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Open scientific data or open research data is a type of open data focused on publishing observations and results of scientific activities available for anyone to analyze and reuse. A major purpose of the drive for open data is to allow the verification of scientific claims, by allowing others to look at the reproducibility of results, and to allow data from many sources to be integrated to give new knowledge. The modern concept of scientific data emerged in the second half of the 20th century, with the development of large knowledge infrastructure to compute scientific information and observation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Open-notebook science is the practice of making the entire primary record of a research project publicly available online as it is recorded. This involves placing the personal, or laboratory, notebook of the researcher online along with all raw and processed data, and any associated material, as this material is generated. The approach may be summed up by the slogan 'no insider information' | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Open-source governance (also known as open governance and open politics) is a political philosophy which advocates the application of the philosophies of the open-source and open-content movements to democratic principles to enable any interested citizen to add to the creation of policy, as with a wiki document. Legislation is democratically opened to the general citizenry, employing their collective wisdom to benefit the decision-making process and improve democracy. Theories on how to constrain, limit or enable this participation vary | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PubRef. org was a short lived project that is now discontinued.
The website is not accessible anymore | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Research Organization Registry (ROR) is a community-led database that aims to provide a persistent identifier for every research organization in the world. It complements other commonly used identifiers such as ORCID for researchers and DOI for research output.
Initially the database was seeded by the data from Global Research Identifier Database (GRID) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems. SUMO defines a hierarchy of classes and related rules and relationships. These are expressed in a version of the language SUO-KIF, a higher-order logic that has a LISP-like syntax, as well as the TPTP family of languages | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The YODA (Yale Open Data Access) Project is a Yale University project to promote open data in clinical research.
The YODA Project has served as a trusted intermediary in a variety of collaborative efforts to make scientific data more broadly available to researchers. It is a response to expanding demands for health information | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Zenodo is a general-purpose open repository developed under the European OpenAIRE program and operated by CERN. It allows researchers to deposit research papers, data sets, research software, reports, and any other research related digital artefacts. For each submission, a persistent digital object identifier (DOI) is minted, which makes the stored items easily citeable | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Open-source economics is an economic platform based on open collaboration for the production of software, services, or other products.
First applied to the open-source software industry, this economic model may be applied to a wide range of enterprises.
Some characteristics of open-source economics may include: work or investment carried out without express expectation of return; products or services produced through collaboration between users and developers; and no direct individual ownership of the enterprise itself | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Open-source hardware (OSH) consists of physical artifacts of technology designed and offered by the open-design movement. Both free and open-source software (FOSS) and open-source hardware are created by this open-source culture movement and apply a like concept to a variety of components. It is sometimes, thus, referred to as FOSH (free and open-source hardware) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The open-source-software movement is a movement that supports the use of open-source licenses for some or all software, as part of the broader notion of open collaboration. The open-source movement was started to spread the concept/idea of open-source software.
Programmers who support the open-source-movement philosophy contribute to the open-source community by voluntarily writing and exchanging programming code for software development | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ApertusVR is an embeddable, open-source (MIT), framework-independent, platform-independent, network-topology-independent, distributed, augmented reality/virtual reality/mixed reality engine. It is written in C++, with JavaScript and HTTP Rest API (in Node. js) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Open-source appropriate technology (OSAT) is appropriate technology developed through the principles of the open-design movement. Appropriate technology is technology designed with special consideration to the environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, and economic aspects of the community it is intended for. Open design is public and licensed to allow it to be used, modified and distributed freely | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Contributor Covenant is a code of conduct for contributors to free/open source software projects, created by Coraline Ada Ehmke. Its stated purpose is to reduce harassment of minority, LGBT and otherwise underrepresented open source software developers. The Contributor Covenant is used in prominent projects including Linux, Ruby on Rails, Swift, Go, and JRuby | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital public goods are public goods in the form of software, data sets, AI models, standards or content that are generally free cultural works and contribute to sustainable national and international digital development.
Use of the term "digital public good" appears as early as April 2017, when Nicholas Gruen wrote Building the Public Goods of the Twenty-First Century, and has gained popularity with the growing recognition of the potential for new technologies to be implemented at a national scale to better service delivery to citizens. Digital technologies have also been identified by countries, NGOs and private sector entities as a means to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The open-source-software movement is commonly cited to have a diversity problem. In some ways it reflects that of the general gender disparity in computing, but in general is assumed to be even more severe. The same can be extended to the racial and ethnic diversity of the movement | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Field Ready is a non-profit, global humanitarian aid and development, non governmental organization that helps provide critical items and training to people when they are in need of them.
Field Ready focuses its efforts on aiding individuals and communities both during emergencies and renovation with healthcare; WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) assistance; digital design, manufacturing and training and capacity building. According to the organization, more than 1 million people in a half-dozen countries – including the U | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Open Source Ecology (OSE) is a network of farmers, engineers, architects and supporters, whose main goal is the eventual manufacturing of the Global Village Construction Set (GVCS). As described by Open Source Ecology "the GVCS is an open technological platform that allows for the easy fabrication of the 50 types of industrial machines that it takes to build a small civilization with modern comforts". Groups in Oberlin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and California are developing blueprints, and building prototypes in order to test them on the Factor e Farm in rural Missouri | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Open source product development (OSPD) refers to the development of open-source hardware products performed in a collaborative development process allowing anyone's the participation.
OSPD instituted the concept of open-source model in the context of physical products.
Characteristics
OSPD is characterized by the simultaneity of two forms of openness:
product openness - the development of open source hardware products as defined by the Open Source Definition and
process openness - the possibility for anyone to take part in the collaborative development process | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Open-source software advocacy is the practice of attempting to increase the awareness and improve the perception of open-source software. In some cases, this may be in opposition to proprietary software or intellectual property concepts (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The People's Code is an ongoing open source project that aims to make all US Federal agencies and departments utilize open source software, (OSS), for their platforms, at a pilot minimum of 20% open source. In so doing, Federal departments and agencies can be more transparent with the work they do. Software can eventually be streamlined across all agencies, and people can begin to make suggestions on how to improve the code and policy these departments work on | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Precious Plastic is an open hardware plastic recycling project and is a type of open source digital commons project. The project was started in 2013 by Dave Hakkens and is now in its fourth iteration. It relies on a series of machines and tools which grind, melt, and inject recycled plastic, allowing for the creation of new products out of recycled plastic on a small scale | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Software Tools Users Group (STUG) was a technical organization started in 1976, in parallel with Usenix. The STUG goal was to develop a powerful and portable Unix-like system that could be implemented on top of virtually any operating system, providing the capabilities and features of Unix in a non-proprietary system. With its focus on building clean, portable, reusable code shared amongst multiple applications and runnable on any operating system, the Software Tools movement reestablished the tradition of open source and the concepts of empowering users to define, develop, control, and freely distribute their computing environment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The following is a general comparison of BitTorrent clients, which are computer programs designed for peer-to-peer file sharing using the BitTorrent protocol. The BitTorrent protocol coordinates segmented file transfer among peers connected in a swarm. A BitTorrent client enables a user to exchange data as a peer in one or more swarms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BitTorrent is a proprietary adware BitTorrent client developed by Bram Cohen and Rainberry, Inc. used for uploading and downloading files via the BitTorrent protocol. BitTorrent was the first client written for the protocol | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Free Download Manager is a download manager for Windows, macOS, Linux and Android. Free Download Manager is proprietary software, but was free and open-source software between versions 2. 5 and 3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
FrostWire is a free and open-source BitTorrent client first released in September 2004, as a fork of LimeWire. It was initially very similar to LimeWire in appearance and functionality, but over time developers added more features, including support for the BitTorrent protocol. In version 5, support for the Gnutella network was dropped entirely, and FrostWire became a BitTorrent-only client | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
libtorrent is an open-source implementation of the BitTorrent protocol. It is written in and has its main library interface in C++. Its most notable features are support for Mainline DHT, IPv6, HTTP seeds and μTorrent's peer exchange | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mainline DHT is the name given to the Kademlia-based distributed hash table (DHT) used by BitTorrent clients to find peers via the BitTorrent protocol. The idea of using a DHT for distributed tracking in BitTorrent was first implemented in Azureus 2. 3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Open Media Network (OMN) was a P2PTV service and application which provided distribution of educational and public service programs. The network was founded in 2005 by Netscape pioneers Mike Homer and Marc Andreessen. After operating for an extended beta period, development ended with the serious illness and subsequent death in 2009 of founder Homer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pando was an application which was mainly aimed at sending (and receiving) files which would normally be too large to send via more "conventional" means. It used both peer-to-peer (BitTorrent protocol) and client-server architectures and was released for Windows and Mac OS X operating systems. Pando shut down its servers and ceased business on August 31, 2013 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tixati is a proprietary Linux and Windows BitTorrent client written in C++. It has standalone and portable versions with each new client version.
Features
In addition to standard BitTorrent client-sharing functions, Tixati provides integral chatrooms with channel chat as well as encrypted private messaging | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The usage share of BitTorrent clients is the percentage of users that use a particular BitTorrent client, regardless of version.
2020
2015
Lifehacker, a software weblog, took a survey of 13,823 readers' preferred BitTorrent clients in May 2015. It showed that μTorrent still maintains a sizable lead over competitors, despite concerns over adware and bloatware | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
aMule is a free peer-to-peer file sharing utility that works with the eDonkey network and the Kad network, offering similar features to eMule and adding others such as GeoIP (country flags). On August 18, 2003 it was forked from the xMule source code, which itself is a fork of the lMule project, which was the first attempt to bring the eMule client to Linux. These projects were discontinued and aMule is the resulting project, though aMule has less and less resemblance to the client that sired it | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
JMule is an open source file sharing client written in Java for eDonkey2000 networks. JMule is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, it is based on Java platform and requires at least Java SE 6. 0 for operation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gnutella is a peer-to-peer network protocol. Founded in 2000, it was the first decentralized peer-to-peer network of its kind, leading to other, later networks adopting the model. In June 2005, Gnutella's population was 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P) systems like Gnutella, KaZaA, and eDonkey/eMule, have become extremely popular in recent years, with the estimated user population in the millions. An academic research paper analyzed Gnutella and eMule protocols and found weaknesses in the protocol; many of the issues found in these networks are fundamental and probably common on other P2P networks. Users of file sharing networks, such as eMule and Gnutella, are subject to monitoring of their activity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
GNOME Evolution (formerly Novell Evolution and Ximian Evolution, prior to Novell's 2003 acquisition of Ximian) is the official personal information manager for GNOME. It has been an official part of GNOME since Evolution 2. 0 was included with the GNOME 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Haystack is a project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to research and develop several applications around personal information management and the Semantic Web. The most notable of those applications is the Haystack client, a research personal information manager (PIM) and one of the first to be based on semantic desktop technologies. The Haystack client is published as open source software under the BSD license | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hula was an open source mail and calendar project based on open standards announced on February 15, 2005, by Novell.
History
Hula was an open-source effort sponsored by Novell and developed by Dave Camp, Dalton Valliere and Joe Gasiorek, amongst others.
Hula was derived from an existing product by the same software house, called NetMail, and retained many of the architectural features of that software | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Kontact is a personal information manager and groupware software suite developed by KDE. It supports calendars, contacts, notes, to-do lists, news, and email. It offers a number of inter-changeable graphical UIs (KMail, KAddressBook, Akregator, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Lightning project, announced on December 22, 2004, and currently developed by the Mozilla Foundation, produces an extension that adds calendar and scheduling functionality to the Mozilla Thunderbird mail and newsgroup client and SeaMonkey internet suite. Lightning is an iCalendar compatible calendar.
Unlike the discontinued Mozilla Sunbird and Mozilla Calendar extension, Lightning integrates tightly with Thunderbird | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Memoranda is an open source and cross-platform personal projects and diaries manager.
It provides a set of tools to help a user to organize their daily work:
Notes editor for quick editing the rich-text notes and other documents organized as a diary with calendar interface.
Tasks manager for planning the personal projects as the hierarchical trees of "to-do" tasks and sub-tasks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Mozilla Calendar Project was the name for the Mozilla project that led to the development of Sunbird calendar application and the Lightning integrated calendar. Sunbird and Lightning are both free software, released under the Mozilla tri-license: the Mozilla Public License, the GNU General Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License.
History
The project started with a single extension for the Mozilla projects known as Mozilla Calendar | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Org Mode (also: org-mode; ) is a document editing, formatting, and organizing mode, designed for notes, planning, and authoring within the free software text editor Emacs. The name is used to encompass plain text files ("org files") that include simple marks to indicate levels of a hierarchy (such as the outline of an essay, a topic list with subtopics, nested computer code, etc. ), and an editor with functions that can read the markup and manipulate hierarchy elements (expand/hide elements, move blocks of elements, check off to-do list items, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Planner is a free personal information manager for Emacs written in Emacs Lisp.
Mode
It helps keep track of schedules, daily notes, days to remember etc. and takes advantage of the ease of keyboard shortcuts that Emacs provides for fast access to all data | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Taskwarrior is an open-source, cross platform time and task management tool, used to keep track of and handle tasks. It uses a command-line interface, although since its inception, graphical user interface wrappers have also been created.
Taskwarrior uses concepts and techniques described in Getting Things Done by David Allen, but is paradigm-agnostic in that it does not require users to adhere to any given life-management philosophy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A digital calendar is a collaborative or personal time management software with a calendar that can be used to keep track of planned events. The calendar can also contain an appointment book, address book or contact list. Common features of digital calendars are that users can:
Enter their own events
Change the visibility (whether events, groups of events or entire calendars are private, shared with selected users/user groups, or are public)
Subscribe to other calendars
Set up meetings that can be shared or where others can be invited
Different options for setting up remindersThere are several varieties of digital calendars | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
30 Boxes is a calendaring web application created by 83 Degrees. The website is tailored towards "social media junkies".
Reception
Barry Collins of The Sunday Times appreciated the website's plain-language event adding feature, but did not appreciate that he was unable to see more than one month of events at a time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CJ's Elephant Antics is a platform game developed by Genesis for the Commodore 64 with conversions made for the Amiga, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum and Nintendo Entertainment System. All ports were handled by Genesis with the exception of the ZX Spectrum version which was handled by Big Red Software. The computer versions were published by Codemasters in 1991, with the NES game arriving in 1992 as part of the unlicensed compilation cartridge Quattro Arcade | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Risk: The World Conquest Game is a computer game developed by Virgin Mastertronic International in 1989 for DOS.
Gameplay
This game is based on the board game Risk. The player can play against up to five computer opponents | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cool Croc Twins is a platform game developed by Arcade Masters and published by Empire Software for the Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and DOS in 1991. The player controls one of two crocodile twins named "Funk" and "Punk" respectively in an attempt to rescue a crocodile girl.
Information
The main characters of the game are Punk and Funk Croc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cybernoid: The Fighting Machine is a shoot 'em up developed and published in 1988 by Hewson Consultants for the ZX Spectrum. It was ported to the Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, Amiga, and Nintendo Entertainment System. It was programmed by Raffaele Cecco | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Elvira II: The Jaws of Cerberus is the second game in the Elvira series of horror adventure/role-playing video games. It was developed by Horror Soft and published by Accolade in 1992. The game is a sequel to 1990's Elvira: Mistress of the Dark | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The WhirlWind is a steel spinning roller coaster at Seabreeze Amusement Park in Rochester, New York. It is where Quantum Loop stood until Winter 2004 when the WhirlWind was added.
History
The WhirlWind was manufactured in 2000 and originally operated as a traveling roller coaster | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wild West Express Coaster is a steel roller coaster operating at Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. Wild West Express Coaster opened to the public at Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park on May 25, 2012.
History
Wild Zone Adventures
Originally opened at Wild Zone Adventures in Chatham, Ontario as Endicott Emerald Mine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wilderness Run (formerly Jr. Gemini) is a steel kiddie roller coaster built by Liechtensteiner coaster manufacturer Intamin at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio. Built in 1979, it was previously named after the ride that sits across the midway from it, Gemini | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wonder Woman Flight of Courage is a Rocky Mountain Construction roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. The roller coaster opened on July 16, 2022, as the world's longest and tallest single-rail roller coaster. It features an 87-degree first drop and three inversions and is located in the DC Universe area of the park, which was expanded and remodeled to include a new restaurant and bar, as well as retail locations featuring exclusive DC Comics merchandise | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Woodstock Express is a steel junior roller coaster located in Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio. It was built in 1999 by Vekoma.
Woodstock Express has a 540-degree downward helix and a 270-degree downward helix | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Woodstock Express is a steel roller coaster at Michigan's Adventure near Muskegon, Michigan. It was manufactured by Chance Rides and is operated by Cedar Fair. It is a family coaster aimed at smaller children | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Woodstock Express is a steel kiddie roller coaster located at California's Great America in Santa Clara, California. The coaster has slight drops and turns and uses a lap bar for guests' safety.
History
Since the coaster opened in 1987, it has been re-themed at least three times | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An astronomical clock, horologium, or orloj is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information, such as the relative positions of the Sun, Moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets.
Definition
The term is loosely used to refer to any clock that shows, in addition to the time of day, astronomical information. This could include the location of the Sun and Moon in the sky, the age and Lunar phases, the position of the Sun on the ecliptic and the current zodiac sign, the sidereal time, and other astronomical data such as the Moon's nodes for indicating eclipses), or a rotating star map | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lund astronomical clock, occasionally and at least since the 16th century referred to as Horologium mirabile Lundense (Latin: "the wonderful clock in Lund"), is a 15th-century astronomical clock in Lund Cathedral. Mentioned in written sources for the first time in 1442, it was probably made and installed sometime around 1423–1425, possibly by Nikolaus Lilienfeld. It is part of a group of related medieval astronomical clocks found in the area around the south Baltic Sea | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An atomic fountain is a cloud of atoms that is tossed upwards in the Earth's gravitational field by lasers. If it were visible, it would resemble the water in a fountain. While weightless in the toss, the atoms are measured to set the frequency of an atomic clock | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The caesium standard is a primary frequency standard in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms is used to control the output frequency. The first caesium clock was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK. and promoted worldwide by Gernot M | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A chip scale atomic clock (CSAC) is a compact, low-power atomic clock fabricated using techniques of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and incorporating a low-power semiconductor laser as the light source. The first CSAC physics package was demonstrated at NIST in 2003, based on an invention made in 2001. The work was funded by the US Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) with the goal of developing a microchip-sized atomic clock for use in portable equipment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A hydrogen maser, also known as hydrogen frequency standard, is a specific type of maser that uses the intrinsic properties of the hydrogen atom to serve as a precision frequency reference.
Both the proton and electron of a hydrogen atom have spins. The atom has a higher energy if both are spinning in the same direction, and a lower energy if they spin in opposite directions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The magic wavelength (also known as a related quantity, magic frequency) is the wavelength of an optical lattice where the polarizabilities of two atomic clock states have the same value, such that the AC Stark shift caused by the laser intensity fluctuation has no effect on the transition frequency between the two clock states.
AC Stark shift by optical lattice
The laser field in an optical lattice induces an electric dipole moment in the atoms to exert forces on them and hence confine them. However, the difference in polarizabilities of the atomic states leads to an AC Stark shift in the transition frequency between the two states, a shift that is dependent on the laser optical intensity at the particular atom location in the lattice | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A quantum clock is a type of atomic clock with laser cooled single ions confined together in an electromagnetic ion trap. Developed in 2010 by physicists at the U. S | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A rubidium standard or rubidium atomic clock is a frequency standard in which a specified hyperfine transition of electrons in rubidium-87 atoms is used to control the output frequency.
Synopsis
The Rb standard is the most inexpensive, compact, and widely produced atomic clock, used to control the frequency of television stations, cell phone base stations, in test equipment, and global navigation satellite systems like GPS. Commercial rubidium clocks are less accurate than caesium atomic clocks, which serve as primary frequency standards, so the rubidium clock is a secondary frequency standard | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Kaufingertor was one of the five city gates built around at the end of the 12th century, as the first city walls of medieval Munich. It was located in the west of the old town, approximately at the point where today's Färbergraben and Augustinerstraße meet on Kaufingerstraße.
History
The gate was first mentioned in 1239 under the name porta superior (Upper Gate) in correspondence to the east lying city porta inferior (Lower Gate) or Talburgtor (= today's tower of the Old Town Hall) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Simpsonville Clock Tower is a clock tower in Downtown Simpsonville, South Carolina.
History
The Simpsonville Clock Tower was built in 1987 and donated by then-mayor Ralph S. Hendricks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Talburgtor, also called Talbrucktor, was one of the five city gates built in the late 12th century, as first city walls of medieval Munich. The Talburgtor was also called Unteres Tor (Lower Gate), Taltor or Rathausturm (Town Hall Tower). It was located in the east of the old town on the site where the town hall tower still stands today on the south side of the Old Town Hall | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A real time clock alarm is a feature that can be used to allow a computer to 'wake up' after shut down to execute tasks every day or on a certain day. It can sometimes be found in the 'Power Management' section of a motherboard's BIOS/UEFI setup. Wake On LAN, Wake on ring, and IPMI functions could also be used to start a computer after it is turned off | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The IDE64 interface cartridge is an expansion port device for connecting ATA(PI) devices to the C64 or C128 computers.
Hardware
There were several different versions of this cartridge over the years. The interface was designed by Tomas Pribyl and Jan Vorlicek in 1994 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer science and computer programming, system time represents a computer system's notion of the passage of time. In this sense, time also includes the passing of days on the calendar.
System time is measured by a system clock, which is typically implemented as a simple count of the number of ticks that have transpired since some arbitrary starting date, called the epoch | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An alarm clock or alarm is a clock that is designed to alert an individual or group of individuals at a specified time. The primary function of these clocks is to awaken people from their night's sleep or short naps; they can sometimes be used for other reminders as well. Most alarm clocks make sounds; some make light or vibration | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A binary clock is a clock that displays the time of day in a binary format. Originally, such clocks showed each decimal digit of sexagesimal time as a binary value, but presently binary clocks also exist which display hours, minutes, and seconds as binary numbers. Most binary clocks are digital, although analog varieties exist | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bracket clock is a style of antique portable table clock made in the 17th and 18th centuries. The term originated with small weight-driven pendulum clocks (sometimes called 'true bracket clocks') that had to be mounted on a bracket on the wall to allow room for their hanging weights. When spring-driven clocks were developed, which didn't require hanging weights to power them, they continued to be made in the bracket style | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A cartel clock is a cartouche shaped clock designed to hang directly on a wall, very commonly executed in fire-gilt bronze (a. k. a | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Congreve clock (also known as Congreve's Rolling Ball Clock or Oscillating Path Rolling Ball Clock) is a type of clock that uses a ball rolling along a zigzag track rather than a pendulum to regulate the time. It was invented by Sir William Congreve in 1808. The ball takes between 15 seconds and one minute to run down the zigzag track, where it trips the escapement which in turn reverses the tilt of the tray and at the same time causes the hands of the clock to move forward | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A cuckoo clock is a type of clock, typically pendulum driven, that strikes the hours with a sound like a common cuckoo call and has an automated cuckoo bird that moves with each note. Some move their wings and open and close their beaks while leaning forwards, whereas others have only the bird's body leaning forward. The mechanism to produce the cuckoo call has been in use since the middle of the 18th century and has remained almost without variation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A digital clock displays the time digitally (i. e. in numerals or other symbols), as opposed to an analogue clock | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A grandfather clock (also a longcase clock, tall-case clock, grandfather's clock, or floor clock) is a tall, freestanding, weight-driven pendulum clock, with the pendulum held inside the tower or waist of the case. Clocks of this style are commonly 1. 8–2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In 1958, Carl B. Huffaker, an ecologist and agricultural entomologist at the University of California, Berkeley, did a series of experiments with predatory and herbivorous mite species to investigate predator–prey population dynamics. In these experiments, he created model universes with arrays of rubber balls and oranges (food for the herbivorous mites) on trays and then introduced the predator and prey mite species in various permutations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve is a 483 hectares (1,190 acres) nature preserve and biological field station formally established as a reserve in 1973. The biological preserve is owned by Stanford University, and is located at 37. 408°N 122 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Lippenbroek is a former polder in the Belgian freshwater part of the Schelde-estuary, currently functioning as a pilot project for the restoration of intertidal habitat in a densely populated estuary. The area of 10 ha, situated on the territory of the Belgian community of Hamme, started functioning as a flood control area (FCA) in March 2006. Through a construction of sluices, the area is in close contact with the river Schelde: water is flowing in at high tide, and out at low tide | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Park Grass Experiment is a biological study originally set up to test the effect of fertilizers and manures on hay yields. The scientific experiment is located at the Rothamsted Research in the English county of Hertfordshire, and is notable as one of the longest-running experiments of modern science, as it was initiated in 1856 and has been continually monitored ever since.
The experiment was originally designed to answer agricultural questions but has since proved an invaluable resource for studying natural selection and biodiversity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pollinator exclusion experiments are experiments used by ecologists to determine the effectiveness of putative plant pollination vectors. Essentially, certain pollinators are prevented from visiting certain flowers, and observations are then made on which flowers develop seeds. If the exclusion of a certain class of visitor prevents or greatly reduces flower fertilisation rates, then it can be concluded that that class of visitor plays an important role in pollination | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The San Joaquin Experimental Range is an ecosystem research experimental area in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The range is located in O'Neals, California, outside of the Sierra National Forest about 32 kilometres (20 mi) north of Fresno, California. The range includes a portion of California grassland and California woodlands with blue oak, interior live oak, and bull pine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tagging of Pacific Predators (TOPP) began in 2000 as one of many projects formed by Census of Marine Life, an organization whose goal is to help understand and explain the diversity and abundances of the ocean in the past, present, and future. After they were formed, TOPP began by building a coalition of researchers from all over the world to find and study predators of the Pacific Ocean. Since then, they have satellite-tagged 22 different species and more than 2,000 animals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center (UNDERC) has two locations in North America serving as natural laboratories for scientists studying ecology and environmental biology. These locations serve as "natural" laboratories for the study of environmental systems that have experienced little or no degradation from humans and as a baseline for comparison with human disturbed systems.
UNDERC-EAST
UNDERC-East encompasses 7,500 acres (30 km2) (land = 6,150 acres (24 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research (VCR/LTER) project is funded by the National Science Foundation. The VCR/LTER project's research activities focus on the mosaic of transitions and steady-state systems that comprise the barrier-island/lagoon/mainland landscape of the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Research is conducted in mainland marshes, the lagoon system behind the barrier islands, and on the islands themselves, particularly Hog Island | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Water quality modeling involves water quality based data using mathematical simulation techniques. Water quality modeling helps people understand the eminence of water quality issues and models provide evidence for policy makers to make decisions in order to properly mitigate water. Water quality modeling also helps determine correlations to constituent sources and water quality along with identifying information gaps | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Extinction is the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member. A taxon may become functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to reproduce and recover. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
This article is a list of biological species, subspecies, and evolutionary significant units that are known to have become extinct during the Holocene, the current geologic epoch, ordered by their known or approximate date of disappearance from oldest to most recent.
The Holocene is considered to have started with the Holocene glacial retreat around 11650 years Before Present (c. 9700 BC) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Background extinction rate, also known as the normal extinction rate, refers to the standard rate of extinction in Earth's geological and biological history before humans became a primary contributor to extinctions. This is primarily the pre-human extinction rates during periods in between major extinction events.
Overview
Extinctions are a normal part of the evolutionary process, and the background extinction rate is a measurement of "how often" they naturally occur | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biodiversity loss includes the worldwide extinction of different species, as well as the local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat, resulting in a loss of biological diversity. The latter phenomenon can be temporary or permanent, depending on whether the environmental degradation that leads to the loss is reversible through ecological restoration/ecological resilience or effectively permanent (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
There are several plausible pathways that could lead to an increased extinction risk from climate change. This is because every plant and animal species has evolved to exist within a certain ecological niche, and as climate change represents the long-term alteration of temperature and average weather patterns, it can push climatic conditions outside of the species' niche, which will ultimately render it extinct. Normally, species faced with changing conditions can either adapt in place through microevolution or move to another habitat with suitable conditions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Coextinction and cothreatened refer to the phenomena of the loss or decline of a host species resulting in the loss or endangerment of an other species that depends on it, potentially leading to cascading effects across trophic levels. The term originated by the authors Stork and Lyal (1993) and was originally used to explain the extinction of parasitic insects following the loss of their specific hosts. The term is now used to describe the loss of any interacting species, including competition with their counterpart, and specialist herbivores with their food source | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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