The theorem is named after the physicist Felix Bloch, who discovered the theorem in 1929. Mathematically, they are written
where
r
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }
is position,
ψ
{\displaystyle \psi }
is the wave function,
u
{\displaystyle u}
is a periodic function with the same periodicity as the crystal, the wave vector
k
{\displaystyle \mathbf {k} }
is the crystal momentum vector,
e
{\displaystyle e}
is Euler's number, and
i
{\displaystyle i}
is the imaginary unit | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational geometry, an ε-net (pronounced epsilon-net) is the approximation of a general set by a collection of simpler subsets. In probability theory it is the approximation of one probability distribution by another.
Background
Let X be a set and R be a set of subsets of X; such a pair is called a range space or hypergraph, and the elements of R are called ranges or hyperedges | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Euclidean shortest path problem is a problem in computational geometry: given a set of polyhedral obstacles in a Euclidean space, and two points, find the shortest path between the points that does not intersect any of the obstacles.
Two dimensions
In two dimensions, the problem can be solved in polynomial time in a model of computation allowing addition and comparisons of real numbers, despite theoretical difficulties involving the numerical precision needed to perform such calculations. These algorithms are based on two different principles, either performing a shortest path algorithm such as Dijkstra's algorithm on a visibility graph derived from the obstacles or (in an approach called the continuous Dijkstra method) propagating a wavefront from one of the points until it meets the other | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational geometry, the farthest-first traversal of a compact metric space is a sequence of points in the space, where the first point is selected arbitrarily and each successive point is as far as possible from the set of previously-selected points. The same concept can also be applied to a finite set of geometric points, by restricting the selected points to belong to the set or equivalently by considering the finite metric space generated by these points. For a finite metric space or finite set of geometric points, the resulting sequence forms a permutation of the points, also known as the greedy permutation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fortune's algorithm is a sweep line algorithm for generating a Voronoi diagram from a set of points in a plane using O(n log n) time and O(n) space. It was originally published by Steven Fortune in 1986 in his paper "A sweepline algorithm for Voronoi diagrams. "
Algorithm description
The algorithm maintains both a sweep line and a beach line, which both move through the plane as the algorithm progresses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A geometric separator is a line (or another shape) that partitions a collection of geometric shapes into two subsets, such that proportion of shapes in each subset is bounded, and the number of shapes that do not belong to any subset (i. e. the shapes intersected by the separator itself) is small | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Geometry processing, or mesh processing, is an area of research that uses concepts from applied mathematics, computer science and engineering to design efficient algorithms for the acquisition, reconstruction, analysis, manipulation, simulation and transmission of complex 3D models. As the name implies, many of the concepts, data structures, and algorithms are directly analogous to signal processing and image processing. For example, where image smoothing might convolve an intensity signal with a blur kernel formed using the Laplace operator, geometric smoothing might be achieved by convolving a surface geometry with a blur kernel formed using the Laplace-Beltrami operator | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The International Journal of Computational Geometry and Applications (IJCGA) is a bimonthly journal published since 1991, by World Scientific. It covers the application of computational geometry in design and analysis of algorithms, focusing on problems arising in various fields of science and engineering such as computer-aided geometry design (CAGD), operations research, and others.
The current editors-in-chief are D | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Journal of Computational Geometry (JoCG) is an open access mathematics journal that was established in 2010. It covers research in all aspects of computational geometry. All its papers are published free of charge to both authors and readers, and are made freely available through a Creative Commons Attribution license | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A kinetic smallest enclosing disk data structure is a kinetic data structure that maintains the smallest enclosing disk of a set of moving points.
2D
In 2 dimensions, the best known kinetic smallest enclosing disk data structure uses the farthest point delaunay triangulation of the point set to maintain the smallest enclosing disk. The farthest-point Delaunay triangulation is the dual of the farthest-point Voronoi diagram | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational geometry, the link distance between two points in a polygon is the minimum number of line segments of any polygonal chain within the polygon that has the two points as its endpoints. The link diameter of the polygon is the maximum link distance of any two of its points.
A polygon is a convex polygon if and only if its link diameter is one | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the study of algorithms, an LP-type problem (also called a generalized linear program) is an optimization problem that shares certain properties with low-dimensional linear programs and that may be solved by similar algorithms. LP-type problems include many important optimization problems that are not themselves linear programs, such as the problem of finding the smallest circle containing a given set of planar points. They may be solved by a combination of randomized algorithms in an amount of time that is linear in the number of elements defining the problem, and subexponential in the dimension of the problem | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematics, a Macbeath region is an explicitly defined region in convex analysis on a bounded convex subset of d-dimensional Euclidean space
R
d
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}}
. The idea was introduced by Alexander Macbeath (1952) and dubbed by G. Ewald, D | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational geometry, a point p in a finite set of points S is said to be maximal or non-dominated if there is no other point q in S whose coordinates are all greater than or equal to the corresponding coordinates of p. The maxima of a point set S are all the maximal points of S.
The problem of finding all maximal points, sometimes called the problem of the maxima or maxima set problem, has been studied as a variant of the convex hull and orthogonal convex hull problems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational geometry, a maximum disjoint set (MDS) is a largest set of non-overlapping geometric shapes selected from a given set of candidate shapes.
Every set of non-overlapping shapes is an independent set in the intersection graph of the shapes. Therefore, the MDS problem is a special case of the maximum independent set (MIS) problem | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Paden–Kahan subproblems are a set of solved geometric problems which occur frequently in inverse kinematics of common robotic manipulators. Although the set of problems is not exhaustive, it may be used to simplify inverse kinematic analysis for many industrial robots. Beyond the three classical subproblems several others have been proposed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In geometry, a covering of a polygon is a set of primitive units (e. g. squares) whose union equals the polygon | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In geometry, a partition of a polygon is a set of primitive units (e. g. squares), which do not overlap and whose union equals the polygon | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational geometry, a polygonalization of a finite set of points in the Euclidean plane is a simple polygon with the given points as its vertices. A polygonalization may also be called a polygonization, simple polygonalization, Hamiltonian polygon, non-crossing Hamiltonian cycle, or crossing-free straight-edge spanning cycle. Every point set that does not lie on a single line has at least one polygonalization, which can be found in polynomial time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational geometry, a polyhedral terrain in three-dimensional Euclidean space is a polyhedral surface that intersects every line parallel to some particular line in a connected set (i. e. , a point or a line segment) or the empty set | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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